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L
A
T
E
X Math Mode
RSI 2012 Sta
CONTENTS 0
Contents
Math Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Types of Math Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Using Math Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Typing Mathematical Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Typefaces in Math Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Super- and Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Nonmath Uses of Math Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Variables and Symbols in Math Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Assignment 1 solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fractions and Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Assignment 2 solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Common Mathematical Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Common Mathematical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Assignment 3 solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Bounded Sums and Such . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Sum, Integral, Limit Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Union and Intersection Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Assignment 7Integrals, roots, exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Assignment 7 solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Mathematical fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Assignment 8 solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Common Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Common Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Common Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Common Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Math Mode
L
A
T
E
X has a special mode for formatting mathematical formulas.
In addition to displaying complicated mathematical notations,
this mode allows the use of:
Subscripts and superscripts
Greek letters and various special symbols
Thus, math mode is also useful for some nonmathematical text:
The CH
3
COOH was irradiated with -rays while at a
temperature of 350

C.
1
Types of Math Mode
1. Text math mode (\begin{math}. . .\end{math}): the formula
appears in the middle of running text (e.g. x
2
+y
2
).
2. Display math mode (\begin{displaymath}. . . \end{displaymath}):
the formula is set o on its own line.
_

0
sinx
x
=

2
.
A special type of this mode is equation mode (\begin{equation}
. . . \end{equation}), in which the formula is numbered for
reference purposes (1):
H : I
k
(GL
2n
(C)), H
t
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
t

_
1 0
0 B
_

_
0 1
1 0
_
t
(1)
Long or tall or important formulae should ordinarily be displayed.
2
Using Math Mode
There are several shorthand techniques of using math mode.
For text math mode, use $. . . $ (recommended) or \(. . . \).
For display math mode, use $$. . . $$ or \[. . . \].
It is important to make sure that the way you end math mode
matches the way you started it. For example,
\begin{math} math stuff $
will not work.
3
Example
For $a\in A = \OO_{V,W}$, let
\[\ord_V(a) = l_A(A/(a)) \]
denote the length of $A/(a)$
as an A-module: we extend this as
\[\ord_V\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)
= \ord_V(a) - \ord_V(b).\] Then,
for $r\in R(W_i) $, we construct
the divisor
\[
\divv(r) = \sum_{\substack{V
\subset W \\ \codim(V) = 1}}
\ord_V(r)[V].
\]
For a A = O
V,W
, let
ord
V
(a) = l
A
(A/(a))
denote the length of A/(a) as an A-
module: we extend this as
ord
V
_
a
b
_
= ord
V
(a) ord
V
(b).
Then, for r R(W
i
), we construct the
divisor
div(r) =

V W
codim(V )=1
ord
V
(r)[V ].
4
Typing Mathematical Expressions
Numbers, Roman variable names, and most symbols of basic
arithmetic may be typed directly:
If $a + 2 = 4 + b$ and
$2(3b - a) = 43$,
then $b = 47/4$.
If a + 2 = 4 + b and 2(3b a) = 43,
then b = 47/4.
Spaces are generally ignored in math mode: $abc+def$ and
$a b c + d e f$ both make abc +def.
5
Typefaces in Math Mode
Letters typed in math mode are set in an italic type, as is
conventional for Roman variables (x, etc.).
But do not use this as a quick way to italicize ordinary text!
Words typed in math mode look reallyfreakin

ugly (that was

$really freakin ugly$). Use \emph{...} instead.
If you want to put text inside math mode, you can
use \text{your text here}. If that doesnt work, add
\usepackage{amsmath} before the line \begin{document}, or use
\textrm{your text here}.
For sin, cos, lim, and other notations written in upright type,
use commands \sin, \cos, \lim, and so forth.
6
Super- and Subscripts
To get a superscript, use ^{text}. To get a subscript, use
_{text}.
Both a subscript and a superscript can be placed on the same
expression.
To get a

(prime), use repeated as many times as needed.
Examples:
Command Result Command Result
a^{b} a
b
a^{b + c} a
b+c
a a

a a

a_{b} a
b
a_{b + c} a
b+c
a_{0}^{n+1} a
n+1
0
a^{n+1}_{0} a
n+1
0
x^{y^{z}} x
y
z
a_{b_{c}} a
b
c
7
Nonmath Uses of Math Mode
Subscripts and superscripts are often useful in chemical formulae
and temperature values.
Text Result
CH$_{3}$COOH CH
3
COOH
180$^{\circ}$C 180

C
$^{238}_{92}$U
238
92
U
Notice that subscripts and superscripts may be attached to
nothing (as in $_{3}$ in the formula for acetic acid above).
8
Variables and Symbols in Math Mode
Greek letters: for lowercase, use \lettername in math mode
($\gamma$ ). Some uppercase letters can be obtained by
\Lettername ($\Gamma$ ).
Assignment 1: Open math.tex in your MiniPaper directory, and
typeset the following sentence into the body of the document.
If f() = e log then f

() = 1e/ and e
f()
= (1)
in positive .
9
Assignment 1 solution
If $f(\omega) = \omega -
e\log\omega$ then $f(\omega) =
1 - e/\omega$ and $e^{f(\omega)}
= \Omega(1)$ in positive $\omega$.
If f() = e log then f

