g]kfn ;/sf/

jftfj/0f dGqfno

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^

-klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_
;+zf]wg ldltM @)^*)^)%

ljifo ;"rL
1=

k|f/lDes

2= kl/efiff

3=

;+:yfut Joj:yf

4= cg"bfgsf cfwf/ tyf ljt/)f Joj:yfM u}/ ljB"tLs/)f

4=1 ;f}o{ *fo/ Pj+ s"s/
4=2 ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL tyf u|fdL)f ;fd"bflos ;f}o{ ljB"t vfg]kfgL
k|)ffnL
4=2=1 ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL
4=2=1=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f
4=2=1=2 cg"bfgsf] nflu k'/f ug"{kg]{ cfwf/x?
4=2=1=3 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg / b)* hl/jfgf
4=2=2 u|fdL)f ;fdbflos ;f}o{ ljB"t vfg]kfgL k|)ffnL
4=2=2=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f
4=2=2=2 cg"bfgsf] nflu k"/f ug{"kg]{ cfwf/x?
4=2=2=3 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg
4=2=2=4 b)* tyf hl/jfgf
4=3 afof]Uof; sfo{qmd
4=4 h}ljs -afof]df;_ pmhf{ sfo{qmd
4=5 ;"wfl/Psf] kfgL # sfo{qmd

5= cg"bfgsf cfwf/ tyf ljt/)f Joj:yfM u|fdL)f ljB"tLs/)f

5=1 #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL -;fgf #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL ;d]t_
5=1=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL
5=1=2 cg"bfg ljt/)f ;fgf #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL -;f}o{ ^"sL_
5=1=3 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg
5=2 n#" tyf ;fgf hnljB"t cfof]hgf
5=2=1 pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ldlglu|* cfof]hgfx?
5=2=2 u|fdL)f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] n#" hnljB"t cfof]hgf
5=3 jfo" pmhf{

3
3
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
8
9
9
9
13
17
19
19
21
21
23
24
25
31
35

6= u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]if

36

6=1 u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]if ;ldlt

37

6=2 u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]if sfo{sf/L ;ldlt

37

6=3 u|fdL)f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

37

6=4 u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]ifsf sfo{x?

37

6=5 n]vf k/LIf)f

38

7= cGo k|fjwfgx?

38

7=1
7=2
7=3
7=4

lbUbz{g, lgb]{lzsf, dfkb)* tof/ tyf :jLs[t ug]{

JofVof ug]{
k"g/fjnf]sg
vf/]hL

38
38
38
38

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_
1= k|f/lDes
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.%.!$ ut]sf] lg0f{oaf6 :jLs[t gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{
cg'bfg Joj:yfsf] @)^^ sf] $=@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L of] sfo{ljlw tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of]
sfo{ljlw jftfj/0f dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[t ePsf] ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
2= kl/efiff
of] sfo{ljlwsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgDg zAbfjlnnfO{ lgDg adf]lhd kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifM gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf
bft[;+:yfx?jf6 k|fKt cfly{s ;xof]u ;fy} cGo ;|f]tx?af6 pknJw x'g] /sd hDdf x'g] tyf
cg'bfg jfkt /sd kl/rfng ug]{ u/L :yfkgf ul/Psf] sf]ifnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
-v_ k|fljlws d"Nof+sg ;ldlt (Technical Review Committee)M j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|
cGtu{t n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws, jftfj/0fLo, hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d'bfosf]
l:ylt tyf cfly{s ;DefJotf cWoogsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ul7t ;ldltnfO{ hgfpF5 .
+

-v!_ ;f}o{ vfg]kfgL k|fljlws ;ldlt: j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| cGtu{t u|fdL0f ;fd'bfoLs ;f}o{
vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo kIfsf] d"Nofg ug{ ul7t
;ldltnfO{ hgfpFb5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ;f}o{ pmhf{ x]g]{ clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/Lsf]
;+of]hsTj jl9df % ;b:o ;ldltdf s]Gb| jfx]s s]Gb| cGtu{tsf] ;DjlGwt sfo{qmd, ;f}o{ ljB't
pTkfbs ;+3, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl/If0f s]Gb|sf Ps Ps hgf k|fljlws k|ltlglwx? ;b:osf] ?kdf
/xg]5g\ .
-u_ ldlg lu|8M cfkm\g} pTkfbg Ifdtf -Ps jf a9L h]g]/]6/x?jf6_ tyf :yfgLo dfu cfk'lt{ ug]{
n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't kl/of]hgfx?sf] ljB'tLo :jtGq ;~hfn -g]6js{_ sf] ?kdf o;nfO{
kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . h'g /fli6o ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg;+u cfj4 eO{ jf :jtGq ?kdf xfnsf]
n3' hnljB't h:t} :yfgLo ?kdf ;+rfng x'g;Sg]5 . ldlg lu|8x? ljleGg h]g]/6/, 6fG;kmd{/
tyf ljleGg txsf ef]N6]h ;lxtsf nfOgx?sf ;fy} !=! s]eL nfOg klg x'g;S5 .
-3_ If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|M gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/L 5gf}6 ul/Psf jf ul/g] u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ hgfFp5 .
-_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|M gljs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df j}slNks pmhf{
k|j{4g s]Gb|nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ lhNnf:t/df :yfkgf jf ;'9[lbs/0f ul/g] lghL k|fljlws ;]jf
s]Gb|nfO{ hgfFp5 .
-r_ 3/w'/L jf kl/jf/ M Psn kl/jf/n] cf]u6]sf] jf;:yfgnfO{ hgfFp5 .
-5_ pRre]udf /x]sf] 3/w'/L jf kl/jf/M ;d'b| ;txaf6 @))) dL6/ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] prfOdf
/x]sf tyf @))) dL6/ /]vf (Contour line) n] 5f]Psf ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf /x]sf 3/w'/L jf
kl/jf/ tyf !%)) ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] prfOdf /x]sf ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf /xL
pQ/tkm{ kmls{Psf 3/w'/L jf kl/jf/nfO{ hgfFp5 .
-h_ cfof]hgfsf] hl8t pTkfbg IfdtfM cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePkl5 jf:tljs ljB't pTkfbg
ePsf] lsnf]jf6nfO{ hgfFp5 .
-em_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfM ;d'bfosf] k/:k/ nfe Pj+ kmfObfsf nflu ;dfg kxF'rsf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t
;+:yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 . To:tf ;+:yfx? ;/sf/L ljBfno, ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf;

klxnf] ;+zf]wg4f/f yk

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

138

;ldlt, :jf:Yo rf}sLs]Gb|, ;xsf/L ;d'bfosf] :jfldTj /x]sf] Sna, %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L
;fd"bflos z]o/ /x]sf] jf cfocfh{g, /f]huf/ tyf cGo ;fdflhs ;]jfx?sf] lgldQ ;d'bfosf]
:jfldTj tyf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-`_ ;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf sfo{;d'xM ;d'bfodf /x]sf 3/w'/Lx?sf] k/:k/ nfe Pj+ kmfObfsf nflu
;dfg :jfldTj tyf kxF'rsf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o;}u/L ;d'bfodf ;+rflnt
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? ldln n3' hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;+rfngsf] nflu k/:k/ nfe
Pj+ kmfObfsf] cfwf/df u7g ul/g] ;+:yfnfO{ sfo{;d'x elgG5 .
-6_ Jofkfl/s k|of]hgM lghL, ;d'bfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] cfocfh{gsf] nflu ug]{ s[ofsnfknfO{
a'emfp5 . h'g ;d'bfosf] hLjg:t/ a9fpg] p2]Zon] ;d'bfo4f/f 3/fo;L k|of]usf nflu dfq
geO{ ahf/of]Uo j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf nflu ;d]t hgfFp5 .
-7_ k'g:yf{kgfM klxn] lgdf{0f ePsf ldlg u|L8 u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kg jf To;df
ul/Psf] ;'wf/nfO{ hgfFp5 . k'g:yf{kgf pTkfbg, k|;f/0f jf ljt/0fsf] If]qdf x'g;Sg]5 .
-8_ df]6/ af6f]M aif{df sDtLdf % dlxgf 6ofS6/ rNg] af6f]nfO{ hgfFp5 .
-9_ Psn k"0f{ 7]Ssf -6g{sL_M Psn 7]s]bf/sDkgL h;n] cfof]hgfsf] KnfG6sf] lgdf{0f h8fg ug{ /
;+rfngdf Nofpg ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lng]] Joj:yfnfO{ hgfFp5 . o; cGt{ut ;fdfg cfk"lt{,
h8fglgdf{0f, k/LIf0f, k/LIf0f ;+rfng, tflnd tyf k|Tofe"ltsf nflu s/f/ ;Demf}tf kb{5 .
tyflk 6g{sL 7]s]bf/n]] :yfgLo ;fdu|L tyf dhb'/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ldlg lu|8 lgdf{0fstf{;+u 5'6[}
;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-0f_ OlGhlgo/ vl/b lgdf{0f -O{kL;L_M KnfG6 lgdf{0fsf ;fy} cfof]hgf OlGhlgol/ -lj:t[t
l8hfOg_, pks/0f Pj+ lgdf{0f ;fdfg vl/b / :ynut lgdf{0f / cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0fsf] lgldQ
Psn sDkgLn] k"0f{ pQ/bfloTj jxg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hgfFp5 .
-t_ 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLM !) jf6 kLs jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ kmf]6f]ef]N6]s kftf,
Jof6L, Jof6L rfh{ lgoGqs Pj+ plrt ;+Vof ;lxtsf] aQLx? ;d]t ePsf] ;f}o{ ljB't
k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfFp5 .
-y_ ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLM slDtdf % jf6 kLs Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ kmf]6f]ef]N6]s kftf, Jof6L,
Jof6Lrfh{ lgoGqs Pj+ slDtdf @ ;]6 aQLx? ePsf] ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfFp5 .
-b_ ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLM ;fj{hlgs jf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?dfaQL afNg, lzIff, ;+rf/,
:jf:Yo, cflb k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] ;f}o{ kmf]6f]ef]N6]s k|ljlwsf] Psn k|0ffnL (Standalone) x?nfO{ hgfp5 .

-w_ u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLM u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL
eGgfn] lkpg] kfgL tfGg] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] ;f}o{ kmf]6f]ef]N6]s k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pmhf{
k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfFp5 .
-g_ lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt cGt{ut /x]sf] pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{nfO{ hgfFp5 .
-k_ lhNnf u|fdL0f pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;ldltM lhNnfdf u|fdL0f pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
;DaGwL b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfngsf] nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efklt cWoIf /x]sf] ;ldltnfO{
hgfFp5 .
-km_ lhNnf pmhf{ ;ldltM lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efkltsf] cWoIftfdf lhNnfsf pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f If]qdf sfd ug];
{ +:yfx?sf] k|ltlglwx? /x]]sf] lhNnf tyf ;fd'bflos txdf
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ dfu{bz{g, ;dGjo tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;ldltnfO{ hgfFp5 .

klxnf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

238

-a_
-e_
-d_
-o_
-/_
-n_
-j_
-z_
-if_

lhNnf pmhf{ sf]ifM u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf lhNnfx?df pmhf{ ljsf;sf] nflu
cfly{s ;|f]tx? tyf ljleGg ;|f]tx?jf6 k|fKt x'g] ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] sf]ifnfO{
hgfFp5 .
;xof]uL ;+:yfM u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?df ;d'bfo
kl/rfng s[ofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ 5gf}6 ePsf] lhNnfdf /x]sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ hgfFp5 .
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?M :jo+ ;+ul7t / ;d'bfo kl/rfns k|lqmof dfkm{t\ lgld{t ;+:yfx?nfO{
hgfFp5 .
sfo{;d"xx?M ;d'bfo :t/df s[ofsnfkx? sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;j} nfeflGjt ;fd'bflos
;+:yfx?jf6 ;dfg k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L u7g ul/Psf ;d"xx?nfO{ hgfpF5 .
;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3M au]sf] kfgLnfO{ s]xL prfOaf6 v;fnL dbfgLdf lxsf{O To;af6 pTkflbt
zlQmn] cgfh lk;fgL ug]{ ;fwgnfO{ kfgL3 hgfFp5 . k/Dk/fut kfgL3nfO{ cfjZos ;'wf/
u/L To;sf] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L ax'pkof]uL kmfObf lng ;lsg] ;fwgnfO{ ;'wfl/Psf] 3 elgG5 .
3 ;'wf/ ;]jf s]Gb|M ;'wfl/Psf] 3 ;e]I{ f0f, h8fg / las|L kl5sf] ;]jfsf] nflu lhNnfl:yt
dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfnfO{ hgfFp5 .
3wgL ;+3M 3wgLx?sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj;fosf] k|j{4gsf] nflu ;+:yf btf{ P]g
@)#$ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ adf]lhd u7g ePsf] 3wgLx?sf] ;+u7gnfO{ hgfFp5 .
3 ljB'tLs/0fM ;'wfl/Psf] 3sf] dfWodaf6 pTkflbt % ls= jf= ;Ddsf] ljB'taf6 ljB'tLs/0f
ug{] k|ls|ofnfO{ 3 ljB'tLs/0f hgfFp5 .
:yfgLo lgsfoaf6 nufgL: lhlj;, uflj; / ;f+;b sf]ifaf6 nuflgsf] ?kdf k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u
hgfFp5 .

3= ;+:yfut Joj:yf
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ ljsf;sf] nflu h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;f}o{ pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmd,
ldgLu|L8 ;xof]u sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd, jfof]Uof; ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL
36[ sfo{qmd, cflb dfkm{t\ ck|ToIf cg'bfg -k|fljlws ;xof]u_ pknJw u/fOg]5 .
k|ToIf cg'bfg cGtu{t j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| cGtu{t /x]sf] u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if dfkm{t k|jfx
ul/g]5 . tfklg ;Dk"0f{ /sdx? u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if dfkm{t k|jfx ug{ g;s];Dd ljleGg sfo{qmd
cGtu{tsf To:tf cg'bfgsf] k|jfx ljBdfg Joj:yf adf]lhd hf/L /flvg]5 .
4= cg"bfgsf cfwf/ tyf ljt/)f Joj:yfM u}/ ljB"tLs/)f
4=1

;f}o{ *fo/ Pj+ s"s/

kfgL ttfpg, vfgf ksfpg tyf s[lif pkh ;'sfpgsf nflu ;f}o{ tfk pmhf{sf] clwstd k|of]uf/f
cfofltt k]6f l] nod OGwgsf] pkef]unfO{ 36fpg ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/ b]zsf ;j} lhNnfx?df ljt/0f
ul/g]5 . ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/sf] k|j4{g, k|rf/ k|;f/, ahf/ lgodg Pj+ u'0f:t/ lglZrttf /
cg'udg h:tf s[ofsnfkx? sfo{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifodf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
s]Gb|n] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 tyf lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug{ / ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/ pTkfbsljt/sx?nfO{
k|fljlws ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg'sf] ;fy} dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx? dfkm{t\ dfGotf k|fKt k|0ffnLdf
pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg]5 .
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] cfjlws ?kdf ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/ pTkfbg, ljt/0f, h8fg / laqmL
kl5sf] ;]jfsf nflu sDkgLx?sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . ;fy} s]Gb|n] k|lt:k4f{Tds ahf/ dfkm{t\
pkef]Qmfx?n] plrt d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo ;fdfg kfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ;d]t ug]5
{ .
o;sf lglDt s]Gb|n] :ynut ?kdf h8fgsf] cg'udg, ;j{]If0f, cWoog cflb ;d]t ug]{]5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

338

4=1=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f

cg'bfgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] kq;lxt cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfuhft j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|df k]z ug{'kg]{5 . lgjb]g k|fKt ePkl5 s]Gb|n] sDKo"6/df tYof+s -8f6f_ tyf clen]v /fvL
lgjb]gx?sf] k|lqmof Pj+ sfuhftx? k"/f eP, gePsf] d"Nof+sg cflb sfo{ ug]{5 . ;j} k|lqmof k"/f
ePsf] kfOPdf s]Gb|n] cg'bfg :jLs[lt ug]{5 . s]Gb|n] laqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt jfkt cg'bfg
/sdsf] !) k|ltzt /sd ! jif{sf] lgldQ /f]Ssf ug{ ;Sg]5 . s]Gb|n] laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf Pj+ k|Tofe"lt
;DaGwdf cg'udg ug{sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 .
4=1=2 cg"bfgsf] nflu k'/f ug"{kg]{ cfwf/x?

;f}o{
-s_
-v_
-u_

8fo/ Pj+ s's/sf] cg'bfgsf] nflu of]Uo x'g b]xfosf zt{x? k"/f ug'{ kg]{5 M
g]kfn leq k|of]u x'g] ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/df dfq cg'bfg pknAw x'g]5 .
;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/sf] cg'bfgsf] nflu b'ud
{ tyf u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|jf6 dfGotf k|fKt ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/sf nflu dfq cg'bfg k|fKt
x'g]5 .
-3_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/ pTkfbg jf cfoft, ljt/0f tyf h8fg ug'{
kg]{5 .
-_ cg'bfgsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kmf/fdsf] 9f+rfdf lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{5 .
-r_ lgj]bg kq;fy 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf] nflu pkef]Qmfsf] gful/stf k|df0fkq / ;+:yfut
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfojf6 ;+:yfsf] btf{ k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t k]z ug'{
kg]{5 .
4=1=3 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg

h8fg ul/Psf ;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/sf] :ynut cg'udg tyf hf+r ug{sf nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb| cfkm}n] jf :jtGq k/fdz{bftf dfkm{t\ ul/g]5 . h8fg ePsf] Ps jif{ kZrft\ sl/j !) k|ltzt
;f}o{ 8fo/ Pj+ s's/sf] :ynut cg'udg ug{sf nflu kmf6k'm6 ?kdf -ofG8DnL_ gd"gf lnOg]5 .
h8fg :ynaf6 k|fKt tYof+s tyf hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df sDkgLsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg ul/g] /
sDkgLn] h8fg gu/L cg'bfg bfjL u/]df jf clgoldttf u/]sf] kfOPdf k"j{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08 tyf
lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ hl/jfgf ul/g]5 / pQm lgb]l{ zsf th'd
{ f gePsf] xsdf cg'bfg /sdsf] @))
k|ltzt hl/jfgf u/g]5 . ;fy} j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] lgoldt?kdf jf cfjZostfg';f/ ph'/L
jf k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df :ynut cg'udg tyf hfFr ;d]t ug]{5 .
4=2 ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL tyf u|fdL)f ;fd"bflos ;f}o{ ljB"t vfg]kfgL
k|)ffnL

;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL Pj+ u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g, k|rf/
k|;f/, u'0f:t/ lglZrttf tyf cg'udg h:tf s[ofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ljifosf] nflu
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| pQ/bfoL x'g]5 . o;n] ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL Pj+ u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos
;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf pTkfbsx?nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]usf ;fy} dfGotf k|fKt ;f}o{ pmhf{
sDkgLx? dfkm{t\ pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg]5 .
*

klxnf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

438

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] cfjlws ?kdf ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL Pj+ u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ;f}o{
ljB't kDkL k|0ffnLsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f, h8fg / ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] nflu sDkgLx?sf] of]Uotf
lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . s]Gb|n] k|lt:k4f{Tds ahf/ dfkm{t\ pkef]Qmfx?n] plrt d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo ;fdfg tyf
pks/0f kfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ;d]t ug]{5 . o;sf lglDt s]Gb|n] :ynut h8fgsf]
cg'udgsf ;fy} ;j]{If0f, cWoog cflb ;d]t ug]{, u/fpg]5 .
4=2=1

;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL

4=2=1=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f

;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg ug{sf] nflu ;DjlGwt ;+:yfn] lgj]bg ;fy uf=lj=;=jf lh=lj=;=sf]
l;kmfl/; j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k]z ug'{kg]{5 . s]Gb|n] lgj]bgsf] d"Nof+sg u/L b'u{dtf,
lk5l8Psf hgtfsf] jfx'Notf cflb cfwf/ nuffot cg'bfgsf] nflu of]Uo b]lvPdf ;DjlGwt ;+:yfnfO{
jf:tljstf hfFr -l/ofln6L r]s_ kmf/fd eg{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 . s]Gb|n] jf:tljstf hfFrsf cfwf/
tyf zt{x? le8fO{ d"Nof+sg u/L cfjZos cfwf/ tyf zt{ k"/f ug]{ cfof]hgfx?sf] lglDt ;+efJotf
cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ :jLs[t ug]{5 . ;DjlGwt ;+:yfn] s]Gb|jf6 dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx? dWo]
sDtLdf tLg j6f sDkgLx?;Fu nfut, h8fg, jf/]G6L cflb ;DjGwL sf]6z
] g lnO ;j} eGbf pko'Qm
s'g} Ps sDkgLjf6 lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf ;DefJotf cWoog u/fO{ ;f] ;DjGwL k|ltj]bg s]Gb|df k]z
ug'{kg]{5 . s]Gb|n] pQm k|ltj]bg d"Nof+sg u/L cfof]hgfn] ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/ tyf zt{ k"/f u/]sf] kfOPdf
h8fgsf] nflu :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg ug'{ eGbf cuf8L cg'bfg
cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L s]Gb|df k]z u/L :jLs[t ePkl5 dfq ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf nflu 5gf}6
ePsf] cfk"lt{stf{;+u pks/0f cfk"lt{, h8fg Pj+ cGo ;]jfsf] nflu ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]5
{ . ;fy} pQm
;+:yfn] ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] :jfldTj, /]vb]v tyf dd{t ;+ef/sf nflu s]Gb|;Fu ;Demf}tf
ug'{kg]{5 . ;DjlGwt lh=lj=;=uf=lj=;=sf] k|df0fLs/0f, hl8t ;f}o{ k|0ffnL ;lxt ;DjlGwt ;+:yf
-:s'nsf] xsdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|sf] xsdf k|d'v ;lxt cGo sd{rf/L_ / h8fg ug]{
k|fljlws ;lxtsf] kmf]6f] ;d]t ;+nUg ul/Psf] h8fg tyf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 j}slNks
pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] pko'Qm b]v]df s"n cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt;Dd /sd ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL
lbg]5 . hl8t k|0ffnL Ps jif{;Dd ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf ;+rfng ePkl5 tyf sDkgL;+:yfn] laqmL
kl5sf] ;]jf k|bfg u/L pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6 lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] jfFsL !)
k|ltzt cg'bfg /sd e'QmfgL lbg]5 . s]Gb|n] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jf tyf k|Tofe"lt
s]Gb| cfkm} jf :jtGq k/fdz{bftf jf ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{zfvfaf6
cg'udg ug{, u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
4=2=1=2 cg"bfgsf] nflu k'/f ug"{kg]{ cfwf/x?

