Guitar Lessons

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Introduction
These guitar lessons are arranged with the absolute beginner in mind. Each lesson builds upon the things you learn in the previous lesson. To get the most benefit, I would suggest that you start with lesson one and proceed to the next only when you have the previous lesson thoroughly learned. If you already have some guitar playing experience, You may want to scan the first few lessons to determine where you are best suited to start. Also, these lessons assume that you are learning on an electric guitar, but an acoustic will work just fine. However, there are techniques here and there that will be difficult or impossible to play on an acoustic guitar. These sections can be skipped over without fear of compromising your own learning. It is also assumed that you are holding the guitar with your left hand on the fingerboard. Keep in mind that the only secret to great guitar playing is a little knowledge and LOTS OF PRACTICE!!

Guitar Anatomy
(the parts and pieces of the machine)

* Your guitar may have a different arrangement of pickups, knobs, switches, and/or tailpiece, but the function of these parts will pretty much be the same on all guitars. There are some variances, however.

Guitar Tab, Neck Diagrams and Chord Diagrams

In order to take adavantage of the lesson materials provided on this site, you need to become familiar with a few of the ways that guitar music is written. There are four conventional ways of notating guitar music - standard notation, guitar tab, neck diagrams and chord diagrams. Standard notation will be covered in depth within the lessons themselves while a basic knowledge of tab and diagrams is essential before you start.

Guitar Tab Guitar tab or tabulature is a very popular method of notating guitar music. What makes tab so popular is that, once you get the hang of it, it is very easy to read. In order to understand tab, you need to visualize a guitar neck laying on its side like so:

At first, this will seem upside-down to you, but this view positions the neck much the same way as if you are playing the guitar and looking down on the neck. Don't worry, you'll get used to it. Tab consistst of 6 horizontal lines that represent the strings of the guitar:

The bottom line represents the low E-string and the top line represents the high E-string. So, from the bottom line to the top line, we have low E-string, A-string, D-string, G-string, B-string and on the top, the high E-string. In order to tell you what notes to play, numbers are used:

This tab is telling you to play the note at the 5th fret on the low E-string. Tab is read from left to right just like you're reading these words. So if you see numbers spread out, it means to play the notes one after the other like a scale:

So, this tab is telling your to play the 5th fret on the low E-string, then the 7th fret on the low E, followed by the 4th fret on the A-string, 5th fret on the Astring etc... If the numbers are stacked vertically, it means to play all the notes in each stack at the same time like a chord:

So this tab is telling you to play an A chord (Chords will be covered in great detail within the lessons. Right now you'll just have to take my word for it.), followed by a D chord, then an E chord, and, finally, back to the A chord.

Now, notice the 0's used in each chord. 0 means to play the string without putting a finger down on it. This is called an open string. That's it! Everything else you will need to know about reading tab is covered inside the lessons.

Neck Diagrams Neck diagrams work a lot like tab, but instead of lines and numbers, a neck diagram is a picture of a guitar neck:

Just like tab, the bottom line represents the low E-string, and the rest of the strings follow in proper order. The grey vertical strip on the left of the diagram is the nut, the vertical lines are the frets and the diamonds along the length of the diagram are the position markers or "fret dots". Scroll back up and take a look at the picture of the guitar neck if you are having trouble with this one.

Neck diagrams are used for showing how scales and chords "lay out" across the fingerboard. A scale can be shown like this:

A chord can be shown like this:

The squares and dots show you which notes are included in the scale or chord. If a square or dot lies to the left of the nut, that marking represents a note played on the open string.

Chord Diagrams Chord diagrams are exactly like neck diagrams except that chord diagrams are arranged vertically instead of horizontally (honest....I'm not making this up just to confuse you). In order to read chord diagrams, you will need to visualize the guitar neck in this position:

The sole purpose of chord diagrams is to show how chords are fingered (which finger plays which note):

Again the dots represent the notes to be played. Clear dots are open strings and the numbers underneath the diagram tell you which fingers to use for each note of the chord.

