Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination in Power Systems

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Hinrichsen Dipl.-Ing. Simona Feier-Iova

Technische Universitt Darmstadt High Voltage Laboratories
Siemens

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What is Insulation Coordination?

Definition in IEC 60071-1 Definition in IEC 60071-1

Definition in IEEE 1313.1 Definition in IEEE 1313.1

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Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination

5

Possible voltages without arresters Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.

4

Withstand voltage of equipment

3

Voltages limited by arresters

0
Lightning overvoltages (Microseconds) Switching overvoltages (Milliseconds) Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment (Seconds) (Continuously)

Time duration of (over-)voltage

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What is Insulation Coordination?

Procedure of insulation coordination [THI-01]
Three elements are involved in the insulation coordination discipline, namely: Three elements are involved in the insulation coordination discipline, namely: the study of the "stresses", both electrical and environmental, acting on the equipment the study of the "stresses", both electrical and environmental, acting on the equipment insulation. This is usually performed by calculations or field measurements; insulation. This is usually performed by calculations or field measurements; the study of the "strength" (dielectric withstand characteristics) of the insulation (both the study of the "strength" (dielectric withstand characteristics) of the insulation (both new and aged) when submitted to such stresses, taking into account, when applicable, new and aged) when submitted to such stresses, taking into account, when applicable, the effect of the environmental stresses (pollution, rain, snow, ice, atmospheric the effect of the environmental stresses (pollution, rain, snow, ice, atmospheric conditions at large altidudes), including the study of the "test and measurement conditions at large altidudes), including the study of the "test and measurement techniques" which are employed to assess such strength. The strength is determined techniques" which are employed to assess such strength. The strength is determined by calculations, based on suitable discharge models, and/or by laboratory/factory tests, by calculations, based on suitable discharge models, and/or by laboratory/factory tests, on-site tests and in-service measurements (diagnostics); on-site tests and in-service measurements (diagnostics); the assessment of the insulation performance (usually expressed in terms of risk of the assessment of the insulation performance (usually expressed in terms of risk of failure) in the considered situation of stresses and strength, including the selection and failure) in the considered situation of stresses and strength, including the selection and application of "protective devices and techniques", to establish the final insulation application of "protective devices and techniques", to establish the final insulation design fulfilling the specified requirements. This may be based on "deterministic" or design fulfilling the specified requirements. This may be based on "deterministic" or "statistical" approach. "statistical" approach.
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Literature (1)
[BAL-04-1] G. Balzer Power Systems, Part 2 Chapter 4: Insulation coordination Script TU Darmstadt, 2004 G. Balzer Elektrische Energieversorgung, Teil 2 Kapitel 4: Isolationskoordination Skript der TU Darmstadt, 2004 CIGRE W.G. 13-02 Switching overvoltages in EHV and UHV systems with special reference to closing and reclosing transmission lines ELECTRA 30 (1973) pp. 70-122 CIGRE WG 33.02 Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination: Part 1: Switching overvoltages in three-phase systems ELECTRA 64 (1979) pp. 138-158 CIGRE WG 33.03 Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination Part 2: Switching impulse strength of phase-to-phase external insulation ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 158-181

[BAL-04-2]

[CIG-73]

[CIG-79-1]

[CIG-79-2]

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Literature (2)
[CIG-79-3] CIGRE WG 33.06 Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination Part 3: Design and testing of phase-to-phase insulation ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 182-210 CIGRE TF 33-03.03 Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination Part 4: The influence of non-standard conditions on the switching impulse strength of phase-to-phase insulation ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 211-230 CIGRE WG 33.01 Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines, CIGRE technical brochure No. 63, 1991 buch_020.pdf CIGRE WG 33-07 Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external insulation, CIGRE technical brochure No. 72, 1992 buch_019.pdf H. Dorsch berspannungen und Isolationsbemessung bei Drehstrom-Hochspannungsanlagen Siemens AG, Erlangen, 1981 (ISBN 3-8009-1325-9)

[CIG-79-4]

[CIG-91]