cg'bfgsf] nflu ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLn] b]xfosf zt{x? k"/f ug'{kg]{5M
-s_ Psn k|0ffnL -:6\of08 Pnf]g df]8_ df /x]sf ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL cN6/g]l6e s/]G6
-P;L_ jf 8fO/]S6 s/]G6 -8L;L_ jf ;d"xut k|0ffnLdf x'g ;Sg]5 .
-v_ ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] cg'bfg sfg"gL ?kdf btf{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|fKt x'g]5 .
-u_ n3' hnljB't jf /fli6o ljB't k|zf/0f nfOg k'u]sf] :yfgx?sf] nflu ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't
k|0ffnLdf cg'bfg k|fKt x'g] 5}g .
-3_ ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx? g]kfn kmf]6f]ef]N6]s u'0f:t/ dfkb08df
plNnlvt k|fjwfg -:k]l;lkms];g_ jdf]lhd x'g' kg]{5 / To:tf ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx?
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|f/f k/LIf0f Pj+ k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] x''g'kg]{5 . ;+:yfut ;f}o{
ljB't k|0ffnLx?df k|of]u x'g] ;f]nf/ Kofgn tyf Aof6Ldf OGu|]e g+a/ /flvPsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
sfo{ ;DkGg k|ltj]bgdf ;d]t pQm OGu|]e gDj/ pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

538

-_ ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL cGtu{t sDKo"6/ tyf lk|G6/, /]lk|mh]/]6/ cflb h:tf
pks/0fx?nfO{ cg'bfg lbOg]5}g .
-r_ ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf h8fg j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|jf6
dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] dfq ug{ kfpg]5g\ .
-5_ ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] l8hfOg / ;+efJotf cWoog ;fy} h8fg k|lqmofsf] ;'kl/j]If0f j}slNks
pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|f/f dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?df cfj4 k|fljlw -OlGhlgo/_ x?n] dfq ug{
kfO{g]5g\ .
4=2=1=3 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg / b)* hl/jfgf

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] h8fg ePsf ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] cg'udg Pj+ hfFr ug{
:jtGq k/fdz{bftfx? lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 . h8fg :ynaf6 k|fKt tYof+s tyf hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df
sDkgLsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg ul/g] / sDkgLn] h8fg gu/L cg'bfg bfjL u/]df, csf]{
:yfgdf h8fg u/]df, h8fg ubf{ q[6L u/]df jf clgoldttf u/]sf] kfOPdf k"j{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08
tyf lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ hl/jfgf ul/g]5 . ;fy} s]Gb|n] lgoldt?kdf jf cfjZostfg';f/ ph'/L jf
k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df :ynut cg'udg tyf hfFr ug]{5 . b08 h/Ljfgfsf nflu lgb]l{ zsf tof/
geP ;Ddsf nflu b]xfo cg';f/sf] b08 tyf h/Ljfgf ul/g]5M
-s_ sDkgLn] ;f}o{ pmhf{ ;fdfg h8fg gu/L cg'bfg bfaL u/]df jf tf]lsPsf] eGbf cGo :yfgdf
h8fg u/]df jf tf]lsPsf] Ifdtf eGbf sd Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnL h8fg u/]df cg'bfg
/sdsf] @)) k|ltzt h/Ljfgf u/L sDkgLsf] dfGotf vf/]h ul/g]5 .
-v_ lau|]sf / sfd gnfUg] kf6{k"hf{x? -;f}o{ Kofgn, Aof6L, rfh{ sG6f]n/ cflb_ h8fg u/]sf]
kfO{Pdf pQm ;fdfgsf] sf]6]zg jf cg'bfg cfj]bg kmf/fddf pNn]v ePsf] d"Nosf] @))
k|ltzt ;Dd h/Ljfgf ul/g]5 . To:tf ;fdfgx? sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] ldltn] Ps
dlxgf leq km]/]/ To;sf] k|ltj]bg s]Gb|df a'emfpg' kg]{5 . o; ;DjGwdf s]Gb| cfkm} jf
s]Gb|jf6 lgo'Qm k/fdz{bftfn] :ynut cg'udg ubf{ sDkgLn] clgoldttf u/]sf] kfOPdf
sDkgLsf] dfGotf vf/]h ul/g]5 .
-u_ sDkgLn] lbPsf] jf/]G6L ;do ;Dd tyf ! aif{ ;Dd lbg] ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jf pknJw u/fPsf]
gb]lvPdf sDkgLn] clGtd ls:tf jfkt e'QmfgL lng afFsL /x]sf] cg'bfgsf] !) k|ltzt /sd
pknAw u/fO{g] 5}g . pQm /sd cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DjlGwt ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf]
dd{t tyf ;Def/sf nflu pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
4=2=2 u|fdL)f ;fdbflos ;f}o{ ljB"t vfg]kfgL k|)ffnL
4=2=2=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f

s'g} klg dfWodjf6 ljB'tLs/0f gePsf / vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ePsf u|fdL0f If]qx?sf hgtfx?n]
u|fdL0f ;fd'bfoLs ;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL h8fg ug{ rfx]df pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g u/L lj:t[t
hfgsf/Lsf nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| jf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfO{sfO jf
If]lqo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|df ;Dks{ ug{'kg]{5 . s]Gb|4f/f lgwf{l/t 9fFrf ;lxtsf] cfof]hgf
dfu kmf/fd e/L ;DjlGwt lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{ jf ;DjlGwt gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
;]jf s]Gb|df k]z ug{'kg]{5 . ;]jf s]Gb|x?n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf
nflu cfjZos cfwf/ tyf zt{x?sf] d"Nofg u/L ;DefJo tyf pko'Qm cfof]hgfsf] ;"lr
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k7fpg' kg{]5 . ;]jf s]Gb|jf6 k|fKt ;"lr / cfof]hgfx?sf] ljZn]if0f
u/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] ;j} eGbf pko'Qm cfof]hgfx?sf] lj:t[t l8hfO{g k|ltj]bg tof/
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

638

ug{ ;DjlGwt ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg]5 . ;]jf s]Gb|n] pQm cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws / cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ;DefJotf cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gbdf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
s]Gb| cGtu{tsf] ;f}o{ pmhf{ sfo{qmdn] ;DefJo cfof]hgfx?sf] d"Nof+sg tyf ljZn]if0f u/L ;f}o{
vfg]kfgL k|fljlws ;ldltdf cg'bfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{]5 . pQm ;ldltn] lj:t[t cWoog u/L
of]Uo 7xl/Psf cfof]hgfnfO{ cg'bfg Joj:yf cg';f/ cg'bfgsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf
l;kmfl/; ug]{5 . u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] cfjZos 7fg]df jf yk hfFrj' u/L cg'bfgsf nflu of]Uo
b]lvPsf cfof]hgfnfO{ cg'bfgsf nflu of]Uo ePsf] Joxf]/f cfof]hgf dfu ug{] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt,
lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfO{sfO / ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{5 . pkef]Qmf
;ldltn] cg'bfg jfx]ssf] cfof]hgfsf] nfutsf] /sdsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] ;f}o{
ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL h8fg ug{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|jf6 dfGotf k|fKt ;"lrdf /x]sf
sDkgLx? dWo] sDtLdf # j6f jf6 cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu sf]6]zg dfu ug'{kg]{ / To; dWo]
pko'Qm Pp6f sf]6]zg 5gf}6 u/L h8fgstf{ sDkgL / pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ljr s/f/ ;Demf}tf
x'g'kb{5 . ;fy} cg'bfg jfx]s pkef]Qmfjf6 Joxf]g'{kg]{ /sdsf] Joj:yf u/L lnlvt kq;lxt
;DjlGwt ;]jf s]Gb|df k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;]jf s]Gb|n] cg'bfg lgsf;fsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|df l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn]
b]xfo jdf]lhd e'QmfgL lbg]5 .
-s_ l;len ;+/rgf ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ 5gf}6 ePsf] sDkgLn] sfo{ ug]{ u/L pkef]Qmf
;d"x / ;DjlGwt sDkgL ljrdf ;Demf}tf ePsf] cj:yfdf b]xfo jdf]lhd cg'bfg lgsf;f
ul/g]5 .
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / sDkgL ljr ;Demf}tf ePkl5 cg'bfg /sd afx]s pkef]Qmfn]
Joxf]g'{kg]{ s"n /sdsf] %) k|ltzt /sd pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] sDkgLnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
;DjlGwt sDkgLn] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljB'lto d]sflgsn pks/0f
lgdf{0f :yndf pknAw u/fPsf] k|df0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 k|fKt ePkl5 u|fdL0f pmhf{
sf]if dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] cg'bfgsf] ^) k|ltzt /sd ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ pknAw
u/fOg]5 .
;DjlGwt sDkgLn] ;Dk"0f{ l;len lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fPkl5
dfq pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] pknAw u/fpg afFsL %) k|ltzt /sd sDkgLnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
sDkgLn] l;len / ljB'lto / d]sflgsn k|0ffnL h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg
;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k]z u/]kl5 s]Gb|n] :ynut lgl/If0f cfkm}
jf sfo{qmdsf sd{rf/L dfkm{t lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ! dlxgfleq ug]{, u/fpg]5 .
cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgl/If0f k|ltj]bg u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf l;kmfl/; ;lxt k]z
u/]kl5 pQm sf]ifjf6 cg'bfgsf] #) k|ltzt /sd ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ pknAw u/fOg]5 .
h8fg ;DkGg ePsf] ldltn] ! jif{ kZrft @ dlxgf leq h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] ljlqm
kl5sf] ;]jf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ lbPglbPsf] olsg u/L, lbO{Psf] kfO{Pdf jfFsL cg'bfgsf]
clGtd !) k|ltzt /sd u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-v_ l;len ;+/rgf pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] lgdf{0f ug]{ / ljB'lto d]sflgsn pks/0f dfq dfGotf
k|fKt sDkgLn] cfk"lt{ / h8fg ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] cj:yfdf b]xfo jdf]lhd cg'bfg
/sd e'QmfgL ul/g]5 .
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / sDkgL ljr ;Demf}tf ubf{ l;len ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / ljB'lto
d]sflgsn pks/0f h8fg u/L nfUg] vr{sf] :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cg'bfg /sd jfx]ssf] /sd Joj:yf u/L l;len ;+/rgf lgdf{0f Zf'?
ug'{ kg]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

738

 u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if dfkm{t pknJw x'g] s"n cg'bfg /sd ljB'lto d]sflgsn ;fdfu|Lsf]
nflu ePsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tfsf] /sd eGbf jl9 ePdf To;/L jl9 x'g] /sd pkef]Qmf
;ldltsf] cg'/f]wdf u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ;f]em} pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ pknAw u/fpg]5 .
o;/L k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg /sd dfu ubf{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] Joxf]g'{kg]{ /sd cg';f/sf] sfo{
;DkGg eO{ ;ldltn] Joxf]g'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;d]t vr{ eO{;s]sf] k|df0f clgjfo{?kdf k]z
ug'{kg]{5 . To:tf] k|df0fnfO{ ;DjlGwt If]lqo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ s]Gb| jf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{n] l;kmfl/; ug'{ kg]{5 .
l;len ;+/rgf lgdf{0flwg cj:yf jf ;DkGg ePkZrft ;DjlGwt sDkgLn] ;Demf}tf
cg';f/sf] ljB'lto d]sflgsn ;fdfg cfof]hgf :yndf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 . To:tf
;fdfg cfof]hgf :yndf k|fKt ePsf] Joxf]/f ;lxt pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/; k|fKt
ePdf u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ljB'lto d]sflgsn ;fdfg cfk"lTf{ tyf h8fg ug{ nfUg] elg
;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt /sdsf] ^) k|ltzt /sd ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ pknAw u/fpg]5 .
l;len ;+/rgf lgdf{0f tyf ;Dk"0f{ ljB'lto d]sflgsn ;fdfg h8fg u/L cfof]hgf lgdf{0f
;DkGg ePsf] k|df0f ;lxt ;DjlGwt sDkgLn] lgj]bg lbPkl5 dfq j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|n] cfkm' cGtu{tsf ;DjlGwt sfo{qmd jf ;+:yfaf6 lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ! dlxgfleq
k|dfl0ft u/] kZrft u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ljB'lto d]sflgsn ;fdfg cfk"lt{ tyf h8fg
ug{ nfUg] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt /sdsf] #) k|ltzt /sd ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg]5 .
h8fg ;DkGg ePsf] ldltn] ! jif{ kZrft @ dlxgf leq h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] ljlqm
kl5sf] ;]jf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ u/]gu/]sf] olsg u/L ;]jf pknJw u/fPsf] ;'lglZrt
ePdf jfFsL !) k|ltzt cg'bfg /sd u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg]5 .
4=2=2=2 cg"bfgsf] nflu k'/f ug{"kg]{ cfwf/x?

u|fdL0f ;fd'bfoLs ;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] cg'bfgsf nflu b]xfosf zt{x? k"/f u/]sf] x'g'
kg{]5 .
-s_ cGo dfWod4f/f ljB'tLs/0f gePsf If]qdf dfq tf]lsPsf] u|fdL0f ;fd'bfoLs ;f}o{ ljB't
vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLdf cg'bfg pknJw x'g]5 .
-v_ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf ug{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl/If0f s]Gb|4f/f k|dfl0ft ul/Psf ;fdfg tyf
pks/0fx? dfq k|of]u ug{'kg]{5 .
-u_ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] k|fljlws dfkb08 k'/f u/]sf]
x'g'kg]{5 . l;len sfo{sf] xsdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|jf6 :jLs[t lgb]{lzsf jdf]lhd
ug'{kg]{5 .
-3_ l;len ;+/rgf lgdf{0f sfo{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cfkm} jf ljB'tLo d]sflgsn ;fdfg cfk"lt{ tyf
h8fg ug]{ sDkgLaf6 ;d]t u/fpg ;lsg]5 . t/ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] tf]s]cg';f/sf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cfkm} lgdf{0f ug]{ xsdf ljB'tLo d]sflgsn
pks/0f h8fg ug]{ sDkgLn] ;ldltn] lgdf{0f ug]{ l;len ;+/rgf tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 cg';f/
ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 .
-_ ;DjlGwt h8fgstf{ sDkgLdf cfj4 k|fljlws -OlGhlgo/_ sf] k|ToIf ;'k/lehgdf ;f}o{ ljB't
vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL h8fg ul/Psf] eGg] k|dfl0ft x'g' kg]{5 .
-r_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|4f/f lgwf{l/t dfu kmf/fd e/L cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu lgj]bg
lbg'kg{]5 .
-5_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]iff/f lgwf{l/t cg'bfg kmf/fd e/L cg'bfgsf] dfu ug{'kg]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

838

4=2=2=3 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg

cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hgfx?df cfjZostf cg';f/ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|
jf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfO{sfO jf If]lqo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|sf k|fljlwsx?n]
:ynut lgl/If0f ug{]5g . lgl/If0f k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] cg'bfg ls:tf
;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ pknJw u/fpg]5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl/If0f s]Gb|n] ;d]t u|fdL0f ;fd'bfoLs
;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?sf] :ynut cWoog tyf cg'udg u/L To:tf
k|ltj]bg cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0fsf] ?kdf ;DjlGwt sDkgLx?nfO{ pknJw u/fpg]5 .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] h8fg ul/Psf] u|fdL0f ;fd'bfoLs ;f}o{ ljB't vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] cg'bfg
e'QmfgL ubf{ lgl/If0f ug{ cfjZos dxz'; u/]df cfof]hgfsf] :ynut lgl/If0f tyf cg'udg ug{
;Sg]5 . h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] h8fg ;DkGg ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq k]z u/]kl5 j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|n] o; cGtu{tsf] sfo{qmd, lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{nfO{ kl/rfng u/L
;Df}tfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ h8fg ;DkGg eP, gePsf] d"Nofg ug{]5 .
4=2=2=4 b)* tyf hl/jfgf

cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePsf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt sDklgn] u/fPkl5 dfq j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n]
! dlxgfleq :ynut lgl/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . lgl/If0f ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] s'g} ;+/rgf tf]lsPsf]
dfkb08 cg';f/ gePsf] jf h8fg ul/Psf] k|0ffnLdf q'l6 b]lvP jf ;'wf/ ug{k' g{] eP ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ u/fO{g5
] . ;'wf/ ;DkGg ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ;lxt #) lbgleq
;DjlGwt sDkgLn] bf]>f] k6s :ynut lgl/If0fsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df lgj]bg lbg'
kg]{5 . To;/L lgj]bg k|fKt eP kZrft j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] bf]>f] k6s :ynut
lgl/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . bf];|f] k6ssf] lgl/If0fdf ;d]t s'g} ;+/rgf jf h8fg ul/Psf] k|0ffnLdf
q'l6 b]lvP jf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ eP t]>f] k6ssf] lgl/If0fdf nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ ;DjlGwt sDkgL
:jodn] Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 . kl5Nnf] k6ssf] lgl/If0fdf ;d]t tf]lsP cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf]
gkfO{Pdf ;DjlGwt sDkgLn] e'QmfgL lbOPsf] cg'bfg /sdsf] @)) k|ltzt ;Dd h/Ljfgf
ltg'{kg]{5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t Joj:yf u'0f:t/ tyf cg'udg lgb{]lzsfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]
5 . o;/L h/Ljfgf jfktsf] /sd ga'emfPdf pQm sDkgLnfO{ csf]{ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ :jLs[t
glbOg] / lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fPsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leq dfly pNn]lvt hl/jfgf /sd ga'emfPdf
sDkgLsf] dfGotf :jtM vf/]h x'g]5 . @ j6f eGbf jl9 cfof]hgfx?df ! jif{leq q[6L b]vL
hl/jfgf ltg]{ u/L sfo{ u/]df ;d]t sDkgLsf] dfGotf :jtM vf/]h x'g]5 . sDkgLsf] sdhf]/Ln]
cnkq k/]sf cfof]hgf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] csf]{ s'g} sDkgL dfkm{t lgdf{0f tyf dd{t
;Def/ u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
4=3 afof]Uof; sfo{qmd
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]z
{ ssf] cWoIftfdf /x]s
] f]] afof]Uof; ;dGjo ;ldlt
(Biogas Coordination Committee, BCC) n] afof]Uof; ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd
tyf s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;dGjo, dfu{lgb]{zg tyf cg'udgsf] ;'lglZrttf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{5 . pQm
;ldltsf cGo ;b:ox?df sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, ;DalGwt ljQLo
;+:yf, g]kfn afof]Uof; k|j4{g ;+3sf k|ltlglw / ;DalGwt jfx\o bft[ lgsfosf
k|ltlglwx? /xg]5g\ . j}s7df afof]Uof; ;dGjo ;xof]u ;d'xsf cWoIfnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/
cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . afof]Uof; ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf k|ltlglw
cWoIf, g]kfn afof]Uof; k|j4{g ;+3, ;DalGwt bft[/fi6sf k|ltlglwx? ;b:o / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ug]{ ;+:yf /x]sf] ;dGjo ;xof]u ;d"x (Coordination Support Team) n] sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjog qmddf p7]sf ljifoj:t'x?df gLltut lg0f{ox? lng cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

938

ljutdf ljz]if u/L ufO{ e};L+sf] uf]j/af6 ;+rfng x'g] @, $, ^ / * 3g ld6/sf] 3/fo;L
afof]Uof; KnfG6sf] nflu cg'bfg lbOb} cfO{/x]sf]df df}h'bf cg'bfg gLlt cg';f/ ufO{ e+};Lsf]
uf]j/sf] cltl/Qm cGo k|f+ufl/s j:t'x?sf] ;fy} 7f]; kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ ;d]t k|of]u u/L ;+:yfut jf
;fd'bflos KnfG6x? lgdf0f{ u/L cf;kf;sf If]qx?df UofF; ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{sf] ;+efAotf cWoog
tyf k/LIf0f kl/of]hgf ;+rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
4=3=1 cg"bfg ljt/)fsf cfwf/x?

