MATLAB
BY K. KALYAN KUMAR
Strengths of MATLAB
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MATLAB is relatively easy to learn
MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively
quick when performing matrix operations MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix
MATLAB Desktop
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MATLAB Desktop - contd
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Command Window type commands Workspace view program variables clear to clear
clear all: removes all variables, globals, functions and MEX links clc: clear command window
double click on a variable to see it in the Array Editor
Command History view past commands
Command window
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The MATLAB environment is command oriented
somewhat like UNIX. A prompt(>>) appears on the screen and a MATLAB statement can be entered. When the <ENTER> key is pressed, the statement is executed, and another prompt appears. If a statement is terminated with a semicolon ( ; ), no results will be displayed. Otherwise results will appear before the next prompt.
Command Window --contd
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a=5;
b=a/2
b=
2.5000
2*5
ans= 10
All text after a percent sign (%) is taken as a comment
statement. To place multiple commands in a single line, they should be separated by commas or semicolons. Commas tell MATLAB to display results; semicolons suppress printing. Statement continuation is done by three periods in succession. Ex: pens=5,pencost=10; total_cost=pens* pencost
MATLAB Variable Names
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Variable names ARE case sensitive
Variable names can contain up to 63 characters (as
of MATLAB 6.5 and newer) Variable names must start with a letter followed by letters, digits, and underscores. Punctuation characters are not allowed.
Reserved Words
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Matlab has some special (reserved) words that you
may not use, for example,
for end if while function return elseif case otherwise switch continue else try catch global persistent break
MATLAB Special Variables
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ans pi inf NaN i and j
Default variable name for results
Value of
Infinity Not a number e.g. 0/0
i = j = square root of minus one: (-1) (imaginary number) e.g. sqrt(-1) ans= 0 + 1.0000i The smallest usable positive real number
The largest usable positive real number
realmin realmax
MATLAB Math Operators
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Power Multiplication Division or NOTE: Addition Subtraction Assignment
^ or .^ a^b or a.^b * (matrix multiply) or .* (array multiply) a*b or a.*b / or ./ a/b or a./b \ or .\ b\a or b.\a 56/8 = 8\56 + a + b a - b = a = b (assign b to a)
Script M-files:
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Click on the page icon
The Matlab text editor window will open
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Excecution of Script M-file:
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choosing Save & Run button from the Debug menu
Pressing the Save & Run button on Editor toolbar
Simply pressing the function key F5 Alternatively, you can save the file example1.m on
your disk by choosing Save from the File menu; then at the MATLAB prompt typing the name of the file without .m extension and press enter key
Basic functions and their description:
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Function
Beep disp(variablename) Input
Description
Makes computer beep displays results without
identifying variable names prompts user for input
Temporarily gives control to
keyboard
pause(n)
key board Pauses for n seconds
Arrays :
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Array can be created in the following ways:
X=[ 1 6 8] creates a row vector
X=first:last creates row vector starting with first,
counting by 1, ending at or before last X=first:increment:last creates row vector starting with first, counting by increment, ending at or before last X=linspace(first,last,n) creates linearly spaced row vector starting with first, ending at last having n elements
Examples:
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>> x=[1 6 8]
x=
>> x=2:5 x= 2 3 4 5 >> x=2:0.5:5 x= 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000 3.5000 4.0000 4.5000 5.0000 >> x=linspace(1,10,10) x= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >> x=linspace(0,10,10) x= Columns 1 through 9 0 1.1111 2.2222 3.3333 4.4444 5.5556 6.6667 7.7778 8.8889 Column 10 10.0000
Dot-transpose operation:
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>> A=[1 2 3 4]; >> B=complex(A,A)
B=
1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i 3.0000 + 3.0000i 4.0000 + 4.0000i >> C=B' C=
1.0000 - 1.0000i 2.0000 - 2.0000i 3.0000 - 3.0000i 4.0000 - 4.0000i
>> D=B.' D= 1.0000 + 1.0000i 2.0000 + 2.0000i 3.0000 + 3.0000i 4.0000 + 4.0000i
Standard Arrays:
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>> zeros(2,3) ans = 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> ones(2,3) ans = 1 1 1 1 1 1 >> eye(3) ans = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
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>>A=rand(3) A= 0.9649 0.9572 0.1419 0.1576 0.4854 0.4218 0.9706 0.8003 0.9157 >> diag(A) ans = 0.9649 0.4854 0.9157
Array operations:
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>> A=[1 2 3; 4 5 6] A= 1 2 3 4 5 6 >> B=[4 5 6;3 2 1] B= 4 5 6 3 2 1 >> A+B ans = 5 7 9 7 7 7 >> A*B ??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree. >> A.*B ans = 4 10 18 12 10 6
MATLAB Relational Operators
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MATLAB supports six relational operators.
Less Than Less Than or Equal Greater Than Greater Than or Equal Equal To Not Equal To
< <= > >= == ~=
MATLAB Logical Operators
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MATLAB supports following logical operators.
not and or Scalar AND Scalar OR
~ & | && ||
MATLAB Flow Control
The while and if statements
while expression statements end
if expression statements end
if expression statements1 else statements2 end
Matlab evaluates expression as logical true or false false equivalent to zero true equivalent to any non-zero number
statements, any valid Matlab command
MATLAB Flow Control
The for statement for index = start : increment : end statements end index, start, increment, and end do not need to be integer valued increment is optional, if increment is not specified increment defaults to 1
index can be incremented positive (increment > 0) or negative (increment < 0)
loop stops when index > end (or index < end)
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Function files:
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Matlab identifies function files from script files by
using the function keyword
the name of the function file must be the same name as the function
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>> [a,v]=rectangle123(3,4,6) a= 12 v= 72
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