[CIG-92]

[DOR-81]

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Literature (3)
[ERI-88] A.J. Eriksson, K.-H. Weck Simplified procedures for determining representative substation impinging lightning overvoltages, CIGRE report 33-16, 1988 ETG-Fachbericht 49 ETG-Tage '93: Isolationskoordination in Hoch- und Mittelspannungsanlagen vde-Verlag GmbH Berlin, Offenbach (ISBN 0341-3934) FGH Technischer Bericht 1-240 Isolationskoordination auf der Grundlage der neuen DIN/VDE-Bestimmung 0111 FGH, Mannheim, Juli 1978 A. R. Hileman Insulation Coordination for Power Systems Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel, 1999 V. Hinrichsen Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen Siemens AG Berlin, 1. Auflage 2000 AbleiterBuch.pdf V. Hinrichsen Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen Siemens AG Berlin, Edition 1, 2001 ArresterBook.pdf

[ETG-93]

[FGH-78]

[HIL-99]

[HIN-00]

[HIN-01]

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Literature (4)
[HIN-03] V. Hinrichsen Latest Designs and Service Experience with Station-Class Polymer Housed Surge Arresters World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings Marbella (Mlaga), Spain, November 16-19, 2003, Proceedings pp. 85-96 pub_048.pdf V. Hinrichsen Latest Testing Requirements and Emerging Standards for Transmission Line Arresters World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings Hong Kong, November 27-30, 2005 inmr_2005_paper.pdf I. Kishizima, K. Matsumoto, Y. Watanabe, New facilities for phase switching impulse tests and some test results, IEEE PAS TO3 No. 6, June 1984 pp. 1211-1216. D. Knig, Y. N. Rao Teilentladungen in Betriebsmitteln der Energietechnik vde-Verlag, Berlin, Offenburg, 1993, ISBN 3-8007-1764-6 D. Knig, Y. N. Rao Partial discharges in Power Apparatus vde-Verlag, Berlin, Offenburg, 1993, ISBN 3-8007-1760-3

[KIN-05]

[KIS-84] [KOE-93-1]

[KOE-93-2]

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Literature (5)
[PAR-68] L. Paris, R. Cortina Switching and lightning impulse discharge characteristics of large air gaps and long insulation strings, IEEE Trans on PAS, vol 87, No. 4, April 1968, p. 947-957 R. Rudolph, B. Richter Dimensioning, testing and application of metal oxide surge arresters in medium voltage networks 3rd Edition, 1999, ABB Switzerland, 26 pages (also available in German) application_guide_medium_voltage_networks.pdf R. Rudolph, B. Richter Bemessung, Prfung und Einsatz von Metalloxid-Ableitern in Mittelspannungsnetzen ABB Schweiz AG, Wettingen (CH), 3. Auflage 1999 Anwendungsrichtlinien_Mittelspannung.pdf L. Thione Insulation coordination in electrical power systems theory and application Tutorial, ALPI, Milan, 2001 (www.alpiass.com) buch_018.pdf

[RUD-99-1]

[RUD-99-2]

[THI-01]

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Literature (6)
[WEC-07] K.-H. Weck Standardization of insulation withstand levels for UHV systems in IEC TC 28 Insulation co-ordination IEC/CIGRE UHV Symposium Beijing 18-21 July 2007, report 5-4 5-4_KHWeck.pdf

Overview on CIGRE publications (very interesting!): Cigr Catalogue of Publications 01/07/2005 CATALOGUE_PUBLICATIONS_2005.pdf

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Standards (1)
IEC 60071-1, Edition 8.0 (2006-01) Insulation co-ordination Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules IEC 60071-2, Third Edition (1996-12) Insulation co-ordination Part 2: Application guide IEC/TR 60071-4, First Edition (2004-06)