-s_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] afof]Uof; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df ;do
;dodf afof]Uof; sDkgLx?nfO{ afof]Uof; lgdf{0f tyf cfjZos k|fljlws ;]jfsf] nflu
of]Uotf lgwf{/0fsf] lgldQ cfwf/x? :jLs[t ug]{5 . ;+:yfut jf ;fd'bflos afof]Uof; KnfG6
lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu sDkgLx?sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ubf{ 3/fo;L KnfG6 lgdf{0f ug{] sDkgLx?
dWo]af6 yk dfkb08 /flvg]5 .
-v_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] k"j{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08sf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{
;+:yff/f l;kmfl/z ul/Psf afof]Uof; sDkgLx?sf] dfGotf :jLs[t ug]{5 .
-u_ dfGotf k|fKt afof]Uof; sDkgLx?n] sfo{qmd lgb]l{ zsf, :jLs[t l8hfOg / u'0f:t/ Pj+
k|Tofe"lt kfngf u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf afof]Uof; KnfG6x?nfO{ dfq cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
-3_ afof]Uof; KnfG6sf] l8hfOg, dfkb08 / sfo{qmdsf nflu sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfaf6 tof/ u/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k]z ug]{ / s]Gb|n] :jLs[t
u/]kl5 nfu' x'g]5 .
-_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] pkef]Qmfn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ cg'bfg /sdsf] e'QmfgL sDkgL
dfkm{t a}s
+} vftfdf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-r_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] jflif{s nIosf] k"0f{ ljj/0f x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df sfof{Gjog
ug]{ ;+:yfdf k]z u/L pQm ;+:yfn] s]Gb|df k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-5_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] :jLs[ltdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfn] k|To]s cfly{s
jif{sf nflu afof]Uof; KnfG6sf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?;Fu ;Demf}tf
ug]{5 .
-h_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] l/tk"j{s ul/Psf] KnfG6 lgdf{0f jf dd{t ;]jf ;DkGg u/]sf]
kmf/fd cGo cfjZos sfuhftx?;lxt sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfdf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
o;sf] Ps k|lt ;DalGwt lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{zfvf -OsfO{zfvf_ df klg
k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 . sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfn] To;/L k]z u/]sf] KnfG6 lgdf{0f jf dd{t
;]jf ;DkGgtf ;DaGwL kmf/fdsf] cWoog u/]kl5 k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cg'bfgsf nflu
l;kmfl/z ;lxt j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-em_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n]
cg'bfgsf ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/x? k"/f ePsf] lgSof}n
{ u/L pkef]QmfnfO{ lbOg] cg'bfg /sd dfGotf
k|fKt sDkgLx? dfkm{t k|bfg ug]{5 .
-~f_ afof]Uof; ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t ePadf]lhd laqmL kl5\sf] ;]jf z'Ns /
;xeflutfTdsk|j4{g z'Ns cg'bfg ljt/0f ubf{ sf ul/g]5 . sDkgLx?n] laqmL kl5sf]
;]jf KnfG6 lgdf{0f kl5sf] b'O{ jif{df b'O{ k6s pknJw u/fpg' kg]{5 / tL sDkgLx?nfO{
;xdlt eP adf]lhdsf] laqmL kl5\sf] ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf KnfG6x?sf nflu dfq laqmL kl5\sf]
;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ul/g]5 .
-6_ laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf ;Gtf]ifhgs eP, gePsf] ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] OsfO{zfvf n] ;d]t
cg'udg ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;fy} laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ubf{ OsfO{zfvfsf]
k|ltj]bgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg ;lsg]5 . OsfO{zfvfn] laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]
egL lj:t[t ljj/0f ;lxt j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df lnlvt k|ltj]bg k]z u/]df s]Gb|n]
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1038

5fgljg ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] cg';f/ ;]jf Hofb} sdhf]/ ePsf] k|dfl0ft eP laqmL kl5sf]
;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL x'g] 5}g .
-7_ ;xeflutfTds z'Ns, k|j4{gfTds s[ofsnfkx? -h:t}M pkef]Qmf tflnd, k|j4{g, n3' shf{
k|j4{g, cg'udg cflb_ sf lgldQ k||of]u ul/g]5 .
4=3=2 u/Lj, blnt, hghftL, pTkLl*t / $Gb kLl*tsf] nflu yk cg"bfg
ljt/)fsf] cfwf/x?

-s_ u/Ljsf] nflu yk cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ pkef]Qmfn] u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s jf u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+ssf]
h:t} Jojl:yt sfo{ljlw dfkm{t u/LjnfO{ dfq ;d"xdf /flv ljgf ef}lts lwtf] n3' shf{
k|jfx ug{] ljlQo ;+:yfsf] ;d"xdf cfj4 x'g' kg]{5 . k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog
ug{] ;+:yfn] afof]Uof; ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t dfkb08 tyf sfo{ljlw adf]lhd of]Uo
ljlQo ;+:yf 5gf}6 u/L a}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 k"j{ l:js[t lnO{ ;Demf}tf ug{'
kg]{5 . o;}u/L ul/jL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] ul/jL lgjf{/0f sf]if jf o:t} cGo ;/sf/L
;+:yfx?af6 k|j4{lwt ljlQo jf cGo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? dfkm{t klg dfly pNn]lvt k|s[of
ckgfO{ u/Ljsf] nflu yk cg'bfg lbg k|df0fLs/0f u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
-v_ blntsf] nflu yk cg'bfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf blnt hfltsf] ;"rLdf k/]sf hft
hftLnfO{ hft / y/sf] cfwf/df lbO{g]5 . o;sf] nflu /fli6o blnt cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z
;d]t lng ;lsg]5 .
-u_ hghfltsf] nflu yk cg'bfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] hghflt ;"rLdf k/]sf] hft
hftLnfO{ hft / y/sf] cfwf/df lbO{g] 5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt lgsfosf]
l;kmfl/z lng ;lsg]5 .
-3_ pTkLl8t tyf 4GbkLl8tsf] nflu yk cg'bfgsf] nflu lhNnf zflGt ;ldlt jf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt cGo lgsfosf] k|df0f kq jf l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df lbO{g]5 .
-8=_ yk cg'bfg @, $ / ^ 3g ld6/sf] KnfG6nfO{ dfq lbO{g]5 .
4=3=3 ;+:yfut afof]Uof; KnfG^df lbO{g] cg"bfg ljt/)fsf] cfwf/x?

ufO{ e+;
} Lsf] uf]j/sf] cltl/Qm cGo k|fu+ fl/s j:t'x? h:t} dfgj lbzf lk;fj, 7f]; kmf]xf]/d}nf,
emf/kft cflb h:tf afof]Uof; pTkfbg ;xh ?kdf x'g] kbfy{ k|of]u u/L z}lIfs ;+:yf, :jf:Yo
;+:yf, k|x/L tyf ;]gfsf] Jof/]s, wd{zfnf, a[4f>d, cgfyfno h:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df pknJw
x'g] pQm h}ljs kbfy{sf] cfwf/df $, ^ / * 3g ld6/ Ifdtfsf] KnfG6nfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] k|s[of
k'/\ofO{ cg'bfg lbO{g]5 .
-s_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/zdf a}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 k"j{ :jLs[t
l8hfO{gdf lgdf{0f x'g] nuftf/ jf k6s] 3fg (Continuous or Batch Feeding) k|0ffnLsf]
nflu $, ^ / * 3g ld6/sf] KnfG6nfO{ dfq of] cg'bfg lbO{g]5 .
-v_ ;++:yf btf{ -gjLs/0f ;lxt_ k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnlk, sfo{ ;ldlt jf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnkL ;lxtsf] lgj]bg k"j{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu sfo{s|daf6 ;f]] cf=a=nfO{ ;+:yfut
+ fdf
KnfG6 lgdf{0f ug{ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL dfkm{t a}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] 9f+r
cfj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-u_ KnfG6 lgdf{0fsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lbg' eGbf cuf8L a}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 ;+efJotf
cWoogsf] cfjZostf dxz'; eP o;sf] k|fljlws, ljlQo, Joj:yfkg tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf
;d]t ljrf/ u/L KnfG6sf] lbuf] ;+rfngsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1138

4=3=4 ;fd"bflos afof]Uof; KnfG^df lbO{g] cg"bfg ljt/)fsf] cfwf/x?

ufO{ e+};Lsf] uf]j/ tyf cGo k|ffl/s j:t'x? h:t} dfgj lbzf lk;fj, 7f]; kmf]xf]/d}nf, emf/kft
cflb h:tf afof]Uof; pTkfbg ;xh ?kdf x'g] kbfy{ k|of]u u/L ;fd'bflos afof]Uof; KnfG6
lgdf{0f ubf{ k|fljlws ?kdf afof]Uof; ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] l;df leq /xL b]xfo jdf]lhsf k|lqm[of
k'of{O cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
-s_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/zdf a}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 k"j{ l:js[t
l8hfO{gdf lgdf{0f x'g] nuftf/ 3fg (Continuous Feeding) k|0ffnLsf] nflu !% 3g ld6/
jf ;f] eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf] KnfG6af6 afof]Uof; pTkfbg u/L k|lt r"nf] afNg] 3/w'/LnfO{
Go"gtd # 3g ld6/ x'g] u/L cg'bfg lbO{g]5 .
-v_ g]kfnsf] sfg"g cg';f/ btf{ ePsf] ;+:+ yf jf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] btf{ k|df0fkq -gjLs/0f
;lxt_ sf] k|ltlnkL, sfo{ ;ldlt jf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnkL / uf=lj=;=jf
gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z ;lxtsf] lgj]bg k"j{ l:js[ltsf] nflu sfo{s|daf6 ;f]] cf=a=nfO{
;fd'bflos KnfG6 agfpg dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL dfkm{t a}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf]
9f++rfdf cfj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-u_ KnfG6 lgdf0f{sf] nflu k"j{ :jLs[tL lbg' eGbf cuf8L a}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|jf6 jf s]Gb|n]
tf]s]sf] lgsfojf6 clgjfo{ ;+efJotf cWoog u/L k|fljlws, ljlQo, Joj:yfkg tyf ;+:yfut
Ifdtf ;d]t ljrf/ u/L KnfG6sf] lbuf] ;+rfngsf] ;+efJotf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
-3_ ;fd'bflos afof]Uof; KnfG6sf] lgdf{0f, :jfldTj tyf ;+rfng ;xsf/L ;+:yf, z}lIfs ;+:yf,
:yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;+:yf jf lghL ;+:yfn] ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
gf]6 M ;+:yfut / ;fd'bflos afof]Uof; KnfG6x?sf nflu cg'bfg Joj:yfdf pNn]v eO{ o; cg'bfg kl/rfng
sfo{ljlwdf klg pNn]v ePtf klg s]Gb|n] cfg} cyjf s'g} bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]u k|fKt u/]df dfq cg'bfg
pknAw u/fpg] 5 . cg'bfg pknAw eP gePsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt pkef]Qmn] lgSof}n u/]/ dfq lgdf{0f
sfo{ cuf8L a9fpg' kg]{5 .
4=3=5 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg

-s_ 3/fo;L / ;+:yfut KnfG6sf] xsdf Knf06 lgdf{0f eO{ cg'bfg e'QmfgL eP kl5 Go"gtd %
k|ltzt / cg'bfg e'QmfgL ePsf] bf]>f] tyf t]>f] jif{df pkef]Qmfn]] laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf
kfO;s] kl5 Go"gtd @=% k+|ltzt gd"gf (random sample) lnO{ :ynut u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f
tyf cg'udg ul/g]5 . xfnnfO{ k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf lgdf{0f ePsf ;fd'bflos KnfG6sf] xsdf
!)) k|ltzt KnfG6sf] :ynut ?kdf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf cg'udg ul/g]5 .
-v_ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfn]
k"j{ lgwf{l/t sfo{ljlwsf] cfwf/df cg'udgsf] nflu t]>f] kIf -:jtGq k/fdz{bftf_ nfO{
;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
-u_ olb afof]Uof; sDkgLx?n] afof]Uof; ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ agfPsf]
lgb]{lzsfx? adf]lhdsf] ;Demf}tfdf ePsf] adf]lhd sfd gePdf, h:t} laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf
k|bfg gu/]df, cw'/f] KnfG6df cg'bfg dfu u/]df, KnfG6 lgdf0f{ ubf{ clgoldtf u/]df, KnfG6
h8fg gu/L cg'bfg bfjL u/]df, :jLs[t dfkb08 cg';f/sf] KnfG6 lgdf{0f gu/]df jf Pp6}
KnfG6 lgdf{0fdf bf]xf]/f] cg'bfg bfjL u/]df ;f]xL cfwf/df hl/jfgf, lgnDjg / ;Demf}tf e+u
ug{] ;d]tsf] sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .
-3_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] cfGtl/s u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / cg'udg u/L KnfG6sf] u'0f:t/sf]
k|Tofe"lt lbg'kg]{]5 .
-8=_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] jfof]Uof; sfo{qmd / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] sfo{
;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{5, eg] lhNnf :t/df lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1238

zfvfOsfO{n] sDkgLsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg u/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]GbnfO{ cfjZos sf/jfxLsf nflu lnlvt k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ ;Sg]5 .
4=4 h}ljs -afof]df;_ pmhf{ sfo{qmd
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cWoIf /x]sf] h}ljs pmhf{ ;dGjo ;ldltn] h}ljs
pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] pko'{Qm kl/rfng Joj:yf, ;DalGwt pBf]ux?sf] k|j4{g /
k|of]ustf{x?sf] lxtnfO{ /Iff ug]{ ;DaGwL ljifodf ;'emfj lbg]5 . ;f] ;ldltsf] cGo ;b:ox?df
dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, :jf:Yo ljefu, jg ljefu, ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\, ljQLo tyf ;fdflhs
;+:yfx? / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, cg';Gwfg ;+:yf Pj+ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x
dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k|ltlglw, ;DalGwt ;Ghfnsf k|ltlglw, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|, lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3, ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt /fli6o dxf;+3 g]kfn / h}ljs pmhf{ ;DaGwL
pBf]ux?sf k|ltlglwx? x'g]5g\ . ;ldltn] cfjZos gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;/;Nnfx lbg'sf ;fy} g]kfndf
h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] If]qsf] ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt cGo ;+:yfx?;+u ;dGjo ug]{5 .
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmd ljz]ifu/L h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf]
k|j4{g, k|rf/ k|;f/ Pj+ u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf h:tf s[ofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjog ;+u ;DalGwt
ljifosf lglDt pQ/bfoL x'g]5 . h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] pTkfbs, ljt/s, k|j4{s,
pkef]Qmf, h8fgstf{x?, lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{ / If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf
s]Gb|x?nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} cg'bfgsf nflu k|fljlws ljifodf u|fdL0f
pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg]5 .
h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf sfo{x? b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5g\M
-s_ h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwdf u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ u'0f:t/ dfkb08 lgb]{lzsf th'{df ug]{ .
-v_ cg'bfgsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug'{ eGbf klxnf u'0f:t/ dfkb08 cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f
lglZrt ug]{ .
-u_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{ cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ .
-3_ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?l;t lgs6td ;Dks{ sfod u/L h}ljs pmhf{
k|ljlwsf] ljt/0f ;+hfnnfO{ ;'b9 kfg]{ .
-_ :j:ys/ Pj+ k|lt:k4f{Tds h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ahf/ ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} bf]xf]/f] cg'bfgsf]]
;+efjgfnfO{ x6fpg] .
-r_ pTkfbg, ljt/0f, h8fg tyf laqmL kl5\sf] ;]jf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ sDkgLh8fgstf{ /
ltgLx?sf k|ltlglw Pj+ laqm]tfx?sf] dfGotfsf nflu sfo{ljlw tof/ ug],{ sfof{Gjog tyf
;'b[9 ug]{ / lgwf{l/t cfwf/ cg';f/ ltgLx?sf] of]Uotf hfFr ug]{ .
-5_ pkef]Qmfn] k|lt:k4f{Tds ahf/ dfkm{t\ plrt d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo a:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf
5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ sDkgLx?, ltgsf ;Ghfn / pkef]Qmfx? jLrsf] cGt/s[ofnfO{
;xh agfpg] .
-h_ dfGotf k|fKt k/fdz{bftfx?, If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|, lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
zfvfOsfO{ / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?l;tsf] ;xsfo{df h8fgsf] :ynut cg'udg ug]{ .
-em_ sDkgL Pj+ o;sf ;Ghfn / cGo ;Da4 ;+:yfx?sf] dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ .
-~f_ b'u{d If]qsf vf;u/L cfly{s ?kn] sd cfsif{s If]qx?df h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|j4{g
cleofgdf hf]8 lbg] .
-6_ h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlw v/Lb ug{sf nflu u|fdL0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr tyf vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
a9fpg pko'Qm shf{ ;+oGq lj:tf/ ug]{ .
-7_ h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ;+efJotf cWoog, u|x0f, ljsf; ug{ / kfOn6 cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf
;+rfng ug{ lghL sDkgL, lgdf{0fstf{ / k/fdz{bftfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
-8_ h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlw;+u ;DalGwt ;j]{If0f, ;dLIff / cGo cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1338

h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] clGtd pkef]Qmf u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf hgtfx? ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;fd'bflos
kl/rfng tyf k|lt:k4f{Tds ahf/ dfkm{t k|j4{g ul/g]5 . ahf/df laqmL ul/Psf] h}ljs pmhf{
k|ljlwsf] nflu laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf pknJw u/fpg cfjZos Go"gtd dfusf] dfqfnfO{ dgg
ul/g]5 . h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlw k|j4{g, :yfgLo cfof]hgfx?df cfa4
Pj+ cg'udgsf] nflu :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;xof]u h'6fpg]5 . ;fy} o;n] h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf]
u'0f:t/ dfkb08sf] k/LIf0f Pj+ k|dfl0ft ug{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb| jf pko'Qm ;+:yfl;t
;xsfo{ ug]{5 .
h}ljs pmhf{ k|0ffnLsf] cfoft, pTkfbg, ljt/0f / laqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] nflu lghL If]qsf
sDkgLx? / o;sf ;+oGq pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . :ynut u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf Pj+ cg'udg sfo{sf]
nflu dfGotf k|fKt k/fdz{bftf lgo'lQm ul/g]5 .
4=4=1 pRr kxf*L If]qsf nflu #/fo;L kmnfdsf] r'nf]sf] cg"bfg ljt/)f

pkef]QmfnfO{ k"j{ lgwf{l/t k|lqmofsf]] cfwf/ jdf]lhd pTkfbgh8fgstf{ sDkgL dfkm{t\ 3/fo;L
kmnfd] r"nf]sf] nflu cg'bfg pknJw u/fOg]5 . h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] cg'bfgsf] nflu
cfkm' ;dIf k]z ePsf] lgwf{l/t lgj]bg kmf/fd d"Nof+sg u/L l;kmfl/; ;lxt u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{
k7fpg]5 . pQm sf]ifn]] lgj]bg pk/ cg'bfgsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/x? k'/f u/], gu/]sf] x]g]{5 .
lgj]bsn] cfjZos cfwf/x? k"/f u/]df lgwf{l/t sfo{ljlw jdf]lhd cg'bfgsf] e'QmfgL lbOg]5 .
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] lglZrt dfkb08sf wft'sf r"nf]x? h:t}M sf]7f ttfpg] k|of]u ;lxtsf]
;'wfl/Psf] kmnfd] r"nf]df cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg]5 . pkef]Qmfx?n] dfGotf k|fKt :yfgLo ;fem]bf/L
;+:yfdfkm{t jf cfkm\g} ;d"xdf r"nf] h8fg ug{ dfu u/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|f/f dfGotf
k|fKt pTkfbsh8fgstf{, If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb| jf h}ljs pmhf{ sfo{qmdsf] :yfgLo
;fem]bf/L ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ ug]{5g\ . dfGotf k|fKt h8fgpTkfbgstf{ sDkgLn] ;'wfl/Psf] kmnfd]
r"nf] h8fg u/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cg'bfg kmf/fd e/L ;f] kmf/fd If]lqo
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|df /]s8{ u/fO{ pQm ;]jf s]Gb|sf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt cg'bfgsf] nflu
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k7fpg'kg]{5 . ;DjlGwt If]qLo ;]jf s]Gb|n] ;DjlGwt uf=lj=;=sf]
3/w'/Ldf kmnfd] r'nf] h8fg u/]sf] k|ltj]bg dfl;s ?kdf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
OsfO{zfvfdf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf ufpF ljsf;
;fldltn] hl8t kmnfd] r"nf]x?sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g . ;fy} If]qLo
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|n] To:tf s[ofsnfkx? ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt lh=lj=;=, uf=lj=;=, lhNnf
jg sfof{no, dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no tyf lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / :yfgLo
lgsfosf] of]hgfdf PsLs[t ug{ ;dGjo ;d]t ug]{5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfsf]
lgj]bg, r"nf] k|of]ustf{sf] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk tyf hl8t r"nf] / 3/wgL b]lvg] kmf]6f] ;lxtsf
sfuhftx? k|fKt ePkl5 h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if
;dIf l;kmfl/; ug'{ cl3 cg'bfgsf cfwf/, zt{ Pj+ sfuhft cflb k"/f eP, gePsf] hfFr ug]{5 .
o; ;DjGwL laZn]if0f ug]{ tyf tYof+s /fVg] sfo{ If]qLo ;]jf s]Gb|df ul/g]5 / kmf/fd ;lxt
ToxFfaf6 s]Gb|df k7fOg]5 . cfjZos sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg u/L eljiodf kmnfd] r'nf] lgdf{tf
sDkgLx?nfO{ tYof+s /fVg] sfo{ ;d]t lbg ;lsg]5 . lgj]bgx?sf] yk d"Nof+sg Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L
;j} k|lqmof k"/f ePsf] kfOPdf u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf]] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] cg'bfg :jLs[t ug]{5 .
cg'bfg :jLs[t ePkl5 cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt /sd sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbO{ jfFsL !) k|ltzt /sd
ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt jfkt Ps jif{;Dd /flvg]5 / Ps jif{kl5 sj'n u/]sf] ;]jf lbPsf]
kfOPdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| jf o;jf6 dfGotf k|fKt k/fdz{bftff/f ul/Psf] cg'udg
d"Nof+sgsf] k|ltj]bgsf]] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL lbOg]5 . ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jf tyf u'0f:t/sf]