A chord played further up the neck looks like this:

"3fr." indicates that this chord is played at the 3rd fret. The arc over the top of the diagram is called a barre (pronounced bar). A barre indicates that you need to flatten your finger (index finger in this case) across all the strings inside the arc. To play this chord, you need to flatten your index finger across the A, D, G, B and high E-string in order for that finger to play the note on the A-string AND the note on the E-string. If, after trying to play this chord, you decide to forget about learning to play the guitar and take up stamp collecting, you are not alone. But don't give up hope. With practice, anything is possible. If, on the other hand you find this

chord quite easy to play, don't worry you'll get what's coming to you eventually. There are plenty of things down the road to challenge even the most gifted novice. Betcha can't wait :-) There's one last thing you need to know about chord diagrams before you go diving head first into the lessons. Only strings that have a dot are played. If a string doesn't have a dot, don't play that string. This takes a bit of practice on some chords, but if you don't leave those strings out, your chords will sound like crap and you'll think I don't know what the hell I'm showing you.

That's it! Now get at those lessons before your girlfriend (or boyfriend, as the case may be) decides they don't like the idea of you spending all your time with your hands stroking a hunk of wood.

Guitar Lesson One

Tuning up The most difficult task that a beginning guitarist faces is tuning the instrument. As it takes time to develop a sense of pitch, I recommend that you use an electronic tuner at first. If you don't have one, go get one. It is impossible to learn to play on an out of tune guitar. You can pick up an electronic tuner for as little as $19.95, and it will pay for itself before the end of this first lesson. Make sure that the sales person shows you how to use it, and pay attention to what they tell you. If the instructions don't make sense to you, DO NOT leave the store until you understand EXACTLY how to use the tuner. If the sales person acts like they have something better to do than educate you on how to tune the guitar, leave a complaint with the management and go buy a tuner somewhere else. Playing in tune is THAT important!

Begin by tuning your guitar using your electronic tuner. Check for accuracy by comparing the pitch of each string to tuning.mid. As you work on this lesson, try tuning to the MIDI file by ear and then double checking for accuracy with your electronic tuner. This lesson is divided into four parts:

Theory Technique - Left hand Technique - Right hand Music

Theory
Notes are named after the first seven letters in the alphabet. In order, they are: A-B-C-D-E-F-G

Between any two notes, except B - C and E - F, we also have a sharp and/or flat note. These are the symbols that are used to denote sharp and flat:

= sharp = flat

If we list the notes, again, and include the sharps and flats, we get: A - A#/Bb - B - C - C#/Db - D - D#/Eb - E - F - F#/Gb - G - G#/Ab - A

One important thing to notice is that X#/Xb is one note that has two names (The term used to describe this is ENHARMONIC). For example, A# is the exact same note as Bb. Sometimes, one name will be used, and sometimes the other name will be used. We will cover this in much greater detail in a later lesson. For now, it's only important that you know the names of the notes. Another thing to notice is that after G#/Ab We arrive at A again. This second A vibrates exactly twice as fast as the first A, and therefore, the ear tends to hear it as another version of the same note. The second A is called the OCTAVE of the first A. If we continue after the second A, we get A#/Bb an OCTAVE higher than the first, B an OCTAVE higher, C an OCTAVE higher etc., etc., until we get to A again. This A is two OCTAVES higher than the