() = 1e/
and e
f()
= (1) in positive .
10
Fractions and Roots
Fraction: use \frac{numerator}{denominator} (\frac{3}{5}
3
5
).
(In text math mode, the slashed forms n/d usually look better.)
Square root: use \sqrt{ } (\sqrt{3x + 5}

3x +5).
n
th
power root: use \sqrt[n]{ } (\sqrt[3]{x}
3

x).
Assignment 2: Typeset the equation
1
1 +
3

2 +
3

4
=
3

2 1 (2)
Note that it is numbered.
11
Assignment 2 solution
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{1 + \sqrt[3]{2}
+ \sqrt[3]{4}} =
\sqrt[3]{2} - 1
\end{equation}
1
1 +
3

2 +
3

4
=
3

2 1 (3)
12
Common Mathematical Functions
Most common mathematical functions and operators have
corresponding commands which are just names of the functions:
Summation (

), product (

), and integral (
_
) signs are given
by \sum, \prod, and \int respectively.
\lim, \log, \sin, \cos, \tan, \sec, \csc, \cot yield proper
formatting of these common functions.
Command Result
\log (3x + 5) log(3x +5)
\cos (5x + x^2) cos(5x +x
2
)
\sin^{2} (4x + 7) sin
2
(4x +7)
13
Common Mathematical Symbols
Most common mathematical symbols have corresponding
commands related to the symbol name or symbol appearance.
Command Result Command Result
\in \nabla
\cap,\cup , \subset,\supset ,
\geq,\leq , \ldots,\cdots . . . ,
To negate = and , use \neq and \notin. Other symbols can be
negated using the \not command: \not\leq , \not> >.
Assignment 3: Typeset the following.
If A, B then ( A B) ( A B).
14
Assignment 3 solution
If $A,B\subset \Gamma$ then
$(\Gamma - A\cup B) \subset
(\Gamma - A\cap B)$.
If A, B then (AB) (A
B).
15
Bounded Sums and Such
Sums, products, integrals, and the like often have written upper
and lower bounds. These can be indicated using _ for the lower
bound and ^ for the upper bound:
\[ \sum_{i = -N}^{i = N}
\sum_{j \geq 0}
\frac{1}{i^2 + j^3} \]
i=N

i=N

j0
1
i
2
+j
3
To best display unions and intersections that are bounded, use
\bigcup and \bigcap instead of \cup and \cap.
16
Sum, Integral, Limit Examples
In text:
\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} i^{-2}

i=1
i
2
\int_{3}^{2x} y\, dy
_
2x
3
y dy
\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} lim
n
1
n
In displays:
\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} i^{-2}

i=1
i
2
\int_{3}^{2x} y\, dy
_
2x
3
y dy
\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} lim
n
1
n
17
Union and Intersection Examples
In text:
\bigcap_{i=0}^{\infty} U_i

i=0
U
i
\bigcup_{k=3}^{n} \{1, 2, \ldots, k\}

n
k=3
{1, 2, . . . , k}
In displays:
\bigcap_{i=0}^{\infty} U_i

i=0
U
i
\bigcup_{k=3}^{n} \{1, 2, \ldots, k\}
n
_
k=3
{1, 2, . . . , k}
(\bigcup_i U_i) \cup (\bigcup_i V_i) (
_
i
U
i
) (
_
i
V
i
)
18
Assignment 7Integrals, roots, exponents
Typeset the following equations:
lim
min{x,y}
x +y
x
2
+y
2
= 0 (4)
_

e
x
2
dx =

(5)
19
Assignment 7 solution
\begin{equation}
\lim_{\min\{x,y\} \to \infty}
\frac{x + y}{x^2 + y^2} = 0
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}
e^{-x^{2}}dx = \sqrt{\pi}
\end{equation}
lim
min{x,y}
x +y
x
2
+y
2
= 0 (5)
_

e
x
2
dx =

(6)
20
Mathematical fonts
Various fonts can be used to create unique mathematical
symbols:
Bold \mathbf{x} x
Calligraphic \mathcal{A} A
Blackboard bold \mathbb{Z} Z
Script \mathscr{O} O
Assignment 8: Typeset the following equation.
R
s
I
Note: the I is bold.
21
Assignment 8 solution
\begin{displaymath}
\mathbb{R}^{s} \supset \mathbf{I}
\end{displaymath}
R
s
I
22
Common Error Messages
! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l.8
?
You have forgotten to end math mode. The line number after
the l. (in this case 8) is the rst line at which L
A
T
E
X has
realized that you have forgotten to end math mode; it is usually
the end of the paragraph the error is in.
Common cause: Forgetting to put a \ before a %.
23
Common Error Messages
! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l.6 30^
\circ
?
You have used a command (in this case ^) which L
A
T
E
X knows
belongs only in math mode. The line number given is the
location of the command in question.
24
Common Error Messages
! LaTeX Error: \begin{displaymath} on input line 8 ended by
\end{document}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.10 \end{document}
?
You have forgotten to end display math mode. The line number
on which math mode began is listed (in this case, input
line 8).
25
Common Error Messages
! LaTeX Error: \mathbb allowed only in math mode.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.6 \mathbb
{stuff}
?
The command in question (in this case \mathbb) is only allowed
in math mode and you have tried to use it outside of math
mode.
26