klxnf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1438

d"Nof+sg ug{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf:t/df :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;s[o
;xefuLtfdf pko'Qm cg'udg ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
cg'bfgsf] nflu k"/f ug'{kg]{ cfwf/x?
cg'bfgsf nflu b]xfo jdf]lhsf zt{x? k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5M
-s_ lgwf{l/t ;Dk"0f{ k|fljlws dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf wft' -kmnfd_ sf r"nf]x?sf] nflu dfq u|fdL0f If]qsf
3/kl/jf/x?sf] nflu cg'bfg pknJw x'g]5 .
-v_ kmnfd] r"nf]sf] nflu @))) dL6/ eGbf dfly tyf @))) dL6/sf] /]vfn] 5f]Psf pRr kxf8L If]qsf
tf]lsPsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?sf 3/w'/L jf kl/jf/nfO{ dfq cg'bfg k|fKt x'g]5 . pQ/ tkm{
kmls{Psf 3/w'/Lsf] xsdf eg] !%)) ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] prfO{df /x]sf ufpF ljsf;
;ldltx?sf 3/w'/L jf kl/jf/nfO{ klg cg'bfg k|fKt x'g5
] . o:tf :yfgx?sf] lgwf{/0f 6f]kf] gS;f
(Topo Maps) tyf lhlkP;cN6Lld6/ (GPS/Altimeter) sf] ;xfotf lnO{ ;DjlGwt sDkgLn] ug'{
kg]{5 .
-u_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLh8fgstf{f/f Ps} :yfg jf ;d"xdf klxnf] k6s r"nf] h8fg ubf{ !) j6f
eGbf a9L kmnfd] r"nf]x? h8fg u/]kl5 dfq cg'bfg e'QmfgL lbOg]5 . To:tf :yfg jf ;d"xnfO{
;fdfGotM Ps uf=lj=; jf tLg 306fsf] k}bn ofqfsf] b'/Ldf /x]sf hf]l8Psf ufFp ljsf;
;ldltx?sf] ;d"xsf] ?kdf kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 / To:tf] b'/L ;+Ung ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx? dWo] s'g}
Ps uf=lj=;=jf lh=lj=;=n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-3_ dfGotf k|fKt h8fgstf{ sDkgL tyf o;sf dfGotf k|fKt k|ltlglwljqm]tfn] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|f/f k|dfl0ft l8hfOgsf] k|of]u u/L r"nf] h8fg ug'{kg]{5 .
-_ h8fgstf{sDkgLn] To:tf If]qdf cfjZos ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jf ePsf] lglZrt ug{'kg]{5 .
-r_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]iff/f lgwf{l/t cfj]bgsf] 9f+rfdf cg'bfgsf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{kg]{5 .
-5_ ;'wfl/Psf] kmnfd] r"nf] h8fg kZrft cfj]bg kmf/fd ;fy pkef]Qmfsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf]
k|ltlnkL / r"nf] h8fg ePsf] 3/sf] efG5fsf]7fsf] @ j6f t:jL/ ;+nUg ug'k{ g]5
{ . klxnf] t:jL/df
h8fg u/]sf] r"nf] / lrDgLsf] efG5fsf]7f leq kg]{ efu k"0f{ ?kdf b]vfpg' kg]{5 eg], bf];|f] t:jL/df
3/efG5f sf]7fnfO{ k[i7e"dL jgfO{ pkef]Qmf / h8fgstf{;uF } j;]sf] tyf 3/efG5f sf]7faf6
lrDgL kfOk lglSnPsf] b]lvg' kg]{5 .
4=4=2 #/fo;L Uofl;kmfo/ -cfw"lgs r'nf]_

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|h}ljs pmhf{
;xof]u sfo{qmddf kq;fy l/tk"js
{ el/Psf 3/fo;L Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnL -cfw'lgs r"nf]_ sf] nflu
cfj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{5 . sDkgLx?n] lgwf{l/t ;6j]o/ k|of]u u/L cg'bfg cfj]bg kmf/fd /
tYofsx?sf] ljB'tLo k|lt -On]S6f]lgs k|ltlnkL_ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . cfj]bg k|fKt ePkl5
h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf l;kmfl/z ug'{ cl3 k"/f
ug'{kg]{ cfwf/zt{ Pj+ sfuhft cflb hfFr u/L pQm sf]ifnfO{ cg'bfg :jLsl[tsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
ug]{5 . sf]ifn] k]z x'g cfPsf cfj]bgx? d"Nof+sg u/L sf]ifsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf]
nflu k]z ug{]5 . cg'bfg :jLs[t ePkl5 cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbO{g]5 / jfFsL
!) k|ltzt /sd laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|Tofe"lt jfkt w/f}6L /sdsf] ?kdf /flvg]5 . ! jif{ kl5 laqmL
kl5sf] ;]jfsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL lbOg]5 .

cg'bfgsf] nflu k"/f ug{'kg]{ cfwf/x?M

cg'bfgsf nflu b]xfosf zt{x? k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 M
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1538

-s_ cGo dfWodf/f vfgf ksfpg]] k|of]hgsf] nflu h:t} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg k|fKt kmnfdsf]
r'nf], afof]Uof; KnfG6 gePsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ dfq tf]lsPsf] 3/fo;L
Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnLdf cg'bfg pknAw x'g]5 .
-v_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx? tyf pgLx?sf k|ltlglw jf laqm]tfn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] df]8]nsf]
Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnL h8fg ug{'kg]{5 . u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf ug{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f
s]Gb|f/f k|dfl0ft ul/Psf tf]ss
] f] dfkb08sf] dfq k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
-u_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLh8fgstf{f/f Ps} :yfg jf ;d"xdf klxnf] k6s r"nf] h8fg ubf{ !)
j6f eGbf a9L 3/fo;L Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnL]x? h8fg u/]kl5 dfq cg'bfg pknJw u/fOg]5 .
To:tf :yfg jf ;d"xnfO{ ;fdfGotM Ps uf=lj=; jf tLg 306fsf] k}bn ofqfsf] b'/Ldf /x]sf
hf]l8Psf ufFp ljsf; ;ldltx?sf] ;d"xsf] ?kdf kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 .
-3_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx? tyf k|ltlglw jf laqm]tfsf] k|dfl0ft k|fljlwsh8fgs{tfn] dfq
3/fo;L Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnLsf] h8fg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
-8=_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] :ynutd} laqmL kl5sf] kof{Kt ;]jf pknJw u/fpg'kg]{5 / u|fdL0f
pmhf{ sf]ifaf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] kmf/d h8fg :yndfg} el/Psf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-r_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]iff/f lgwf{l/t dfu kmf/fd e/L cg'bfgsf] dfu ug'{ kg]5
{ .
-5_ 3/fo;L Uofl;kmfo/sf] nflu cfj]bg kmf/d ;fy pkef]Qmfsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnkL
/ k|0ffnL h8fg ePsf] 3/sf] ! j6f t:jL/ ;+nUg u/L k]z ug'{ kg{]5 . t:jL/n] h8fg u/]sf]
3/nfO{ k[i7e"ld agfO{ pkef]Qmf, 3/fo;L Uofl;kmfo/ / h8fgstf{ ;Fu} b]lvg' kg]{5 .
4=4=3 ;+:yfut Uofl;kmfo/ -cfw"lgs ;+:yfut r'nf]_

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|/h}ljs pmhf{
;xof]u sfo{qmddf kq;fy l/tk"js
{ el/Psf ;+:yfut Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnL -cfw'lgs r'nf]_ sf]
nflu cfj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{5 . sDkgLx?n] lgwf{l/t ;c6j]o/ k|of]u u/L cg'bfg cfj]bg kmf/d /
tYofsx?sf] ljB'tLo k|lt -On]S6f|]lgs k|ltlnkL_ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . cfj]bg k|fKt ePkl5
h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf l;kmfl/z ug'{ cl3
k"/f ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/zt{ Pj+ sfuhft cflb hfFr u/L sf]ifnfO{ cg'bfg :jLsl[tsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
ug]{5 . sf]ifn] k]z x'g cfPsf cfj]bgx? d"Nof+sg u/L sf]ifsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf cg'bfg
:jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug{]5 . cg'bfg :jLs[t ePkl5 cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL
lbO{g]5 / jfFsL !) k|ltzt /sd laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|Tofe"lt jfkt w/f}6L /sdsf] ?kdf
/flvg]5 . ! jif{ kl5 laqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL lbOg]5 .

cg'bfgsf] nflu k"/f ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/x?M

cg'bfgsf nflu b]xfosf zt{x? k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5M
-s_ cGo dfWodf/f vfgf ksfpg]] k|of]hgsf] nflu h:t} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg k|fKt ;+:yfut
afof]Uof; KnfG6 gePsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ dfq tf]lsPsf] ;+:yfut
Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnLdf cg'bfg pknAw x'g]5 .
-v_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx? tyf o;sf k|ltlglw jf laqm]tfn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] ;+:yfut df]8]nsf]
Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnL h8fg ug{'kg]{5 . u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf ug{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f
s]Gb|f/f k|dfl0ft ul/Psf tf]ss
] f] dfkb08sf] dfq k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
-u_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx? tyf o;sf k|ltlglw jf laqm]tfsf] k|dfl0ft k|fljlwsh8fgs{tfn] dfq
;+:yfut Uofl;kmfo/ h8fg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
-3_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] :ynutd} laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf kof{Kt dfqfdf pknJw x'g] lglZrt
ug'{ kg]{5 / u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifaf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] kmf/d h8fg :yndfg} el/Psf] x'g'kg]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1638

-8=_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]iff/f lgwf{l/t dfu kmf/fd e/L cg'bfgsf] dfu ug'{ kg]5
{ .
-r_ ;+:yfut Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnLsf nflu cfj]bg kmf/d ;fy pkef]Qmfsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf]
k|ltlnkL / k|0ffnL h8fg ePsf] 3/sf] ! j6f t:jL/ ;+nUg u/L k]z ug'{ kg{]5 . t:jL/n]
h8fg u/]sf] 3/nfO{ k[i7e"dL agfO pkef]Qmf, ;+:yfut Uofl;kmfo/ / h8fgstf{ ;Fu}
b]lvg'kg]{5 . ljBfno, Aof/]s, d7 dlGb/, u'Daf, rr{, dl:hb, cflb h:tf wfld{s / ;fdflhs
;+:yfx?nfO{ To:tf ;+:yfx?sf] btf{ k|df0f kq, ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / ;DalGwt
uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/z ;lxtsf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .
4=4=4 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg

-s_ h8fg ul/Psf] r"nf] -Uofl;kmfo/ tyf kmnfdsf] r"nf]_ dWo] ! jif{kl5 sl/j !) k|ltztsf]
:ynut cg'udg ug{sf nflu kmf6k'm6 (Random) ?kdf gd"gf lnOg]5 . j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb| jf If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb| / lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
zfvfOsfO{sf sd{rf/Lx?n] o:tf r"nf] gd'gfx?sf] :ynut cg'udg ug]{5g\ . sfo{qmdf/f
tflnd k|fKt tyf dfGotf k|fKt k|fljlwsx?nfO{ dfq :ynut cg'udg sfo{sf nflu k|of]u
ul/g]5 .
-v_ pko'Qm 9f+rfdf k|fKt ePsf tYof+snfO{ h}ljs pmhf{ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL 8f6fj];df
/fvL ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 . o:tf ljZn]if0fsf k|ltj]bgx?af6 k|fKt tYox?
h8fgstf{sDkgLx?nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg Pj+ k[i7kf]if0f -lkm8Jofs_ sf] ?kdf pknJw
u/fOg]5 . pQm tYof+s laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|bfg u/] jf gu/]] jfkt hl/jfgf nufpg], v/fa
tyf sd u'0f:t/sf] ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u Pj+ bf]xf]/f] cg'bfg bfjL ug]{ jf cGo
clgoldttf ug]{ cflb sfo{x? jfkt hl/jfgf nufpg ;d]t k|of]u ul/g]5 . b08 hl/jfgfsf]
clwstd xb sDkgLsf] dfGotf vf/]h ;Ddsf] x'g]5 h;sf cfwf/x? to ul/g]5 . To:tf
cfwf/x? cfjZostfg';f/ / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df eljiodf kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .
-u_ o;sf cltl/Qm j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| tyf o; cGtu{tsf sfo{qmdsf sd{rf/Lx?n]
lgoldt ?kdf tyf ph'/L jf clgoldttf ;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df cfjZostfg';f/
:ynut cg'udg Pj+ hfFr ug]{5 . ;fy} h}ljs pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
kl/If0f s]Gb| jf cGo pko'Qm ;+:yf;+u ldn]/ :ynutd} h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] lj:t[t
k|fljlws gfk tyf hfFr ug'{sf] ;fy} cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]]if0fsf] ?kdf ;DalGwt
sDkgLx?nfO{ :ynut k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg ;d]t pknJw u/fpg]5 .

4=5 ;"wfl/Psf] kfgL # sfo{qmd

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]z

{ ssf] cWoIftfdf ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 ;xof]u
sfo{qmdsf] k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, s]Gb|sf] ldlgu|L0f sfo{qmdsf k|ltlglw, s]Gb|sf]
;DjlGwt clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/L /x]sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd
tyf s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;dGjo, dfu{ lgb]{zg tyf cg'udg ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ ug]{5 . pQm
;ldltnfO{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|, ldlgu|L0f ;xof]u sfo{qmd / k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfos
k|ltlglw /x]sf] k|fljlws ;ldltn] k|fljlws kIfdf cfjZos ;xof]u k'ofpg]5 .
cg'bfg ljt/0f tyf To;sf cfwf/x?
;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 sfo{qmdsf] sfo{ljlw tyf cg'bfg ljt/0f b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 M

klxnf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1738

-s_ ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 sfo{qmdsf] k|fljlws ;ldltn] ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 ;]jf s]Gb|, pTkfbs /
ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jf pknJw eP, gePsf] hfFr ug]{ :jtGq k/fdz{bftfsf nflu of]Uotf lgwf{/0f
lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfos, ;]jf s]Gb| /
pTkfbsx?sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] ;]jf s]Gb|sf] ?kdf 3
wgLx?sf] ;+3nfO{ ;d]t of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-v_ ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 h8fg ug{ rfxg] OR5's kfgL 3 wgLx?n] cfkm\gf] lhNnfdf 3 wgLx?sf]
;+3 ePsf] xsdf To;sf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt ;+3 dfkm{t\ jf gePdf dfGotf k|fKt ;]jf s]Gb|df
;Dks{ /fvL tf]lsPsf] cfj]bg kmf/fd eg{' kg]{5 .
-u_ cfj]bg kmf/fd k]z ubf{ 3 wgLx?sf] ;+3sf] ;b:otfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnkL ;lxt cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ sfuhft k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . gofF ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 h8fg ug'{ k/]df 5'} cfj]bg kmf/fd
e/L k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-3_ h8fg ;DkGg ePkl5 ;f] ;DjGwL k|ltj]bg ;]jf s]Gb|n] k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf ;dIf k]z
ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fy} ;]jf s]Gb|n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|ltj]bgsf] ! k|lt clgjfo{ ?kdf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{df ;d]t k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-_ k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfn] dfly -3_ df pNn]lvt h8fg k|ltj]bg cWoog u/L tf]lsPsf]
dfkb08 jdf]lhd h8fg ul/Psf dWo] slDtdf @% k|ltzt 3x? lg/LIf0f u/L cg'bfg
:jLs[ltsf nflu l;kmfl/; ;fy j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L k7fO{Psf]
;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] ldlg u|L0f sfo{qmdn] cWoog Pj+ d"Nof+sg u/L
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] b]lvPdf u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf cg'bfgsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{5 . u|fdL0f
pmhf{ sf]ifn] cg'bfg :jLs[t u/]df cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt /sd ;]jf s]Gb| tyf dfGotf k|fKt
;fdfg pTkfbs sDkgL dfkm{t 3[ wgLnfO{ k|bfg ug]{5 . afFsL !) k|ltzt cg'bfg /sd Ps
jif{sf] k|Tofe"lt cjlw kZrft ldlg u|L0f sfo{qmdn] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt 3sf] 5gf}6 u/L
dfGotf k|fKt k/fdz{bftff/f ul/Psf] cWoogsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ;]jf
s]Gb| tyf pTkfbsnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg]5 .
-r_ ;]jf s]Gb|x?n] 3wgLnfO{ ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 h8fg ePkl5 3wgL dd{t ;+ef/ k'l:tsf k|bfg
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-5_ ;]jf s]Gb| tyf pTkfbsn] h8fg u/]sf] ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3sf nflu Ps jif{sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'
kg]{5 . pQm cjlwdf h8fg ;DjGwdf s'g} ;d:of b]lvPdf ;]jf s]Gb| tyf pTkfbsn] dd{t Pj+
;+ef/ ;]jf k||bfg ug{' kg]{5 . olb lgdf{0f ;DjGwL uNtL kQf nfu]df pTkfbsn] To:tf] uNtLnfO{
;Rofpg' kb{5 jf ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3sf] ;fdfg tyf pks/0f clgjfo{?kdf km]g'{kg]{5 . !
jif{;Dd ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf ljqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|bfg u/]kl5 dfq cg'bfgsf] jfFsL !) k|ltzt
/sd u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] e'QmfgL lbg ;Sg]5 .
-h_ ;]jf s]Gb|n] dfGotf k|fKt pTkfbsn] pTkfbg u/]sf] tyf jgfPsf] ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3;Fu
;DjGwL pks/0f dfq k|of]u ug'k{ b{5 .
-em_ b'ud
{ jf cltb'ud
{ :yfgx?df kfgL 3sf] ;'wf/, h8fg tyf 3jf6 ljB'tLs/0f ug{sf nflu
ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
-~f_ 3wgLn] ljB'tLs/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 h8fg u/]df 3 ljB'tLs/0fsf] sfof{Gjog
;DjGwdf lgb]{lzsf tyf dfkb08df plNnlvt k|lqmof ckgfpg' kb{5 .
-6_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfjZos sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf
tyf dfkb08 agfO{ :jLs[t ug]{5 .
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1838

-s_ kfgL 3sf] ;'wf/ tyf h8fg kl5 u'0f:t/ lglZrttf / k|ljlwsf] k|efj ;DjGwdf u|fdL0f pmhf{
sf]ifn] cfkm} jf :jtGq k/fdz{bftf4f/f sDtLdf !) k|ltzt cg'udg tyf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f
ug]{5 . t/ ;]jf s]Gb|n] !) j6f eGbf sd kfgL 3 h8fg u/]df ;a} kfgL 3x?sf] u'0f:t/
lglZrttfsf] nflu :ynut lg/LIf0f ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] sfo{qmdsf] ;fy} k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfos, ;]jf s]Gb| / pTkfbs
;+:yfx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{5 .
b08 hl/jfgf
lgl/If0f ubf{ ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3sf] s'g} ;+/rgf jf h8fg ul/Psf] k|0ffnLdf q'l6 b]lvP jf ;'wf/
ug{'kg{] eP ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt ;]jf s]Gb| tyf ls6 pTkfbs sDkgLnfO{ u/fO{g5
] . ;'wf/
;DkGg ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ;lxt ;DjlGwt ;]jf s]Gb| tyf ls6 pTkfbs sDkgLn] bf]>f] k6s
:ynut lgl/If0fsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . To;/L lgj]bg k|fKt
eP kZrft j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] bf]>f] k6s :ynut lgl/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . bf];|f]
k6ssf] lgl/If0fdf ;d]t s'g} ;+/rgf jf h8fg ul/Psf] k|0ffnLdf q'l6 b]lvP jf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ eP
t]>f] k6ssf] lgl/If0fdf nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ ;DjlGwt ;]jf s]Gb| tyf ls6 pTkfbs sDkgL :jo+n]
Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 . t]>f]] k6ssf] lgl/If0fdf ;d]t tf]lsP cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] gkfO{Pdf
;DjlGwt ;]jf s]Gb| tyf ls6 pTkfbs sDkgLn] cg'bfg /sdsf] @)) k|ltzt ;Dd h/Ljfgf
ltg'{kg]{5 . o;/L h/Ljfgf jfktsf] /sd ga'emfPdf pQm ;]jf s]Gb| tyf ls6 pTkfbs sDkgLnfO{
csf]{ ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3 lgdf{0f ug{ :jLs[t lbOg]5}g . ;fy} ;]jf s]Gb| tyf ls6 pTkfbs
sDkgLsf] dfGotf :jtM vf/]h x'g]5 .
5= cg"bfgsf cfwf/ tyf ljt/)f Joj:yfM u|fdL)f ljB"tLs/)f
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cg'bfg Aoj:yf @)^^ adf]lhd ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnL tyf ldlglu|8 ljB'tLs/0f
dfkm{t\ g]kfne/ u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf xfn 8]gdfs{, gj]{
;/sf/ / hd{g ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmdjf6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg] Aoj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ljZj a}+s tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3Lo ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf xfn g]kfnsf $) j6f lhNnfx?df u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t
;fd'bflos n3' hnljB'tnfO{ k|j]z ljGb'sf] ?kdf ;fd'bflos ;anLs/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u
k'ofpb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
5=1 #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL -;fgf #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL ;d]t_

g]kfndf ;f}o{ pmhf{ dfkm{t\ u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL ;dGjo, ;~hfn tyf ;'emfj
;DaGwL sfo{x? ug{sf nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] cWoIftfdf ;f}o{
pmhf{ ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . ;ldltsf cGo ;b:ox?df jftfj/0f dGqfno, j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|, pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;f}o{ ljB't pTkfbs ;+3 g]kfn, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f
s]Gb|, xfn ;+rfngdf /x]sf cGo ;f}o{ pmhf{ sfo{qmdx?, k|fl1s ;+:yf, ljQLo ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?
/xg] 5g\ . ;dGjo ;ldltn] gLlt lgdf{0f, ;dGjo tyf ;~hfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{ ;xof]u
sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx lbg]5 .
;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g, k|rf/ k|;f/ Pj+ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf / cg'udg h:tf s[ofsnfkx?
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;f}o{ pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmd pQ/bfoL x'g]5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo 3/]n' ;f}o{
ljB't k|0ffnL tyf ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] pkef]Qmf, ;f}o{ pmhf{sf pTkfbs, ljt/snfO{
k|fljlws ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg' / cg'bfg ljt/0fsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{ k|fljlws ljifodf
;xof]u k'ofpg' x'g]5 . 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL / ;fgf k|0ffnLsf clGtd pkef]Qmf eg]sf u|fdL0f
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