Insulation co-ordination - Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modelling of electrical networks
IEC 60099-4, Ed. 2.1, 2006-07 Surge arresters Part 4: Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c. systems IEC 60099-5, Ed. 1.1, 2000-03 Surge arresters Part 5: Selection and application recommendations DIN EN 60071-1, 1996-07 Isolationskoordination - Teil 1: Begriffe, Grundstze und Anforderungen (IEC 60071-1:1993); Deutsche Fassung EN 60071-1:1995 DIN EN 60071-2, 1997-09 Isolationskoordination - Teil 2: Anwendungsrichtlinie (IEC 60071-2:1996); Deutsche Fassung EN 60071-2:1997 IEEE 1313.1-1996 IEEE Standard for Insulation CoordinationDefinitions, Principles, and Rules
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Standards (2)
IEEE 1313.2-1999 IEEE Guide for the Application of Insulation Coordination IEEE C62.11-2005 IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (> 1 kV) IEEE C62.22-1997 IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems

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Organization
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18.10.2007 25.10.2007 01.11.2007 08.11.2007 15.11.2007 22.11.2007 29.11.2007 06.12.2007 13.12.2007 20.12.2007 27.12.2007 03.01.2008 10 11 12 13 10.01.2008 17.01.2008 24.01.2008 31.01.2008 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 cancelled Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lecture 9 Christmas holidays Christmas holidays Lecture 10 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lecture 13 Insulation coordination Calculation Examples Test procedures; condition monitoring (life time aspects, partial discharges, non-conventional approaches) Traveling waves Overvoltage protection incl. protective distance Dielectric strength (incl. gap factors, pollution, rain, parallel insulation, aging) Insulation coordination Voltage stresses in power systems Introduction

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Organization
Examination Examination
Exclusively oral

Exercises Exercises
None; but calculation examples in the lecture

Script Script
Slides will be available for download www.hst.tu-darmstadt.de User: studentiso PW: isows0708

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Insulation Coordination - Principles

System

System voltages

Overvoltage protection devices Environment

Equipment

stress versus strength

Dielectric strength
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Insulation Coordination - Principles Voltages of the system

Nominal voltage Un rounded value for characterizing the system 10 kV - 20 kV - 110 kV - 220 kV - 380 kV System voltage voltage at which the system is being operated around the nominal value, but not constant Highest system voltage Us highest operating voltage between phases under normal conditions 12 kV - 24 kV - 123 kV - 245 kV - 420 kV (IEC 60038)

Voltages of equipment
Highest voltage for equipment Um highest voltage between phases for which the insulation is designed 12 kV - 24 kV - 123 kV - 245 kV - 420 kV (IEC 60071-1)
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Insulation Coordination - Principles Overvoltages

voltages exceeding the peak value of the highest system voltage various amplitudes and shapes depending on system configuration (grid size, degree of meshing, etc.) origin of overvoltage (failure, switching, lightning strike etc.)

Dielectric strength of insulation

verified by type test in the laboratory with the help of standardized test voltages (shape, amplitude) specified test setups specified environmental conditions

Insulation coordination
Determination of interdependence between voltages and overvoltages of the system and necessary test voltages for the equipment in the laboratory

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Insulation Coordination - Principles

Equipment in the system Equipment in the laboratory

Variety of amplitudes and Variety of amplitudes and shapes of overvoltages shapes of overvoltages

Standardized amplitudes Standardized amplitudes and shapes of test voltages and shapes of test voltages

Variety of operating Variety of operating conditions and age conditions and age

Standardized setups Standardized setups and conditions and conditions

Variety of Variety of environmental conditions environmental conditions

Standardized Standardized environmental conditions environmental conditions

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Insulation Coordination - Principles

bb 1

Insulation phase - ground

stressed by voltages between one phase and ground

bb 2

1 2 3 1

Insulation phase - phase

stressed by voltages between two phases

busbar disconnectors line

Longitudinal insulation
stressed by voltages between same phases of two different systems

3
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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

...39 pages in sum ...39 pages in sum

Procedure for Procedure for insulation insulation coordination coordination = 10 pages! = 10 pages!

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

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Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

...125 pages in sum ...125 pages in sum

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Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General

The procedure for insulation coordination consists of the selection of a set of standard withstand voltages which characterize the insulation of the equipment.