1938

If]qx?sf hgtfx? ePsf]n] o;nfO{ k|lt:k4f{Tds ahf/ dfkm{t\ k|j4{g ug{ sfo{s|dn] ;xof]uL
e"ldsf v]Ng]5 .
;f}o{ pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf sfo{x? b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5g\ M
-s_ 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL tyf ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] :j:y ahf/sf] ljsf; u/L
bf]xf]/f] cg'bfgsf] ;+efJotfnfO{ x6fpg ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?;+u
;xsfo{ u/L ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL tyf ;fgf k|0ffnLsf] ljt/0f ;+hfnnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] .
-v_ pTkfbg, ljt/0f, h8fg tyf laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ sDkgL tyf o;sf k|ltlglw
tyf laqm]tfsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0fsf] lgldQ sfo{ljlw jgfO{ nfu' ug]{ / dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
pgLx?sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{ / cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .
-u_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] :jLs[t u/]sf]] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf]
lg/LIf0f ug]{ / k/fdz{bftfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug]{5 .
-3_ pkef]Qmfn] k|lt:k4f{Tds ahf/ dfkm{t\ plrt d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg Pj+ ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf
5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ sDkgLx?, o;sf ;+hfn / pkef]Qmfx? aLrsf]
cGt/s[ofnfO{ ;xh agfpg] .
-_ sDkgL tyf o;sf] ;+hfn / cGo ;Da4 ;+:yfx?sf] dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
-r_ ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnLsf ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx?sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ tyf o;nfO{ gofF
k|fljlwsf] ljsf; cg';f/ cBfjlws ug{ u'0f:t/ dfkb08sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
-5_ dfGotf k|fKt k/fdz{bftf, If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|, lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
OsfO{zfvf, ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df :ynut cg'udg ug]{ .
-h_ 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg ug{sf nflu u|fdL0f hgtfx?sf] kxF'r tyf v/Lb ug]{ Ifdtf
a9fpg pko'Qm shf{ ;+oGqsf] th'{df ug]{ .
-em_ k|of]u ePsf] Aofl6sf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL s[ofsnfkx?sf] nflu ;xlhs/0f ug]{ .
-~f_ cfly{s ?kn] sd cfsif{s ePsf tyf b'u{d If]qdf k|j4{gfTds cleofg ;+rfng ug]{ .
-6_ ;f}o{ pmhf{;u+ ;DalGwt ;j{I] f0f, ;ldIff tyf cWoog ug{] .
3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL tyf ;fgf k|0ffnLsf ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx? k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0f ug{,
u/fpgsf nflu lghL If]qsf sDkgL tyf o;sf ;+hfnx? / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|
;fd"lxs ?kdf pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] xsdf pQm k/LIf0f s]Gb|n] g]kfn
kmf]6f]ef]N6fOs u'0f:t/ dfkb08 (NEPQA) sf] kfngf ePgePsf] k|dfl0ft ug{]5 . ;DalGwt
;f}o{ pmhf{ sDkgLx?n] gjLs/0fLo k/LIf0f s]Gb|jf6 ;f}o{ pmhf{;uF ;DalGwt ;fdfg tyf
pks/0fx? k/LIf0f u/fpg'kg]{5 eg] ;f] s]Gb|n] ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLx?sf] gd"gf k/LIf0f
u/L l8hfOg tyf ;fdfg l:js[t k|df0fkq (Design and Product Approval Certificate)
pknAw u/fpg]5 . o;/L k/LIf0f s]Gb|jf6 k|dfl0ft ;fdfg tyf pks/0f dfq sDkgLx?n] ljqmL
ljt/0f ug'{kg{]5 . pQm s]Gb|jf6 k|dfl0ft x'g' cuf8L ;DalGwt sDkgLn] ljqmL ljt/0f u/]df jf
ug{ :yfgLo ahf/df nu]df j}=pm=k|= s]Gb|n] sf/jfxL u/L ;"rLs[taf6 x6fpg]5 . To;}u/L
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ (CTEVT) n] ;f}o{ ljB't k|fljlws tx ! / @ sf]
lzk k/LIf0f k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfddf ;d]t ;xof]u ug]{5 .
;f}o{ k|0ffnL;+u ;DalGwt ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx?sf] cfoft, pTkfbg, ljt/0f Pj+ laqmL kl5sf]
;]jf k|bfg ug{ lghL If]qsf sDkgL tyf o;sf ;+hfnx? pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . ;DalGwt sDkgLx?n]
u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f Pj+ k|df0fLs/0f;+u ;DalGwt ;]jfsf] nflu gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|nfO{
cfjZos z'Ns ltg'{ kg]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2038

5=1=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] kq;fy 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL]sf]
cg'bfgsf] nflu s]Gb|jf6 lgwf{l/t cfj]bg kmf/fd k]z ug{'kg]{5 . sDkgLx?n] lgwf{l/t ;6j]o/
k|of]u u/L cg'bfg cfj]bg kmf/d / tYofsx?sf] ljB'tLo k|lt -On]S6f]lgs k|ltnLkL_ pknAw
u/fpg' kg]{5 . cfj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;f}o{ pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf k"/f ug'{kg]{
cfwf/zt{ Pj+ sfuhft cflb hfFr u/L To;sf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ d"Nof+sg ug]{ / cfjZostfg';f/
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{ cg'bfg :jLsl[tsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{5 . sf]ifn] cfj]bgx?sf] yk d"Nof+sg
Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L zt{x? tyf k|lqmofx? k"/f ePsf] nfu]df u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn]
cg'bfg :jLs[lt ug{]5 . cg'bfg :jLs[t ePkl5 pkef]QmfnfO{ lbOg] cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt sDkgL
dfkm{t e'QmfgL lbO{g]5 / jfFsL !) k|ltzt cg'bfg /sd laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|Tofel"t jfkt w/f}6L
/sdsf] ?kdf /flvg]5 . Ps jif{ kl5 laqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df w/f}6L e'QmfgL
lbOg]5 .
cg"bfgsf] nflu k'/f ug"{kg]{ cfwf/x?M
cg'bfgsf nflu 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLn] b]xfosf zt{x? k'/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 M
-s_ cGo dfWodf/f ljBtLs/0f gePsf] If]qsf g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ dfq tf]lsPsf] 3/]n' ;f}o{
ljB't k|0ffnLdf cg'bfg pknAw x'g]5 .
-v_ dfGotf k"j{ of]Uotf k|fKt sDkgLx? tyf o;sf k|ltlglw jf laqm]tfn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] ;fdfg
tyf pks/0f dfq k|of]u u/L 3/]n' ;f}o{ k|0ffnL h8fg ug'{ kg]{5 . u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf ug{
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|f/f k|dfl0ft ul/Psf ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx? dfq k|of]u
ug'{kg]{5 .
-u_ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\f/f sDtLdf ;f}o{ ljB't k|fljlws tx ! kf;
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft k|fljlwsn] dfq 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] h8fg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
-3_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] :ynutd} laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf kof{Kt dfqfdf pknJw u/fPsf] 5 eGg]
s'/f lglZrt ug'{ kg]{5 / u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifaf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] pQm kmf/d h8fg :yndfg}
el/Psf] x'g'kg]{5 .
+

-3!_ dfGotf k|fKt ;f}o{ pmhf{ sDkgLn] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ kl/If0f s]Gb|nfO{ ;fdfg tyf
pks/0fx? kl/If0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f jfktsf] lgodfg';f/ j'emfpg'kg]{ z"Ns clgjfo{?kdf ^
dlxgfleq r'Qmf ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-8=_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]iff/f lgwf{l/t dfu kmf/fd e/L cg'bfgsf] dfu ug'{ kg]5
{ .
-r_ 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf nflu cfj]bg kmf/d ;fy pkef]Qmfsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf]
k|ltlnkL / k|0ffnL h8fg ePsf] 3/sf] @ j6f t:jL/ ;+nUg u/L k]z ug'{ kg{]5 . klxnf]
t:jL/n] h8fg u/]sf] 3/df ;f}o{ kftf -Kofgn_ sf] k"/f t:jL/ ljz]ifu/L pko'Qm sf]0faf6
Kofgnsf] cuf8Lsf] efu :ki6;fy b]lvg'kb{5 . bf];|f] t:jL/n] pQm 3/nfO{ k[i7e"ld agfO{
pkef]Qmf / h8fgstf{;Fu} b]lvg' kg]{5 .

5=1=2 cg"bfg ljt/)f ;fgf #/]n" ;f}o{ ljB"t k|)ffnL

-;f}o{ ^"sL_

b'O{ ;]6 jQL ;lxtsf] sDtLdf kfFr jf6 lks Ifdtfsf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf nflu lbOg]
cg'bfg gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cg'bfg Joj:yf, @)^^ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ df kl/efiff ul/Psf] ;f}o{ 6'sLsf
nflu lbOg] cg'bfg cg';f/ x'g]5 . dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df kq;fy
+

klxnf] ;+zf]wg4f/f yk
klxnf] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;+zf]lwt

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2138

l/tk"js
{ el/Psf ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] -;f}o{ 6'sL_ nflu cfj]bg tyf l;kmfl/; kmf/d
lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{ jf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|jf6 dfGotf k|fKt :yfgLo
ljlQo ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt k]z ug'{kg]{5 . cfj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf]
;f}o{ pmhf{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf l;kmfl/; ug'{ cl3 k"/f
ug'{kg]{ cfwf/ tyf zt{ Pj+ sfuhft cflb hfFr u/L To;sf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ d"Nof+sg ug]{ /
cfjZostf cg';f/ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{ cg'bfg :jLsl[tsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{5 . sf]ifn]
cfj]bgx?sf] yk d"Nof+sg Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L ;j} k|lqmof k"/f ePdf sf]ifsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn]
cg'bfg :jLs[lt ug{]5 . cg'bfg :jLs[t ePkl5 cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt /sd sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL
lbO{g]5 . jfFsL] !) k|ltzt /sd Ps jif{ kl5 sDkgLsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg kZrft o;sf]
cfwf/df dfq ;DjlGwt sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbO{g5
] .
cg'bfgsf] nflu k'/f ug"{kg]{ cfwf/x?
cg'bfgsf nflu b]xfosf zt{x? k'/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 M
-s_ cGo dfWodf/f ljB'tLs/0f gePsf] If]qsf g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ dfq tf]lsPsf] ;fgf 3/]n'
;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLdf cg'bfg pknAw x'g]5 .
-v_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx? tyf o;sf dfGotf k|fKt k|ltlglw jf ljqm]tfn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] ;fdfg
tyf pks/0f dfq k|of]u u/L ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ k|0ffnL h8fg ug'k{ g]{5 . u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf
ug{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|f/f k|dfl0ft ul/Psf ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx? dfq k|of]u
ug'{kg]{5 .
-u_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?n] :yfgLo :t/dfg} laqmL kl5sf] kof{Kt ;]jf pknJw x'g]5 eGg] s'/f
;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{5 . o;sf nflu ljs]|tf sDkgLn] ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ k|0ffnL ljqmL u/]sf] lhNnf
;b/d'sfddf clgjfo{ ?kdf dd{t ;]jf lbg ;Sg] ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ jf :yflkt To:tf
;]jf s]Gb|Joj;foL;Fu lnlvt ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{5 .
-3_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]iff/f lgwf{l/t dfu kmf/fd e/L cg'bfgsf] dfu ug'{ kg]{5 . tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf
pkef]Qmfn] lbg] lgj]bg, lh=lj=;=uf=lj=;j8f jf dfGotf k|fKt ljlQo ;+:yfsf]] l;kmfl/;,
qm]tf ljqm]tfsf] ;fdfg a'em]sf] a'emfPsf] k|df0f / sDkgLn] k|dfl0ft u/L k]z ug{] lgj]bg Pp6}
kmf/fddf x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
cg'bfg dfu ug{ k'/f ug'{kg{] k|s[of
-s_ lgwf{l/t cg'bfg cfj]bg tyf l;kmfl/; kmf/fd of]Uotf k|fKt sDkgLx?nfO{ pknAw u/fOg]5 .
-v_ ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg ug{ rfxg] 3/w'/Ln] cg'bfg cfj]bg tyf l;kmfl/;
;DjGwL kmf/fd e/L ;DjlGwt uf=lj=; sfo{no jf gu/kflnsfsf] j8f sfof{no jf j}slNks
pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|jf6 dfGotf k|fKt :yfgLo ljlQo ;+:yfdf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-u_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 dfGotf k|fKt :yfgLo ljlQo ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{ If]q leq ;fgf
3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg ug{ OR5's 3/w'/Ln] cg'bfg cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L ;DjlGwt
;+:yfsf] sfof{nodf l;kmfl/;sf nflu lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . cGoyf ;DjlGwt uf=lj=;=sf]
sfo{no jf gu/kflnsfsf] j8f sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
-3_ lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f /mh' tyf cfjZos hfFra'em u/L ;DjlGwt uf=lj=;= jf j8f jf
:yfgLo ljlQo ;+:yfsf] sfof{non] hf] h; ;+u ;DjlGwt 5 elg cg'bfgsf] nflu ;fgf
3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL vl/b ug{ lgj]bs of]Uo ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{5 .
-_ ljlQo ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/;df ljqmL ul/Psf ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL pkef]Qmfn] a'lemlnP
kZrft laqm]tf sDkgLn] cg'bfg kmf/fd ;DjlGwt lalQo ;+:yfx?nfO{ g} a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
To;/L k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg kmf/fdx?sf] ljj/0f ;DjlGwt ;+:yfn] uf=lj=;= / lh=lj=;=
cGtu{tsf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{df lnlvt hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 . To:tf]
ljj/0f uf=lj=;= / lh=lj=;=n] cWofjlws u/L /fVg'kg]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2238

-r_ ljlQo ;+:yfsf] ;xeflutf geO{ k|j4{g ul/Psf ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLsf xsdf lhNnf
pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{n] cfjZos hfFra' u/L sDkgLn] k]z u/]sf] cg'bfg
cfj]bg tyf l;kmfl/; kmf/fddf /x]sf] ljj/0fsf] nut ptf/ u/L ;DjlGwt sDkgL dfkm{t
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-5_ pkef]Qmfn] uf=lj=;= jf j8f jf ljlQo ;+:yfdf lbPsf] lgj]bg, uf=lj=;= jf j8f jf ljlQo
;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/;, ljs|L ul/Psf] k|0ffnLsf] ljj/0f, pkef]Qmfn] k|0ffnL a'lemlnPsf] ekf{O,
lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{sf] l;kmfl/; -ljlQo ;+:yfsf] ;+nUg gePsf] xsdf
dfq_ ;d]t /x]sf] cfj]bg tyf l;kmfl/; kmf/fd sDkgLsf] cflwsfl/s JolQmsf] x:tfIf/ /
5fk nufO{ cg'bfg /sd lgsf;fsf nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df lgj]bg ;fy k]z
ug'{kg]{5 . o;/L lgj]bg k]z ubf{ Ps k6sdf Go"gtd @) j6f kmf/fd k]z ug{'kg{]5 .
-h_ lgj]bg pk/ cfjZos 5fgljg u/L cfjZos ljj/0fnfO{ sDKo"6/ 8f6fj]zdf /fvL u|fdL0f
pmhf{ sf]ifdf cg'bfg lgsf;fsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|;f}o{ pmhf{ ;xof]u
sfo{s|dn] l;kmfl/; ug{]5 .
-em_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ;DjlGwt sDkgL dfkm{t pkef]QmfnfO{ cg'bfg /sd pknAw u/fpg]
5.
5=1=3 cg"udg tyf d'Nof+sg

3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLM

-s_ cg'bfg ljt/0f ePsf] Ps jif{ kl5 h8fg ul/Psf ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL dWo] sDtLdf !)
k|ltzt kmfkm' ?kdf gd"gf lnO{ dfGotf k|fKt k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yfjf6 :ynut cg'udg
ul/g]5 . ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL 8f6fa]; jf6 sDKo"6/fO{H8 l;:6d dfkm{t
To:tf] gd"gf lnO{g] 5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|f/f tflnd lbOPsf tyf dfGotf k|fKt
k|flalwsx? Dffq :ynut cg'udgsf nflu of]Uo x'g]5g .
-v_ :ynut cg'udg tYof+snfO{ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL 8f6fa];df /fvL d"Nof+sg ul/g]5 /
sDkgLx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg tyf auL{/0f -u|]l8_ sf] nflu ;d]t o;nfO{ cfwf/sf]
?kdf lnOg]5 . ;fy} pQm tYof+s laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|bfg u/] jf gu/] jfkt hl/jfgf
nufpg], v/fa tyf sd u'0f:t/sf] ;fdfg tyf pks/0fsf] k|of]u Pj+ bf]xf]/f] cg'bfg bfjL ug{]
jf cGo clgoldttf ug{] cflb sfo{x? jfkt hl/jfgf nufpg ;d]t k|of]u ul/g]5 . b08
hl/jfgfsf] clwstd xb sDkgLsf] dfGotf vf/]h ;Ddsf] x'g5
] . dfGotf k|fKt
k/fdz{bftfx?jf6 x'g] :ynut lgl/If0fsf cltl/Qm j}slNks pmhf{ k|j{g s]Gb| / o;
cGtu{tsf]sfo{s|dsf sd{rf/Lx?n] lgoldt Pj+ cfjZostf cg';f/ :ynut cg'udg tyf
hfFr ug{]5g\ .
-u_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|n] ;d]t 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL tyf ;fgf k|0ffnLsf] ;Dk"0f{
k|fljlws kIfx?sf] :ynut cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf k|ltj]bg cfjZos ;'wf/sf
nflu k[i7kf]if0fsf] ?kdf ;DalGwt sDkgLx?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg]5 .
;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnLM
Uf|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifjf6 cg'bfg pknAw u/fOPsf ;fgf ;f}o{ k|0ffnLx?sf] nut j}slNks phf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|df /flvg]5 . pQm nut cg';f/ ljleGg ;dodf b]zsf ljleGg If]qx?x?df h8fg
ul/Psf ;fgf ;f}o{ k|0ffnLx?sf] k|of]u af6 pkef]Qmfx?df k/]sf] k|efjsf] :ynut cWoog
ul/g'sf ;fy} j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|, lhNnf l:yt pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{,
uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no, If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb| / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;/sf/L
tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] ;xof]u lnO :ynut cg'udg ;d]t ul/g]5 . o;/L cg'udg ubf{
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2338

s'g} dfkb08 kfngf gePsf] jf h8fgg} gu/L cg'bfg lnOPsf] b]lvPdf jf To:tf Joxf]/f
pNn]lvt s'g} ls6fgL hfx]/L j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|df lbOPdf s]Gb|n] ljz]if cg'udgsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg]5 . cg'udgaf6 ;d]t k|dfl0ft ePdf ;DalGwt sDkgLnfO{ sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .
To;/L ul/g] sf/jfxL ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u ;dGjo u/L s]Gb|n] to u/]sf] dfkb08
cg';f/ x'g]5 .
5=2 n#" tyf ;fgf hnljB"t cfof]hgf
n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cGtu{t %)) ls=jf=;Ddsf cfof]hgfnfO{ dfq cg'bfg kl/rfng ul/g]5 .
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| cGtu{t n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws tyf cfly{s
;DefJotf cWoogsf] d"Nof+sg s]Gb|sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|fljlws d"Nof+sg ;ldltn] ug{]5 . pQm
;ldltn] k|fljlws, ljQLo tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs ?kn]] wfGg ;lsg] u/L k|:tfljt ul/Psf] n3' tyf
;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ;+efJotf lglZrt ug'{sf] ;fy} cg'bfg :jLs[ltsf nflu s]Gb|df :yflkt
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if / lhNnf pmhf{ sf]ifx?df l;kmfl/z ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . pQm ;ldltdf j}slNks
pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|, s]Gb| cGtu{tsf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't sfo{qmd -ldlglu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmd,
u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd_ sf k|fljlws !.! hgf, n3' hnljB'tsf] ljsf;df ;+nUg lghL If]q /
lalQo If]qsf !.! hgf k|ltlglw /xg]5g .
n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ;+efJotf cWoog h:tf cfof]hgfsf k|f/lDes sfo{nfO{
lgDgfg';f/ cf+lzs ?kdf ljQLo ;xof]u k'ofOg]5 .

:yfg
clt
b'u{d
lhNnfx?
cGo lhNnfx?

lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoogsf] nflu lbOg] cfly{s ;xof]u -?= df_

@^ b]lv %)
%! b]lv !))
!)! b]lv !)))
% b]lv @% ls=jf
ls=jf
ls=jf
ls=jf
&),)))

*%,)))

!)),)))

#)),)))

^),)))

&%,)))

(),)))

@*),)))

pQm ;xof]u lj:t[t cWoog ;DkGg eO{ k|ltj]bg k]z u/]kl5 lhNnf ph{f tyf aftfj/0f zfvf jf
If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] l;kmfl/zdf %) k|ltzt / jfFsL %) k|ltzt k|fljlws
d"Nof+sg ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]kl5 e'QmfgL lbOg]5 . ;j]I{ f0fsf] lgldQ To:tf] ;xfotf ;fd'bflos
cfof]hgfnfO{ dfq lbOg]5 / ;f] ;xof]u dfudf cfwfl/t x'g]5 . ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf] u'0f:t/
;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZostf k/] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] cfjZos k|fljlws dfu{ lgb]{zg lbg
;Sg]5 .
s]Gb| cGtu{t ;+rflnt ;Dk"0{f cfof]hgfx?sf] lgd{f0f kZrft tf]lsP adf]lhd bfFrfdf :jtGq
k/fdz{bftfx?af6 laB't zlQm pTkfbg k|df0fLs/0f (Power Output Verification) u/L ;f]sf]
k|lta]bg k|fljlws d"Nof+sg ;ldltdf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . tTkZrft pQm ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf
;DalGwt sfo{qmdn] cfjZos :jLs[tL tyf lgsf;f lbg ;Sg]5g\ .
gf]6M ;DefJotf cWoogsf] cfly{s ;xof]usf] nflu clt b'u{d If]q eGgfn] x'Dnf, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, 8f]Nkf,
d'u', /f]Nkf,?s'd,hfh/sf]6, jemf, jfh'/f, c5fd, b}n]v / bfr'{nf lhNnfnfO{ dflgg]5 .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2438

5=2=1 pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ldlglu|* cfof]hgfx?

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]z

{ ssf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ldlglu|8 ;dGjo ;ldltn]
sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo, ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] ;Ghfn lgdf{0f, gLlt lgdf{0f / ;'emfj ;DaGwL sfo{x?
ug]{5 . pQm ;ldltsf cGo ;b:ox?df jftfj/0f dGqfno, ldlglu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f pmhf{
ljsf; sfo{qmd, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, ljB't ljsf; ljefu, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn,
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt /fli6o dxf;+3 g]kfn, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf
s]Gb|sf k|ltlglw, n3' hnljB't pTkfbs ;+3 / n3' hnljB't;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]usf k|ltlglwx?
/xg] 5g\ . cfjZostfg';f/ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] a}7sdf ko{jI] fssf] ?kdf cGo ;DalGwt
;+:yfx?nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;ldltn] ldlglu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmdnfO{ sfo{ ;~rfngsf]
;fGble{stfsf ;fy} sfo{of]hgfdf ;d]t cfjZos /fo tyf ;'emfj lbg]5 . ldlglu|8 ;xof]u
sfo{qmdn] ldlglu|8 ljB'tLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt b}lgs Aoj:yfkg sfo{x? ug]{5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo
sfo{x? b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5g\ M
-s_ cfof]hgfsf] ;j]I{ f0f tyf lg/LIf0f, pks/0f pTkfbg / lgdf{0f Pj+ h8fgsf] sfo{ ug]{ qmdzM
k/fdz{bftf, pTkfbs / h8fgstf{x?sf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
-v_ ldlglu|8 kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ;DaGwL ;xof]u ug{ b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+efJo If]q cf]u6\g] u/L
If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|x? :yfkgf ug]{ .
-u_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] :yfgLo of]hgf;+u u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f
sfo{x?nfO{ ;dflxt ug{sf nflu lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ .
-3_ cfof]hgf klxrfg, ;j]I{ f0f, l8hfOg, lgdf{0f, h8fg, k|df0fLs/0f Pj+ :yfgLo tyf /fli6o
k|zf/0f nfO{gdf cfj4 ug{] ;DaGwL cfjZos sfo{ljlw k'l:tsflgb]{lzsf tyf dfkb08 tof/
ug'{sf ;fy} gd"gf af]nkq / s/f/ ;Demf}tf tof/ ug]{ .
-_ k|f/lDes cWoog -k|f/lDes ;j]I{ f0f ;fy} ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t l:ylt klxrfg
tyf k"j;
{ +efJotf_ Pj+ ;+efJotf cWoog / cfof]hgf th'd
{ f ;DaGwL sfo{x? dfGotf k|fKt
:yfgLo ljz]if1x? dfkm{t u/fO{g]5 . ;fy} tL sfo{x?sf] ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu :yfgLo
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ kl/rfng ;d]t ul/g]5 .
-r_ n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB'tsf] nufgLdf xfO{8f]nf]lhsn hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ %) lsnf]jf6
eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf cfof]hgfx?sf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] xfO{8f]nf]lhsn clen]vsf nflu pko'Qm
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
-5_ ldlglu|8 cfof]hgf ;+rfng tyf To;nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0fstf{x?,
ljB't pkef]Qmf, ;xsf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx?sf] ;+3 :yfkgfdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
-h_ cfof]hgfsf]] klxrfg, sfof{Gjog tyf ;+rfng / ljB'tsf] kl/k|of]usf] clej[l4sf] ljsf; ug{
;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg ;xhLs/0f ug{] .
-em_ u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf k|0ffnLnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug's
{ f ;fy} cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ cfGtl/s
u'0f:t/ ;'lgZrttf k|0ffnL :yfkgfdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
-`_ ljQLo ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?, lghL If]qsf sDkgLx?, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;fy} ldlglu|8
lgdf{0fstf{, ;+rfns, k|aGws, ;/sf/L / o; cl3 ;+nUg eO{;s]sf tyf ldlglu|8 ljsf;df
;+nUg x'g] ;+efjgf ePsf pkef]Qmfx?sf lgldQ dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
-6_ If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf dfkm{t\ vf;u/L b'u{d If]qdf n3' tyf ;fgf
hnljB't cfof]hgfx? lbuf] ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ k|fljlws tyf cGo ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
-7_ ljB'tsf] pTkfbgd'ns kl/k|of]u a[l4sf nflu k|j4{g, k|rf/k|;f/ tyf ahf/ lj:tf/ ;DaGwL
sfo{x? ug]{ .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2538

If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|n] ;s[o ?kdf pTkfbgd'ns kl/k|of]usf] k|j4{g u/L laQLo
lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIo k"/f ug]{ tkm{ sfo{ ug]{5 . ;fy} ;]jf s]Gb|x? tyf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f zfvfx?n] cfof]hgfx?sf] k"j;
{ +efJotf cWoogsf] d"Nof+sg ;d]t ug]{5g\ . o;/L sfo{ ubf{
;]jf s]Gb|n] lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{zfvf;Fu clgjfo{ ?kdf ;dGjo ug'{ kg]{5 .
lghL If]qsf dfGotf k|fKt ;]jf k|bfosx?af6 k|f/lDes -klxrfg tyf hfFr_ tyf ;+efJotf
cWoogsf] sfo{ u/fOg]5 . pks/0f pTkfbg, cfk"lt{ tyf h8fgsf sfo{x? dfGotf k|fKt pTkfbs,
cfk"lt{stf{ tyf h8fgstf{lgdf{0f sDkgLx?af6 u/fOg]5 . dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL / ldlglu|8
lgdf{0fstf{ aLr x'g] s/f/ ;Demf}tfsf] 9fFrf OlGhlgo/ vl/b lgdf{0f -OkL;L_, Psn k"0f{ 7]Ssf 6g{sL_ cflb h:tf ;j{dfGo s/f/ cjwf/0ffx?df cfwfl/t x'g' kg]{5 .
!)) lsnf]jf6 eGbf 7"nf cfof]hgfsf ;fy} k|zf/0f nfO{gdf hf]l8g] Pj+ Pscsf]{df hf]l8g]
cfof]hgfx?sf nflu ;d]t k|rlnt ;/sf/L tyf cGt/f{li6o af]nsaf]n k|lqmof ckgfOg]5 . g]kfnsf]
sfg"gf/f dfGotfk|fKt s'g}klg lghL jf ;fj{hlgs sDkgL, ;xsf/L tyf cGo lgsfo ldlglu|8
cfof]hgfsf lgdf{0fstf{ eO{ cfof]hgfsf] :jfldTj u|x0f ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . tyflk % lsnf]jf6 ;Ddsf
cfof]hgfsf] lgldQ ;+:yf btf{ cfjZos kg]{ 5}g . ;d'bfolghL Joj;foLn] :jnufgLsf] tyf
cfof]hgf lg/Gt?kdf ;+rfngsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
ldlglu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] ldlglu|8 cfof]hgfx?nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] of]hgf k|s[ofdf ;dflxt
ul/Psf / To:tf cfof]hgfx?n] kfgLsf] cu|flwsf/ k|fKt ug's
{ f ;fy} nlIft 3/kl/jf/x?nfO{ ;]jf
k'ofPsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ :yfgLo lgsfo -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt_ af6
;xof]usf] ck]Iff ug]{5 . ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] 9'jfgL cg'bfgsf] lx;fj ug{sf nflu
b"/Lsf] oyfy{tf ;d]t k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{5\ .
cg'bfg ljt/0fM
cg'bfg ljt/0f k|lqmof ;/n Pj+ kf/bzL{ jgfpg'sf] ;fy} cg'bfgsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ n3' tyf ;fgf
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf nflu cg'bfg ljt/0f b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-c_ $) gofF 3/kl/jf/ ;Dd hf]l8g] / ;fd'bflos jf ;+:yfut ?kdf hf]l8g] hnljB't cfof]hgf
-% lsnf]jf6 ;Dd_ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjsn] cfof]hgfsf] ;j]I{ f0f, ;fdfg cfk"lt{ tyf h8fgsf nflu dfGotf k|fKt
sDkgLx? dWo]jf6 sDkgLsf] 5gf}6 ug]{5 . sDkgLn] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf]
lgb]l{ zsfdf cfwfl/t /xL k|sflzt dfkb08sf]] kfngf u/L h8fg sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{5 . h8fg
ePsf] ef}lts l:yltsf l;kmfl/z ;DalGwt sDkgLn] lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvf jf
OsfO{If]lqo ;]jf s]Gb|af6 lng'kg]{5 . ;fy} sDkgLn] h8fg ug{ k"j{ h8fg ;DAfGwL
hfgsf/L lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{If]lqo ;]jf s]Gb| dfkm{t ldlglu|8 ;xof]u
sfo{qmdnfO{ lbg' kb{5 . sDkgLn] h8fg Pj+ zlQm pTkfbg k/LIf0fsf] sfo{ k"/f u/L
ldlglu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;dIf sfuhft tyf ljj/0f k]z ug{' kg]5
{ . ;f] sfo{qmdn]
cfof]hgf ;DkGg ;DaGwL sfuhft d"Nof+sg u/L cg'bfgsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{
l;kmfl/z ug]{5 . pQm cfof]hgf If]lqo ;]jf s]Gb| jf lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfaf6
cfjZos k|df0f ;lxt ldlg lu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmddf l;kmfl/z ug'{ kg]{5 .
;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3jf6 ljB'tLs/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLn] h8fg tyf
zlQm pTkfbg k/LIf0fsf] sfo{ kZrft\ :jLs[t dfkb08lgb]{lzsfdf cfwfl/t
;j]{If0fl8hfOg tyf cg'dfgOli6d]zg_ sf ;fy ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3[ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ug]{ ;+:yf dfkm{t\ ldgLu|L8 ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;dIf cg'bfg dfu ug'{kg]{5 . ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL
3 sfo{fGjog ug]{ ;+:yfn]] cfof]hgf h8fgsf] d"Nof+sg Pj+ hfFr ug]{5 . ldlglu|8 ;xof]u
sfo{qmdn] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ;DaGwL sfuhft tyf ljj/0f d"Nof+sg u/L cg'bfgsf nflu
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf l;kmfl/z ug]{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2638

o;/L l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] cfjZos cg'bfgsf
cfwf/x? k'/f eP, gePsf] lgSof}{n u/L cg'bfg :jLs[t ug]{5 . cfof]hgf ;DkGf eO{ :jLs[t
ePkl5 cg'bfg /sdsf] () k|ltzt sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbO{g]5 / jfFsL !) k|ltzt /sd
laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|Tofe"lt jfkt w/f}6L /sdsf] ?kdf /fvL Ps jif{ kl5 laqmL kl5sf]
;]jf lbg ul/Psf] sa"nsf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL lbOg]5 .
ljB'tLs/0fsf] nflu k|:tfljt ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx? Hf:t} d7, dlGb/, u'Daf tyf cGo wfld{s
cf:yfsf s]Gb|x?, ;fd'bflos /]l8of], c:ktfn h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx? :yfoL ef}lts
;+/rgf EfPsf] xg'kb{5 .
-cf_ $) eGbf a9L gofF 3/kl/jf/df hf]l8g] ldlglu|8 cfof]hgf ljB'tLs/0f -% lsnf]jf6 eGbf
dfly %)) lsnf]jf6;Dd_ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf cg';f/ cfof]hgf rqm cGtu{t cfof]hgf klxrfg, :yfgLo of]hgfdf
;dflxs/0f, dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL jf k/fdz{bftff/f ;+efJotf cWoog / ldlglu|8 ;xof]u
sfo{qmd tyf k|fljlws d"Nof+sg ;ldlt -k|f=d"=;=_ jf6 ul/g] ;+efJotf cWoogsf] d"Nof+sg
kb{5 . olb pko'Qm b]lvPdf ldlglu|8 lgdf{0fstf{n] cg'bfgsf nflu k|f=d"=;= jf6 k|fKt
l;kmfl/z ;fy lgwf{l/t kmf/fddf u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if ;dIf cfj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] lgwf{l/t dfkb08df cfwfl/t /x]/ cg'bfgsf nflu of]Uo eP, gePsf]
lg0f{o ug]{5 . cfjZostf k/] sf]ifn] laQLo ;+:yfx?sf] shf{ k|s[ofsf] sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;xh
agfpg al9df ^ dlxgfsf nflu ztL{o :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 . v'b nufgL, shf{ tyf
ldlglu|8 lgdf{0fstf{ / lgdf{0fh8fgstf{ sDkgL aLrsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
k|fjwfgn] cg'bfgsf cfwf/x? k"/f u/]sf] 5 eGg] nfu]df u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] clGtd
:jLs[lt lbg]5 . cfjZostf k/] pQm sf]ifn] k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ldlglu|8
;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u ;d]t lng ;Sg]5 .
cfof]hgfsf] laQLo vr{ h'6fpgsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] e'QmfgL lbg]5 .
klxnf] ls:tfM dfGotf k|fKt cfof]hgf h8fgstf{ / cfof]hgsf ;+rfng jLr ;Demf}tf
u/L cGo cg'bfgsf nflu cfjZos sfuhhft k|df0fx? k]z u/L u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifjf6
clGtd ;JLs[lt k|fKt u/]kl5 cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fstf{nfO{ clu|d e'QmfgL a}+s k|Tofe"lt afkt
cg'dflgt cg'bfgsf] #) b]lv ^) k|ltzt /sd e'QmfgL lbOg]5 . h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] lng
rfxg] cu|Ld e'QmfgLsf] k|ltzt ;Demf}tfdf :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . h8fgsQf{
sDklgsf ;fy} olb cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsQf{n] klxnf] ls:tfafkt clu|d e'QmfgL lng rfx]df
Af}+s k|Tofe"lt u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]] 9fFrf cg';f/sf] x'g'kg]{5 . ;fdfg tyf
pks/0f cfof]hgf :yndf k'ofO{ ;Demf|}tfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/sf] ;fdfg lgdf{0fstf{nfO{
a'emfPkl5 clu|d ls:tf jfktsf] Af}+s k|Tofe"lt lkmtf{ ul/g]5 . pQm clu|d e'QmfgL j}+s
hdfgt kq slDtdf ^ dlxgf b]lv ! jif{ ;Ddsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
bf];f| ] ls:tfM pTkfbslgdf{0fstf{n] cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf ePsf]
;kmn k/LIf0f kZrft\ lgwf{l/t kmf/fddf k/LIf0f ;+rfngsf ;fy} zlQm pTkfbg k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg, :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 cfof]hgfn] sDtLdf of]hgf ul/Psf] 3/;+Vofsf] &% k|ltzt
3/df ljB't hf]8s
] f] k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 / cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0f u/]kl5 cg'bfg /sdsf] *)
k|ltzt ;Dd e'QmfgL kfpg]]5 .
t];f| ] ls:tfM u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] zlQm pTkfbg tyf hl8t 3/sf] k|df0fLs/0f u/]kl5 !)
k|ltzt /sd e'QmfgL ug]{5 . pQm sf]ifn] ljB't pTkfbg tyf hl8t 3/sf] k|df0fLs/0f
gul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf h8fgstf{n] pQm !) k|ltzt /sd clu|d e'QmfgL a}+s k|Tofe"ltdf
clu|d e'QmfgLsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;d]t ;lsg]5 . h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] cfof]hgfsf]
kl/If0f ;+rfng tyf ljB't zlQm pTkfbg kl/If0f ;+rfng u/L ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg ldlg u|L8
;xof]u sfo{qmdjf6 :jLs[t eO{;s]kl5 ljB't zlQm pTkfbg tyf 3/w'/L k|df0fLs/0f
(Power Output and Household Verification, PoHHV) sf] nflu cg'/f]w ug{
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2738

;Sg]5 . To:tf] cg'/f]w ug'{ cufj} pQm cfof]hgf lagf cj/f]w ;+rfng eO/x]sf]
;'lglZrttf h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L PoHHV sf] nflu lnlvt cg'/f]w
k|fKt ePsf] ldltjf6 ! jif{ leq pko'Qm df};ddf u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] ul/;Sg' kg]{5 .
clGtd ls:tfM pTkfbg k/LIf0f, k/LIf0f ;+rfng tyf cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0fsf] ldltjf6 !
jif{ kl5 pks/0fsf] u'0f:t/, laqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f tyf afFsL @% k|ltzt
3/df ljB't h8fg ePsf] ;'lglZrt ePkl5 cg'bfgsf] afFsL !) k|ltzt /sd e'QmfgL
lbOg]5 . ;fy} pQm !) k|ltzt /sd clu|d e'QmfgL a}+s k|Tofe"ltdf clu|d e'QmfgLsf]
nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;d]t ;lsg]5 .
cg'bfgsf nflu k"/f ug{k' g]{ cfwf/x?M
n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfx?n] k|:tfjdf b]xfosf zt{x? k'/f u/L ;f]xL adf]lhd
sfof{Gjog Pj+ ;+rfng ug]{ sa'n ug'{kg{]5 M
-c_ $) gofF 3/kl/jf/ ;Dd hf]l8g] / ;fd'bflos jf ;+:yfut ?kdf hf]l8g] hnljB't cfof]hgf
-% lsnf]jf6 ;Dd_ ;DaGwdfM
-s_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL7]s]bf/f/f dfq cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-v_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL7]s]bf/f/f k]z ul/Psf] k/LIf0f ;+rfng tyf zlQm pTkfbg
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ldlglu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmdf/f k|df0fLs/0f u/]s]f x'g'kg]{5 .
-u_ ljB't h8fg ePsf 3/w'/Lsf gfdfjnL h8fgstf{ sDkgLn] k]z ug'{kg]{5 tyf uflj;
;/sf/L lgsfoljBfno lgsfoaf6 tf]lsPsf 3/w'/L ljB'tLs/0f ePsf] k|df0fLs/0f
x'g' kg]{5 / o;sf] ! k|lt ;DalGwt lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{zfvfnfO{
pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-3_ cg'bfgsf] dfu ubf{ cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg pkef]Qmf ;b:ox? dWo] sDtLdf Ps hgfsf]
gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] k|lt ;fy} /fVg' kg]{5 .
-8=_ cg'bfgsf nflu cfj]bg ubf{ kfgLsf] cu|flwsf/ ;DaGwdf lhNnf lasf; ;ldltufpF
ljsf; ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-r_ cfof]hgf k|:tfj ;fy lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 k|fKt b'/L k|df0fkq k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] cg'bfg lgsf;f ug'{ cl3 b'/L k|df0fLs/0f ;DaGwdf Plsg ug{
u/fpg ;Sg]5 . 9'jfgL cg'bfg kfpg] cfof]hgfsf] xsdf 9'jfgL cg'bfgsf] lgSof}{n ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu k|lt lsnf]jf6 a9Ldf * 3/kl/jf/nfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . 9'jfgL cg'bfgsf]
nflu Ps sf]if a/fj/ #=@ ls=ld=dflgg]5 . 9'jfgL cg'bfg !) ls=ld=kl5sf] yk
ls=ld=sf] cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-5_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx?sf] nflu ljB't dfu k'i6ofO{ ug]{ cfjZos sfuhft kqx? Hf:t}
uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/z, ;+:yfut lg0f{o, ljB'tLo pks/0fEfjgn] vkt ug]{ ljB'tsf]
dfkg / ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-h) k|Tofe"lt cjlwM cfk"lt{stf{h8fgstf{n] lksf] xfO{8f] cfof]hgfsf] ljB'tLo tyf
oflGqs pks/0fdf sDtLdf ! jif{ cjlwsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg' kg]{5 . o; ;DaGwL k|fjwfg
pTkfbsh8fgstf{{cfk"lt{stf{ / lksf]xfO8f] ;+rfnsf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] s/f/
;Demf}tfdf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 . k|Tofe"lt cjlwe/
h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{n] cfof]hgfsf]] slDtdf Ps k6s lgoldt hfFr u/L cem
/fd|f];+u ;+rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ;+rfnsnfO{ ;'emfj lbg]5 . cg'ko'Qm
sfo{zn
} L, ;fdfu|L Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0fsf sf/0f pTkGg s'g} klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf
nflu cfk"lt{stf{h8fgstf{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2838