Range I

Range II

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Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General

Basic difference between ranges I and II

Range II Range II
withstand voltage

gap spacing 3 m

Minimum of withstand Minimum of withstand voltage for switching voltage for switching overvoltage overvoltage

Range II Range
[FGH-78]

Withstand voltage Withstand voltage continuously gap spacing 0.5 m continuously decreasing with time decreasing with time duration of stress duration of stress

peak

time duration of stress

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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Determination of the representative overvoltages Urp The representative overvoltages are derived from real service conditions, but have just standardized shapes. They are determined in amplitude, shape and duration by system analysis, taking into account overvoltage limiting devices.

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Determination of the coordination withstand voltages Ucw The coordination withstand voltages are the lowest values of withstand voltages of each overvoltage class, for which the expected low failure rate of the equipment is not exceeded over its full lifetime. Derived from the representative overvoltages Urp by the coordination factor Kc.

Typical for Germany: 0.1% per year 1 failure in 1000 years

[IEC 60071-1]

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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Deterministic approach Deterministic approach Assumed maximum Assumed maximum of representative overvoltage of representative overvoltage Statistical approach Statistical approach

Statistical distribution of Statistical distribution of representative overvoltages representative overvoltages Determination of Determination of failure probability of insulation failure probability of insulation

Multiplication by coordination Multiplication by coordination factor based on factor based on operating experience operating experience

Calculation of failure risk Calculation of failure risk depending on assumed depending on assumed coordination withstand voltage coordination withstand voltage

Coordination withstand voltage Coordination withstand voltage Statistical Ucw (10% value) Assumed conventional Ucw (0% value) Statistical Ucw (10% value) Assumed conventional Ucw (0% value)
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand voltages to appropriate standard test conditions. Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages. Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and the atmospheric correction factor Kt or the altitude correction factor Ka.

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Influences covered by the safety factor Ks Differences in equipment assembly Dispersion in product quality Quality of installation Aging of the installation during expected lifetime Other unknown influences

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand voltages to appropriate standard test conditions. Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages. Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and/or the altitude correction factor Ka.

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Selection of the rated and of the standard insulation level (set of standard rated withstand voltages Uw) Most economical set of standard withstand voltages Uw of the insulation to prove that all the required withstand voltages are met. For each range (I or II) a combination of only two withstand voltages defined: Range I: standard lightning impulse withstand voltage standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage Range II: standard switching impulse withstand voltage standard lightning impulse withstand voltage For range I, only phase-to-earth standard withstand voltages are defined, which have to cover phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and longitudinal insulation.

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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Definitions

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Examples for
... non-self-restoring insulation (power transformers, instrument transformers*))
*) mixed insulation

... self-restoring insulation (disconnectors, insulators)

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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

List of standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltages (r.m.s. values in kV)

10 70 275 480

20 95 325 510

28 140 360 570

38 185 395 630

50 230 460

List of standard impulse withstand voltages (peak values in kV)

20 325

40 450

60 550

75 650

95 750

125 850

145 950

170

250

1050 1175

1300 1425 1550 1675 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Range I: Um = 1 kV up to and including Um = 245 kV The standard voltage values are all the same for phase-to-earth-, phase-to-phase-, longitudinal insulation!

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Range II: Um above 245 kV Different standard voltage values for phase-to-earth-, phase-to-phase-, longitudinal insulation!

[IEC 60071-1]
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps Outcome of insulation coordination

For three types of insulation phase to ground phase to phase longitudinal and for 4 values each of required withstand voltages Urw required continuous operating voltage required short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage required switching impulse withstand voltage required lightning impulse withstand voltage

twelve voltages

Standardization of tests for equipment

Reduction of these 12 values to a necessary minimum number of withstand voltages Uw of the insulation Determination of necessary withstand voltages from tables for two ranges of highest voltage for equipment
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Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary

Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1 (Figure 1)

continued next slide

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Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary

Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1 (Figure 1) (continued)

[IEC 60071-1]
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