-cf_ $) eGbf a9L gofF 3/kl/jf/ hf]l8g] % lsnf]jf6 dfly / %)) lsnf]jf6;Ddsf ldlglu|8
cfof]hgf ;DaGwdfM
-s_ k|:tfljt cfof]hgf ;DalGwt lgsfodf btf{ eO{ sfg"gL x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-v_ ;+efJo Joj;fo of]hgf ;lxtsf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf l8hfOgsf] ;fy} ;fd'bflos tyf
jftfj/0fLo kIf ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-u_ !)) ls=jf= ;Ddsf k|:tfljt cfof]hgfnfO{ cfof]hgf k|:tfj;fy lh=lj=;= -lhNnf
hn;|f]t ;ldlt_ af6 kfgLsf] cu|flwsf/ btf{ k|df0fkq ;dfj]z ePsf]] x'g' kg]{5 .
-3_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 k|fKt b'/L -glhssf] df]6/ af6f] b]vL kl/of]hgf :yn ;Dd_
k|df0fkq /fVg' kg]{5 . 9'jfgL kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hgfsf] xsdf k|lt ls=jf= *
3/w'/LnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . 9'jfgL cg'bfgsf] nflu Ps sf]if a/fj/ #=@ ls=ld= dflgg]5 .
9'jfgL cg'bfg !) ls=ld= kl5sf] yk ls=ld=sf] cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-8=_ !)) ls jf :fDdsf cfof]hgfsf] ;+efJotf cWoog j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6
dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLx?af6 u/fpg' kb{5 . !)) ls= jf= b]lv !))) ls=jf= ;Ddsf
cfof]hgfsf] xsdf eg] lgb]{lzsfn] tf]s] adf]lhd /lhi68{ sDkgLx?af6 ;+efJotf
cWoog u/fpg ;lsg]5 . cfof]hgfsf] ;+efJotf cWoog ldlglu|8 ;xof]u sfo{qmdaf6
:jLs[lt lnP/ dfq ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-r_ cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjgf / k|ltj]bg ldlg u|L8 ;xof]u sfo{s|d / k|fljlws d"Nof+sg
;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/z ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
-5_ k|:tfljt dx;'n b/n] cfof]hgfsf] 7'nf dd{t ;'wf/sf nflu cfDbfgLsf] sDtLdf @)
k|ltzt ;d]t 5'6\ofO{ cfof]hgfsf] ;+rfng vr{ -sd{rf/Lsf] tnj, lgoldt dd{t
;'wf/ cflb_ wfGg ;Sg] x'g' kg]{5 .
-h_ cfof]hgf k|:tfjgf ;u} :jnufgLsf] k|Tofe"lt :j?k cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu /sd lemSg
gldNg] cfof]hgfsf] a}+s vftfdf /sd hDdf u/]sf] k|df0f / shf{ :jLs[lt kq k]z ug'{
kg]{5 . :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 x'g] cfly{s ;xof]u x'g] eP ;f] ;DaGwL kq k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
:yfgLo lgsfo afx]s cGo lgsfon] nufgL jf ;xof]u ug]{ ePdf j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|;Fu lnlvt ;dembf/L :yflkt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-em_ C0fsf] ;fFjf Aofh e'QmfgL kZrft cfof]hgfsf]] gub k|jfxsf] v'b jt{dfg d"No jflif{s
^ k|ltzt b/sf] l8:sfp06 /]6df wgfTds x'g' kg]{5 .
-~f_ !)) ls=jf= ;Ddsf cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tf dfGotf k|fKt
7]s]bf/sDkgLx?;+u ug'{kg]{5 / o:tf] ;Demf}tfdf Go"gtd klg s]Gb|f/f lglb{i6 gd"gf
s/f/ ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgx? ;dflxt ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 . !)) ls=jf= b]lv
!))) ls= jf= ;Ddsf cfof]hgfsf] xsdf eg] /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o sfg"gL dfGotf
k|fKt sDkgLx?;+u 7]Ssf k|ls|of cGf';
' f/ cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tf u/fpg
;lsg]5 .
-6_ s'g} klg If]qLo jf /fli6o k|zf/0f nfO{gdf ghf]l8g] ldlglu|8 cfof]hgfsf nflu yk zt{M
cfof]hgfsf] Joj;flos of]hgfn] pknAw x'g] ljB'tsf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt k|of]u
pTkfbgd'ns kl/k|of]udf x'g] k|lta4tf b]vfpg' kg]{5 .
-7_ If]qLo jf /fli6o k|zf/0f nfO{gdf hf]l8g]] cfof]hgfsf nflu yk zt{M
u|L8 ;+rfngstf{ljt/s;+u ePsf] ljB't -kfj/_ vl/b laqmL ;Demf}tfsf]
k|ltlnkL ;+nUg x'g'kg]{5 .

cg'bfg gLltf/f s0ff{nL c+rnsf lhNnfx? nufotsf !# lhNnfx?sf] xsdf cfjZos gkg]{ .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

2938

-8_

-9_

-0f_

-t_

If]qLo jf /fli6o k|zf/0f nfO{gjf6 ;]jf gk'u]sf tyf k|:tfljt cfof]hgfaf6 l;w}
ljB't ;]jf pknAw x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df cg'bfgsf] lgSof}{n ul/g]5 .
;fd'bflos u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f sfo{qmdf/f ljB'tLs/0f eO{;s]sf If]qdf yk ljB't
pTkfbgsf] nflu cg'bfgsf yk zt{x?M
If]qLo jf /fli6o k|zf/0f nfO{gjf6 ;]jf gk'u]sf tyf k|:tfljt cfof]hgfaf6 l;w}
ljB't ;]jf pknAw x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df cg'bfgsf] lgSof}{n ul/g]5 .
Joj;flos of]hgfdf n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] ljQLo ljj/0f ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]5
{ .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f jf k|zf/0f nfO{g ;+rfns ;Fu ePsf] ljB't -kfj/_ vl/b
laqmL ;Demf}tfsf] k|lt ;+nUg ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
k'gM :yfkgf cfof]hgfx?sf nflu yk zt{x{ ? M ;fdfGo eGbf sd Ifdtfdf ;+rfng
eO/x]sf jf aGb ePsf] ljBdfg n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?n] klg Ifdtf a[l4 tyf
g+of tyf k'/fgf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ ljB't nfO{gdf hf]8g k'gM:yfkgsf] nflu cg'bfg k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . k'gM:yfkgsf nflu of]Uo x'g n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf
yk zt{x? k"/f ug'{ kg]{5 .
cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf % lsnf]jf6 eGbf jl9 x'g'kg]{5 .
cfof]hgf ;+rfng ePsf] ldlt b]vL !) jif{ eGbf k'/fgf] x'g'kg]{5 . g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fn] k"0f{?kdf pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf cfof]hgf dfq
k'gM:yfkgf cg'bfgsf] nflu of]Uo x'g]5g . t/ k|fs[lts ljklQ -h:t} e"OF r
{ fnf],
klx/f], af9L cflb_ af6 gf]SzfgL ePsf cfof]hgfx?sf] xsdf eg] k'gM:yfkgf
cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf cg'bfgsf] lgldQ of]Uo x'g]5g\ . To:tf] cfof]hgfnfO{ s]Gb|f/f
ul7t k|fljlws ;ldltn] Ifltsf] d"Nof+sg u/L cfof]hgf lkR5] 5'} ?kdf x]l/g]5 .
k|fs[lts laklQaf6 gf]S;fgL ePsf cfof]hgfsf] xsdf !) aif{ eGbf k'/fgf] x'g'kg]{
k|fjwfg nfu' x'g]5}g . t/ To:tf cfof]hgfx? ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6
l;kmfl/z ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
k|fs[lts ljklQaf6 gf]SzfgL ePsf cfof]hgfx? ;fdfGotM k'g:yfkgf cfof]hgfsf]
?kdf cg'bfgsf] lgldQ of]Uo x'g]5g\ . tfklg To:tf] cfof]hgfnfO{ s]Gb|f/f ul7t
;ldltn] Ifltsf] d"Nof+sg u/L cfof]hgf lkR5] 5'} ?kdf x]l/g]5 . w]/} Iflt ePsf
cfof]hgfx? gofF cfof]hgf ;/x ;d]t lng ;lsg]5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] k"0f{?kdf pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf
cfof]hgf dfq k'gM:yfkgf cg'bfgsf] nflu of]Uo x'g]5g .
ljB't pTkfbg Pj+ hl8t 3/kl/jf/ k|df0fLs/0fM lgwf{l/t pFrfO{ tyf kfgLsf] k|jfxdf
jf:tljs ljB't pTkfbg s'g}klg cj:yfdf l8hfO{g ul/Psf] pTkfbg Ifdtf eGbf sd
x'g' x'Fb}g . ljB't pTkfbg Pj+ hl8t 3/kl/jf/ k|df0fLs/0f u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf]
lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd x'g]5 . cfof]hgsf] l8hfOg ubf{sf] jvtsf] cg'dflgt ljB't
pTkfbgsf] Ifdtf eGbf jf:tljs pTkfbg Ifdtf sd ePdf jf
pTkfbsh8fgstf{{cfk"lt{stf{sf] nfk/jfxLjf6 clgoldttf ePsf] v08df u|fdL0f
pmhf{ sf]iff/f lgwf{l/t:jLs[t k|lt lsnf]jf6sf] nfut vr{sf] b/df
pTkfbsh8fgstf{{cfk"lt{stfnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/g]] t];f| ] tyf clGtd ls:tfsf] /sdaf6
36]sf] k|lt lsnf]jf6 jfkt s6[f ul/g]5 .
k|Tofe"lt cjlwM cfk"lt{stf{h8fgstf{n] n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf]
ljB'tLo tyf oflGqs pks/0fdf sDtLdf ! jif{ cjlwsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'kg]{5 . o;
;DaGwL k|fjwfg pTkfbsh8fgstf{{cfk"lt{stf{ / lgdf{0fstf{f/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf]
s/f/ ;Demf}tfdf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g' kg]5
{ . k|Tofe"lt cjlwe/
h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{n] cfof]hgfsf]] slDtdf b'O{ k6s lgoldt hfFr u/L cem

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3038

/fd|f;
] +u ;+rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lgdf{0fstf{nfO{ ;'emfj lbg]5 . cg'ko'Qm
sfo{zn
} L, ;fdfu|L Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0fsf sf/0f pTkGg s'g} klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf
nflu cfk"lt{stf{h8fgstf{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5 . ;+rfns tyf k|aGwssf] tkm{jf6 ePsf]
nfk/jflxsf sf/0f pTkGg ;d:ofsf] nflu lgdf{0fstf{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
-y_ pTkfbgd'ns kl/k|of]uM pTkfbgd'ns kl/k|of]usf] xsdf b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
ljBdfg cg'bfg Aoj:yf cGt{ut lgdf{0f ePsf gofF kl/of]hgfx?sf] xsdf dfq
nfu' x'g]5 .
cGo a'bfFx?sf] xsdf pQm cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu' x'g]5 .
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgM
-s_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifn] $) gofF 3/kl/jf/ ;Dd hf]l8g] % lsnf]jf6 ;Ddsf] hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf] xsdf sDkgL tyf If]qut ?kdf s"n cfof]hgf ;+Vofsf] @% k|ltzt tyf 7'nf
cfof]hgfsf] xsdf ;j} cfof]hgfx?sf] ljB't pTkfbg Pj+ hl8t 3/kl/jf/ k|df0fLs/0f
ug]{5 .
-v_ :jtGq k/fdz{bftf;+:yff/f jflif{s ?kdf k|efj d"Nof+sg u/fO{g5
] . To:tf] d"Nof+sgn]
sfo{qmd tyf cg'bfg ljt/0f k|lqmofnfO{ 7Ls lbzftkm{ lgb]{lzt u/fpgdf ;xof]u
k'ofpg]5 . d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bgsf] lgisif{ ldlglu|8 ;dGjo ;ldlt, pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u
sfo{qmdsf] lgb]{zg ;ldlt tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;xefuL bft[ ;+:+ yfx?f/f ul/g] ;dLIff
j}7s cflbdf k]z ul/g]5 .
-u_ cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? ug'{ cl3 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;'g'jfO{ ;xh
agfpgsf nflu If]qLo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb| pQ/bfoL x'g5
] eg], lhNnf pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f OsfO{zfvfsf] k|ltlglw clgjfo{ ?kdf ;xefuL x'g' kg]{5 .
-3_ pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;Gt'i6L Pj+ cfof]hgf ;+rfngsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL cWoog jflif{s ?kdf
ul/g]5 .
5=2=2 u|fdL)f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] n#" hnljB"t cfof]hgf

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] /fli6o sfo{qmd
lgb]{zs x'g]5 . ;fy} lghsf] cWoIftfdf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /xg]5 . ;f] ;ldltn] jflif{s
sfo{of]hgf :jLs[t ug'{sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx? :jLs[t ug]{, sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf
tof/ u/L :jLs[t ug],{ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg pk/ /fo k|lts[of lbg], gLlt ;DaGwL ;'emfj lbg],
k|ult ;dLIff ug]{ / sfo{qmd Aoj:yfkg ;DaGwL cGo sfo{x? ug]{5 . pQm ;ldltdf /fli6o
of]hgf cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfn, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
dxf;+3 g]kfn, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt /fli6o dxf;+3 / u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf k|ltlglwx?
/xg]5g\ . o;}u/L ;fwf/0ftof q}dfl;s?kdf sfo{qmdsf] ;ldIff ug{ tyf sfo{of]hgf l:js[t ug{
tyf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg / ;'emfj lbg cfof]hgf sfo{sf/L jf]8{sf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . j]f8{df j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{ g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;+oQ
' m /fi6 ;+l3o ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf ;xfos cfjfl;o k|ltlglw, cy{ dGqfno, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn tyf
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt /fli6o dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwx? /xg]5g\ .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t b]xfosf sfo{x? kb{5g\M
-s_ sfo{qmdn] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| dfkm{t lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lhNnf pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f zfvfOsfO{ :yfkgf / ;'b[l9s/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3138

-v_ sfo{qmdn] pQm zfvfOsfOnfO{ lhNnfsf] jt{dfg pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f l:ytLsf] cWoog
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ tyf ljs]lGbs[t u|fdL0f pmhf{ k|ljlwx?sf] ;d'bfo:t/ ;Dd k|j4{gsf
nflu :yfgLo :t/af6} lhNnf :t/Lo u|fdL0f pmhf{ of]hgf th{'df ug]{5 .
-u_ sfo{qmdn] ;d'bfo kl/rfng dfkm{t u|fdL0f pmhf{ k|0ffnLsf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog Pj+ o;nfO{
lbuf] ;+rfngsf nflu u|fdL0f ;d'bfox?df ;fdflhs kF"hLsf] lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|d'v
sfo{sf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 .
-3_ n3' hnljB'tnfO{ ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] k|jz
] ljGb'sf] ?kdf lnO{ ;di6Lut ljsf; cjwf/0ff
cg'?k u|fdL0f pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|j4{g, ;+:yfut ljsf;, ljleGg txdf Ifdtf cleal[4 ug'{sf]
;fy} cGo u|fdL0f pmhf{ k|ljlwx?nfO{ k'/ssf]] ?kdf lnPsf]5 .
-_ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfnfO{ l;++rfO{ Pj+ lkpg] kfgL cfof]hgf;+u PsLs[t u/L hn;|f]tsf]
ax'kIfLo pkof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
-r_ ljleGg txdf ;+:yf Pj+ dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf;sf] ;xof]u ug],{ kl/k|of]u, ljB'tdf cfwfl/t
;fgf pBf]ux? / cGo cfocfh{g lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|j{4g ug]{ / lskmfolt k|ljlwsf]
cfGtl/s/0f, x:tfGt/0f Pj+ u|x0f ug]{ sfo{x?df ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
-5_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ of]hgf th'{df b]lv sfof{Gjog, lbuf] ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg;Dd hg
;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbO{ lj:t[t u|fdL0f pmhf{ k|bz{g Kofs]hsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
-h_ lhNnf pmhf{ ;ldlt, lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
zfvf, u|fdL0f pmhf{ ;]jf s]Gb|, lhNnf pmhf{ sf]if / ;xof]uL ;+:yf h:tf ;+:yfx? dfkm{t\
u|fdL0f pmhf{ s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;dGjo, of]hgf th'{df, ;|f]t kl/rfng tyf sfof{Gjog,
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug{] .
cg'bfg ljt/0fM
-s_ @) lsnf]jf6 eGbf sd ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf]
;+efJotf cWoog tyf l8hfOg ;fdfGotM lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvf cfkm}n] ug]{5 eg]
@) lsnf]jf6 eGbf a9L ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;+efJotf cWoog
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|f/f dfGotf k|fKt k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yfsf ljz]if1x?f/f u/fO{g]5 .
-v_ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k|of]usf nflu cg'bfg /sd s]Gb| jf u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifjf6
sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cg'df]bgsf cfwf/df lhNnf pmhf{ sf]ifdf k7fO{g]5 / lhNnf
pmhf{ sf]ifjf6 tn pNn]lvt cfjZos k|lqmofx? k"/f u/L ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf k7fO{g]5 .
-u_ lhNnf pmhf{ sf]ifjf6 ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf /sd x:tfGt/0f k|lqmofM
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt -lh=lj=;=_ / n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"xn] ;dembf/L ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
u/L o;df b'j} kIfsf] cfcfkm\gf] e"ldsf Pj+ bfloTjx?, zt{x? / lhNnf pmhf{ sf]ifjf6
k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg /sd / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] cfkm\g} ;|f]taf6 nufgL x'g] /sd ls6fg
ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
lhNnf pmhf{ sf]ifjf6 k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg /sd / lh=lj=;=sf] cfkm\g} ;|f]taf6 nufgL x'g]
/sd ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf hDdf x'g]
/sdnfO{ kf/bzL{ jgfpg ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] hfgsf/L kfpg] u/L
ufpF;d'bfodf /sd -r]s_ x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ug'{kg]{5 . ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltsf] nufgL ;d]t ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf ;f]xL cg'?k x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 .
lhNnf pmhf{ sf]if, lh=lj=;=, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, ;d'bfo Pj+ cGo ;+:yfx?jf6 k|fKtx'g]
/sdx? ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g]5 . n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"x / pmhf{ ljsf;
clws[tsf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/df ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifsf] a}+s vftf ;+rfng x'g]5 .
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f Pj+ h8fg;+u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ vl/b n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"xsf]
;j{;Ddt lg0{fodf ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]if dfkm{t\ ul/g]5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3238

-3_ ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifn] n3' hnljB't lgdf{0fstf{nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd e'QmfgL ug]{5M
klxnf] ls:tfM ;Demf}tf ePkl5 cfof]hgfsf] h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{nfO{ clu|d e'QmfgL a}+s
k|Tofe"lt afkt cg'dflgt cg'bfg /sdsf] #) b]lv %) k|ltzt ;Dd clu|d e'QmfgL
pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]]5 . olb %) k|ltzt e'QmfgL gePsf] cj:yfdf cfof]hgf :yndf
;fdfg tyf pks/0f k'ofPkl5 h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{nfO{ s/f/ /sdsf] %) k|ltzt
k'Ug]u/L clu|d e'QmfgL lbg;Sg]5 . ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx?sf] k|fljlwsx?f/f cfjZos
k/LIf0f u/]kl5 a}+s k|Tofe"lt lkmtf{ ul/g]5 . olb h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{n] a}+s k|Tofe"lt
k]z gu/]df cfof]hgf :yndf ljB'ltooflGqs ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx? k'ofPkl5 dfq
%) k|ltzt e'QmfgL lbOg]5 .
bf];f| ] ls:tfM h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{nfO{ cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf
ePsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f kZrft lgwf{l/t kmf/fddf k/LIf0f ;+rfngsf ;fy} zlQm pTkfbg
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tyf :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 sDtLdf of]hgf ul/Psf] 3/ ;+Vofsf] &% k|ltzt
3/df ljB't hf]8]sf] k|dfl0ft ePkl5 / cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0f u/]kl5 lhNnf pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f zfvfn] s/f/ /sdsf] () k|ltzt ;Dd e'QmfgLsf] nflu ;fd'bflos pmhf{
sf]ifnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
clGtd ls:tfM pTkfbg k/LIf0f, k/LIf0f ;+rfng tyf cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0fsf] ldltjf6 !
jif{ kl5 pks/0fsf] u'0f:t/, laqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f tyf afFsL @% k|ltzt
3/df ljB't h8fg ePsf] ;'lglZrt ePkl5 afFsL !) k|ltzt /sd e'QmfgL lbOg]5 .
cg'bfgsf cfwf/x?M
cg'bfgsf nflu ;fd'bflos n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfn] b]xfosf zt{x? k"/f ug'{kg]{5M
-s_ cfof]hgfnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt -lh=lj=;=_ sf] jflif{s of]hgf tyf sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L
;xdlt k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ sfof{Gjogsf] j]nf kfgLsf] cu|flwsf/ ;DaGwL ljjfbjf6 d'Qm x'g kfgLsf] k|of]unfO{ lhNnf
hn;|f]t ;ldltdf btf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_ n3' hnljB't lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos hUuf ;DalGwt n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"xnfO{ sfg'gL
?kdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-3_ k|:tfljt cfof]hgfdf lj:t[t cfof]hgf l8hfOgsf cltl/Qm ;+efJo Aoj;fo of]hgf,
;fd'bflos nufgL / hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d'bfo tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efj Go'lgs/0f of]hgf
;dfj]z x'g'kg]{5 .
-8=_ ;8saf6 cfof]hgfsf] b'/L k/fdz{bftf Pj+ lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvff/f d"Nof+sg Pj+
lgSof}n u/L ;DalGwt lh=lj=;=af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-r_ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng n3''
hnljB't sfo{;d"xn] ug'{kg{]5 .
-5_ cfof]hgfsf] ;+efJotf k|fljlws d"Nofs+g ;ldltaf6 :jLs[lt ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-h_ cfof]hgfsf] lz/f]ef/ tyf dd{t ;+ef/ tyf ;+rfng vr{ -sd{rf/Lsf] tnj, lgoldt dd{t
;Def/ cflb_ wfGg ;Sg] u/L k|:tfljt dx;"n lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-em_ hnljB't sfo{;d"xn] cfkm\gf] nufgL h:t} j}+ssf] C0f ePdf shf{ :jLs[ltsf] k|df0f, :yfgLo
lgsfosf] nufgL tyf ;fd'lxs ;+slnt /sdsf] xsdf ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf]
k|df0f k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-~f_ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb||jf6 dfGotf k|fKt sDkgLf/f dfq cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{]5 .
-6_ k|:tfljt cfof]hgn] C0fsf] ;f+jf Aofh e'QmfgL kZrft cfof]hgfsf]] gub k|jfxsf] v'b jt{dfg
d"No jflif{s !) k|ltzt b/sf] l8:sfp06 /]6df wgfTds x'g'kb{5 .
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3338

-7_

n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfn] pknJw pmhf{sf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt pmhf{sf] k|of]u pTkfbgd'ns
kl/k|of]]udf nufpg'kg]{5 .
-8_ ljB't pTkfbg Pj+ hl8t 3/kl/jf/ k|df0fLs/0fM lgwf{l/t prfO{ tyf kfgLsf] k|jfxdf
jf:tljs ljB't pTkfbg s'g}klg cj:yfdf l8hfO{g ul/Psf] pTkfbg Ifdtf eGbf sd x'g'
x'b}g . ljB't pTkfbg Pj+ hl8t 3/kl/jf/ k|df0fLs/0f sfo{qmdsf] lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd x'g]5 .
cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg ubf{sf] jvtsf] cg'dflgt ljB't pTkfbgsf] Ifdtf eGbf jf:tljs
pTkfbg Ifdtf sd ePdf jf pTkfbsh8fgstf{sf] nfk/jfxLjf6 clgoldttf ePsf]
cj:yfdf k|fljlws d"Nof+sg ;ldltf/f lgwf{l/t:jLs[t k|lt lsnf]jf6sf] nfut vr{
h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{nfO{ e'QmfgL ul/g]] bf];|f] ls:tfsf] clGtd /sdaf6 36]sf] lsnf]jf6
jfkt sf ul/g]5 .
-9_ k|Tofe"lt cjlwM cfk"lt{stf{h8fgstf{n] n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ljB'tLo tyf oflGqs
pks/0fdf sDtLdf Ps jif{ cjlwsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg' kg]{5 . o; ;DaGwL k|fjwfg
cfk"lt{{stf{h8fgstf{ / n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"xf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] s/f/ ;Demf}tfdf :ki6
?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 . k|Tofe"lt cjlwe/ h8fgstf{cfk"lt{stf{n] cfof]hgfsf]]
slDtdf b'O{ k6s lgoldt hfFr u/L /fdf];+u ;+rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
lgdf{0fstf{nfO{ ;'emfj lbg]5 . cg'ko'Qm sfo{zn
} L, ;fdfu|L Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0fsf sf/0f pTkGg
s'g} klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu cfk"lt{stf{h8fgstf{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5 . ;+rfns tyf
k|aGwssf] tkm{af6 ePsf] nfk/jfxLsf sf/0f pTkGg ;d:ofsf nflu ;d'bfo pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
-0f_ :yfgLo lgsfo -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltufFp ljsf; ;ldlt_ af6 nufgLsf] ?kdf z]o/
;xeflutf clgjfo{ x'g]5 . tfklg lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfn] hg ;d'bfodf cfly{s
ef/ sd ug{sf nflu lhNnfdf sfo{/t cGo ;+:yfx? ;+u ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] nflu ;dGjo
ug{]5 . n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"xn] lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfsf] ;xof]udf x/]s
cfof]hgfsf] s"n nfutsf] sDtLdf % k|ltzt pQm cfof]hgfdf nufgL ug{sf nflu lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt Pj+ ufFp ljsf; ;ldltaf6 k|ltj4tf k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 .
kl/k|of]u k|j4{gM
sfo{qmdjf6 ;fd'"bflos pmhf{ sf]ifdf pmhf{sf] pTkfbgd'ns kl/k|of]u k|j4{gsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u
pknAw u/fO{g]5 . o;sf] nflu k|lt lsnf]jf6 ?= !),))) sf b/n] a9Ldf ?= @%),))) ;Dd
pknJw u/fOg]5 . t/ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf h8fg ;DkGg ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leq
pTkfbgd"ns kl/k|of]u k|j4{g ePsf]] x'g' kg{]5 tyf sfo{;d"xn] Jofj;flos of]hgf lhNnf pmhf{
sf]ifjf6 :jLs[t u/fO ;Sg' kg]{5 . pQm /sd ;fd'bflos pmhf{ sf]ifnfO{ cg'bfg eP klg pBdLsf
nflu ;/n shf{sf] ?kdf pknJw u/fOg]5 . of] shf{ lngsf] nflu pBdLn] lgDg cfwf/x? k"/f ug'{
kg]{5M
-s_ pBdL cfof]hgfsf] sfo{;d"xsf]] ;b:o x'g' kb{5 .
-v_ pBdLn] cfkm'n] s] s:tf] k|of]hgsf nflu s] slt C0f cfjZos ePsf] xf] :ki6?kdf v'nfP/
Jofj;flos of]hgf sfo{ ;d"xnfO{ j'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-u_ sfo{ ;d"xdf To:tf dfux?df Jofks 5nkmn eP kl5 ;+efJo pBdLx?nfO{ C0f pknJw
u/fOg]5 . t/ To:tf] C0f /sd pBf]usf] nfutsf] %) k|ltzt eGbf al9 x'g] 5}g .
sfo{;d"xn] pBf]u k|fyldsLs/0f ubf{ ;fd'bflos lxt, ul/j tyf lk5l8Psf] hghftL,
/f]huf/L d'ns, pBdLsf] Ifdtf, OdfGbfl/tf cflbnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ug'{ kg]{5 .
-3_ o:tf] C0fsf] Jofhb/ sfo{ ;d"xsf] j}7sn] tf]s] jdf]lhd x'g]5 . ;fy} C0f ln+bf zt{,
Jofhb/, e'QmfgL tflnsf ;d]t /x]sf] lglZrt ;Demf}tf kqdf sfo{ ;d"x / pBdL aLr
x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3438

cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sgM

-s_ ;Dk"0f{ txdf sfo{qmdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] kxF'r k'ofpg cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,
cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg OsfO{, j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|, ljZj a}+s tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+l3o
ljsf; sfo{qmdn] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{5g\ . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;dGjofTds, k/fdz{ Pj+ ;xeflutfTds ;+nUgtfdf cg'udg tyf
d"Nof+sg sfo{ ul/g]5 . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg OsfO{n] x/]s jif{ ljz]if cg'udg of]hgf
agfpg]5 . h;df sfo{qmdsf s[ofsnfkx?sf] q}dfl;s If]qLo ;ldIff ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5 .
;fy} sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg OsfO{n] k|To]s jif{{ jflif{s sfo{qmd k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cfjZostf
k/] lqkIfLo ;ldIff ;d]t ug]5
{ . d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bgsfnfO{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|, ljZj
a}+s tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+l3o ljsf; sfo{qmd ;dIf k]z ul/g]5 . sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+rfngsf] t]>f]
jif{sf] cjlwdf :jtGq d"Nof+sgstf{f/f dWofjlw d"Nof+sg u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-v_ n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"xn] h8fgstf{ 5gf}6 ug]{, ljB't dx;"nsf] ;+/rgf tf]Sg], cfof]hgfsf]
nflu >dbfg ug]{ h:tf s'g} klg k|d'v lg0f{ox? ug''{ kbf{ ;Dk"0f{ nfeflGjt 3/kl/jf/sf] a}7s
u/fpg' clgjfo{ x'g]5 . a}7ssf] lg0f{o ;j{;Ddltjf6 dfq x'g]5 / o;af6 ;fd'bflos pmhf{
sf]if tyf n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"xsf] sf]if ;+rfng kf/bzL{ aGg]5 .
-u_ ;d'bfo kl/rfnsx?sf] dfl;s a}7s ;d'bfo kl/rfns ;dGjostf{ tyf pmhf{ ljsf;
clws[tsf] pkl:yltdf lhNnf j:g]5 . dfl;s a}7sdf ;d'bfo kl/rfnsx?n] cfkm\gf]
cfof]hgfx?sf] k|ult tyf To;sf ;d:ofx? ;DaGwdf lhNnfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg]5g\ .
-3_ cfof]hgf ;+rfngsf] k/LIf0f ubf{ n3' hnljB't sfo{;d"x, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, ljQLo ;+:yf,
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfsf k|ltlglwx?, tyf
cfk"lt{stf{h8fgstf{ / eP cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf u/fpg' clgjfo{
x'g]5 . o;df b[ZofTds hfFr tyf ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf gfk b'j} kb{5g\ .
-_ n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k/LIf0f, lgdf{0fh8fg Pj+ x:tfGt/0f lgb]l{ zsf adf]lhd k/LIf0f
Pj+ ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 . b[ZofTds hfFr tyf sfo{;Dkfbg k/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffd tf]lsPsf]
9fFrfdf clen]v /fvL ;j} ;+:yfx?sf k|ltlglwx?f/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-r_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg eP kl5 sfo{ ;d"xn] sfo{ ubf{sf] cfo Joosf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd k|i6 x'g] u/L
;fj{hlgs n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{5 . ;fy} sfo{ ;d"xn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] pQm n]vf
k/LIf0fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF;L ;fj{hlgs u/fpg' kg]{5 .
5=3 jfo" pmhf{
xfn jfo' pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] xsdf jfo'sf] tYof+s ;+sng ug'{ d'Vo sfo{ x'g]5 . jfo' pmhf{df lbOg]
cg'bfg ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu dfq pknJw u/fOg]5 . /fli6o u|L8f/f ghf]l8Psf If]qx?df
u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf nflu jfo' pmhf{sf] ;+efJotfsf] vf]hL ul/g]5 . k|j4{g, k|rf/k|;f/, u'0f:t/
;'lglZrttf tyf cg'udg ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{x?sf nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| lhDd]jf/
x'g]5 . s]Gb|n] cg'bfg pknJw u/fpgsf nflu jfo' pmhf{ sfo{qmdsf] lgldQ ;+efJo :yfg klxrfg
ug{ kfOn6 k|f]h]S6sf] ?kdf u|fdL0f If]qdf ljB't pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] nflu ;xof]u pknJw
u/fO{ u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf lglDt jfo' pmhf{ sfo{qmdsf] kxn ug{ ;Sg]5 .
5=3=1 cg"bfg ljt/)f

dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL;+:yfn] dfly plNnlvt kfOn6 k|f]h]S6sf] ?kdf jfo' tYof+s k|df0fLs/0f
ePsf] cfof]hgf klxrfg k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] jfo' pmhf{ cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t cWoog ug{sf
nflu s]Gb|df cfj]bg lbg'kg]{5 . s]Gb|jf6 :jLsl[t ePkl5 sDkgL;+:yfn] lhDdf lnO{ k|:tfljt
cfof]hgfsf] Joj;flos of]hgf ;lxtsf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf ljj/0f s]Gb|df k]z ug{' kg]{5 . s]Gb|n]
gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3538

cg'bfgsf] nflu k|ltj]bg tyf cGo cfwf/x? d"Nof+sg u/L k|:tfljt cfof]hgfn] ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/ k'/f
u/]sf] kfPdf To:tf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ :jLsl[t k|bfg ug]{5 . To;kl5 sDkgL;+:yfn] jfo' 6jf{Og
h8fg ug{sf nflu lgwf{l/t cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L s]Gb|df k]z ug{'kg]{5 . s]Gb|n] cfj]bg kmf/fd
d"Nof+sg u/L h8fgsf nflu :jLs[t ug]{5 . s]Gb|n] cfj]bg :jLs[t ubf{ a}+s k|Tofe"lt jfkt
cg'dflgt cg'bfgsf] %) k|ltzt /sd clu|d ?kdf e'QmfgL lbg]5 . h8fg k|ltj]bg k]z ePkl5
;j} sfo{x? b'?:t b]v]df cg'bfgsf] () k|ltzt ;Dd e'QmfgL lbg]5 . Ps jif{ ;Dd ;Gtf]ifhgs
?kdf ;+rfngdf cfPsf] tyf sDkgL;+:yfn] laqmL kl5sf] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] lgSof}{n u/L
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n] afFsL !) k|ltzt cg'bfg e'QmfgL lbg]5 .
5=3=2 cg"bfgsf nflu k'/f ug{"kg]{ cfwf/x?

cg'bfgsf] nflu jfo' pmhf{ k|0ffnLn] b]xfosf zt{x? k"/f ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ cGo dfWodf/f ljB'tLs/0f gePsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf h8fg ul/Psf] tf]lsPsf] jfo' pmhf{
k|0ffnLdf g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ dfq cg'bfg pknAw x'g]5 .
-v_ jfo' pmhf{ k|0ffnLsf] ;+efJotf cWoog, l8hfOg / h8fg k|lqmofsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f dfGotf k|fKt
OlGhlgo/n] u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-u_ !)) jf6 b]lv !))) jf6;Dd Ifdtfsf] jfo' 6jf{Ogsf nflu dfq cg'bfg k|fKt x'g]5 .
-3_ jfo' pmhf{ k|0ffnLf/f ljB'tLs/0f ePsf] 3/;+Vofsf cfwf/df cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;f]
k|0ffnLn] k|To]s 3/nfO{ cf};tdf & lsnf]jf6 306f k|lt dlxgfsf] b/n] ljB't cfk"lt{ ug''{
kg]{5 .
-_

dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL/;+:yff/f k|dfl0ft ;fdfg tyf pks/0f k|of]u u/]/ jfo"' 6jf{Og h8fg
ug"{' kg]{5 . tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 cg';f/sf tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k/LIf0f s]Gb|f/f k|dfl0ft
ul/Psf jf cGt{/fli6o dfkb08 adf]lhdsf ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx? g} k|dfl0ft ;fdfg tyf
pks/0fx? x'g\ .

-r_ dfGotf k|fKt sDkgL/;+:yfx?n] laqmL kl5sf] ;]jfsf] kof{Kttfsf]] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{
kg]{5 .
-5_ lgwf{l/t cfj]bg kmf/fddf cg'bfgsf] dfu ug'{ kg]{5 .
6= u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]if
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmddf ;+nUg jfx\o bft[/fi6x?sf] ;xof]uaf6 h}ljs pmhf{
k|ljlw, ;f}o{ pmhf{ -3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL tyf ;fgf 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL_, n3' tyf ;fgf
hnljB't / cGo sfo{qmdnfO{ cg'bfg k|jfx ug{ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . xfn pmhf{
If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf] cg'bfg /sd pQm sf]if dfkm{t kl/rfng eO/x]sf]df qmdzM s]Gb|sf
cGo sfo{qmdsf] cg'bfg /sdnfO{ ;d]t sf]ifsf] lj:t[t sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L kl/rfng ul/g]5 .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf /xg]5 . u|fdL0f pmhf{sf]
If]qdf ljleGg rfn' tyf efjL sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L ljQLo nufgL
ug]{ ;+oGqx? x'g ;Sg]5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ vf;u/L ljB'tLs/0f -;f}o{ pmhf{, n3'
tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgf cflb_ sf nflu / h}ljs pmhf{ k|0ffnL h8fgsf nflu cfkm\gf] tkm{jf6
Doflr /sd jfx]s cg'bfgsf] nflu /sd pknJw u/fPdf ;d]t oxL sf]if dfk{mt sf]ifsf] sfo{ljlw
adf]lhd cg'bfg k|jfx x'g]5 . u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifdf cg'bfgsf] nflu j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf
clws[t:t/sf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] dfq clGtd l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3638

6=1 u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]if ;ldlt

u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if Ps ;ldltf/f lgb]l{ zt x'g]5 . h;df jftfj/0f dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno Pj+ /fli6o
of]hgf cfof]usf k|ltlglwx?, jfx\o bft[ ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?, lghL If]qsf k|ltlglw, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf
tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ljZf]if1x? /xg]5g\ .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if ;ldltsf] ;fwf/0f a}7s q}dfl;s ?kdf a:g]5 / sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf ;b:ox?n] dfu
u/]df tby{ a}7s;d]t a:g]5 . ;ldltn] q}dfl;s?kdf ljQLo Pj+ ef}lts k|ult ;dLIff ug]{ tyf
nufgLsf] nIo kl/k"lt{ ;DaGwL /fo tyf ;'emfj pknJw u/fpg], nufgL P+j ;+rfng vr{ ;DaGwdf
sf]ifsf] k|of{Kttf tyf gub k|jfxsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{5 . ;ldltn] n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf] jflif{s ljlQo
k|ltj]bgsf] ;d]t ;dLIff ug'{sf] ;fy} jflif{s ?kdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g ljsf; ;ldltdf k|ltj]bg k]z
ug]{5 .
6=2 u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]if sfo{sf/L ;ldlt

xfn pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] cg'bfg /sdsf nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf] cfkm\g} ;lrjfnosf]
;xof]udf sfo{sf/L ;ldltf/f Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . sf]ifsf] lgb]{zsdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs / ;ldltsf] cGo ;b:ox?df bft[ lgsfosf tkm{jf6 pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf
k|d'v ;Nnfxfsf/ / s]Gb|sf n]vf k|d'v /xg]5g\ . sf]ifsf lgb]{zs b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfng tyf sf]ifsf]
k|of]u ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljifosf nflu pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmdjf6 pknJw x'g]
cg'bfg /sdsf] e'QmfgLsf] nflu bft[ lgsfosf k|ltlglw / ;ldltsf lgb]{zssf] ;+o'Qm xQfIf/ x'g]5 eg]
cGodf lgb]{zssf] dfq xQfIf/ x'g]5 . sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] a}7s lgoldt ?kdf / cfjZostf cg';f/
a:g]5 . sf]ifsf] ;lrjfno ;+rfngsf nflu nfUg] cfly{s bfloTj pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmdn]
Joxf]g{]5 .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu bft[lgsfojf6 k|fKt cg'bfg /sd sf]ifsf] sfo{ljlw ;+zf]wg
geP;Dd xfnsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ x'g]5 .
6=3 u|fdL)f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb||sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] cWoIftfdf ul7t sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{'sf ;fy} cfjZos dfu{ lgb]{lzsf agfpg ;Sg]5 .
6=4 u|fdL)f pmhf{ sf]ifsf sfo{x?

g]kfnsf u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwdf kx'Fr a[l4 ug]{ / ;an agfpg gub cg'bfg
pknAw u/fpg' u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf] d'Vo p2]Zo x'g]5 . ;f] sf]ifsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] b]xfosf sfdx?
ug]{5 .
-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ cg'bfg Joj:Yffsf] kl/lw leq /xL cg'bfg
;xof]usf nflu zt{x? agfpg] .
-v_ sfo{qmdf/f l;kmfl/z ePsf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ cg'bfg :jLs[t tyf e'QmfgL ug]{ .
-u_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf u|fdL0f pkef]Qmfx?sf nflu shf{df kx'Frsf] a[l4 ug{ afl0fHo a}+sx?sf]
;xeflutf a9fpg cfjZos k|j4{g, k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf k|f]T;fxg ug]{ tyf ljBdfg shf{
Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 tyf ;/n ug{{ cfjZos sfo{x? ug]{ .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3738

-3_ a9L eGbf a9L ljQLo dWo:yx? h:t}M :yfgLo ljQLo ;+:yfx?, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? cflbsf]
;+nUgtfdf ;fd"lxs shf{ tyf k|Tofe"lt k|0ffnL h:tf k'/s Joj:yf dfkm{t b'u{d If]qdf
shf{ sf/f]af/sf] nfut sd ug{ cfjZos k|oTg ug]{ .
-8=_ ;DalGwt k|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{qmd;Fusf] ;xsfo{df cg'bfg ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg
cfjZos hl/jfgf ;+oGq, lgb]l{ zsfsfo{ljlw agfpg] .
-r_ u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]if ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ .
6=5 n]vf k/LIf)f

u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf] n]vf k/LIf0f jflif{s ?kdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nof/f jf bft[ lgsfo;Fu
ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ x'g]5 . s]lGb|o u|fdL0f pmhf{ sf]ifsf] jflif{s clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] j]e;fO6 dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5 .
7= cGo k|fjwfgx?
7=1 lbUbz{g, lgb]{lzsf, dfkb)* tof/ tyf :jLs[t ug]{

o; sfo{ljlwdf plNnlvt lbUbz{g, lgb]{lzsf, dfkb08 cflb ;DalGwt sfo{qmdn] tof/ ug]{ / ;f]sf]
:jLs[t sfo{ljlwdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 / pNn]v gePsf] xsdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n]
:jLs[t ug]{5 .
7=2 JofVof ug]{

o; sfo{ljlwsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;d:of b]lvPdf tyf c:ki6 ePdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|n]
u/]sf] JofVof clGtd x'g]5 .
7=3 k"g/fjnf]sg

cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw k|To]s b'O{ aif{df jf cfjZostf cg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g]5 . dfGotf k|fKt
sDkgLx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg :jtGq k/fdz{bftff/f x/]s aif{sf] cGt/fndf ul/g]5 .
7=4 vf/]hL

&=$=! gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^% vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
&=$=@ dfly &=$=! adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxL o;} sfo{ljlw adf]lhd eP
u/]sf] dflgg]5 .

gjLs/0fLo -u|fdL0f_ pmhf{ cg'bfg kl/rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^^ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^*_

3838