first A. If we keep going, the whole pattern just repeats over and over until we can't get any higher on the instrument. (If you didn't run out of notes, you could keep right on going until the notes were so high that only a dog could hear them!) The same is true if you travel in the opposite direction. The pattern repeats until you run out of notes, or the neighbors call the cops (whichever comes first). Here's something to help you remember the sharps and flats. If you sharpen a pencil, you raise a point on it. Therefore, if you play A and then play the next higher note, you would call the second note A#. If you flatten a pop can, you mash it down. Likewise, if you play B and then play the next lower note, you would call the second note Bb. Remember that A# and Bb are the exact same note or ENHARMONIC. This may be a bit confusing but, youll get used to it. All you have to remember is A through G of the alphabet and a #/b note in between every two notes except B - C and E - F (there's no such note as B# or Cb, likewise, E# or Fb. There is an exception to this but, that's way down the road!). Now, the strings of the guitar are tuned E A D G B E from the lowest sounding to the highest sounding. What I have for you, is an exercise that uses the A-string to practice playing and naming the notes. Don't worry about the standard music notation right now. Just follow the TAB until you get the idea. Once you get the idea of the exercise, don't use the TAB either. You have to know this stuff by heart. The idea of this exercise is to start on the OPEN (if you just play the string without putting any finger down on it, its called OPEN) A-string and play each note, in order, up and down the string, while naming the note out loud to yourself. Don't worry about which left-hand fingers to use. Just use whatever seems comfortable. We'el start worrying about which fingers to use later.

It looks like this:

I only took the exercise up to the 12th fret but, you could keep going as high up the neck as possible before heading back down to the OPEN string. (Up and down directions on guitar ALWAYS refer to the pitch of the notes. If you go up the neck, you go from playing lower sounding notes to higher sounding notes. If you go down the neck, you go from playing higher sounding notes to lower sounding notes.) Once you can go up and down the A-string and name the notes (Don't worry about trying to remember exactly where each note is. That will come later. Just get the pattern of how the notes are named so that you know it by heart.), do the same thing on the other strings. If you start on the D-string (or any other string), the pattern is still the same. You're just starting in a different spot: D - D# - E - F - F# - G - G# - A - A# - B - C - C# - D

I left out the flats because I'm tired of typing them, but they're still there, just like before.

Guitar Lesson One - Left Hand Technique

For now, we will work each hand separately. When you're working on one hand, don't worry about how the other is doing it's job. Just concentrate on getting the hand you are working to do what it is supposed to. If you start right at the beginning and make yourself practice correct technique, you will NOT run into any of the road blocks that a lot of guitarists encounter after they have played for a few years. Most tend to learn the hard way. They opt for sloppy technique instead of spending the time and effort to get it right from start. I've seen this time and time again. A player reaches a certain level only to have to start back at the beginning and re-learn such things as hand position or picking. This is because improper technique will limit your ability to play like a "mother". In the beginning a player is usually more interested in learning to whip out a few cool songs, but when they try to step beyond that and really play, they find that they can't get the "high performance" that they need out of their hands. Technique is based on efficiency and economy. Correct positioning and use of the hands is essential in order to maximize your ability to get at the notes that you need to play. I can't stress this enough. Take the time to get it right. In the long run you'el save yourself a lot of back-tracking.

Left Hand: There are two basic left hand positions:

Classical (opens in new window)

Baseball bat (opens in new window)

The most versatile left-hand position is the classical position. This is the position we will concentrate on. The baseball bat position is very useful but also very limiting. It will come into play later when we deal directly with string bending, vibrato and certain chords. But, for now, the classical position will allow you to develop the ability to use all of your fingers with equal control and agility. Try this test: Place your thumb in the center of the back of the neck, as per the illustration for classical position. Now, spread your remaining fingers out as wide as you can (With a little practice and relaxation, you will eventually be able to cover 6 frets easily, without moving your hand!). While keeping your fingers spread, slowly move your thumb up and over the top of the neck until you have it hanging over the fingerboard, as in the baseball bat position. Notice what happens to the rest of your fingers. There's just no way to keep them spread out with the thumb hanging over the fingerboard. This fact limits your access to three or four frets at a time with little or no mobility if you flop your thumb over the top of the neck. Another way of thinking about position draws from driving a car. If you've ever taken a driver training course, the first thing they make you do is to put your hands on the wheel at 10 o'clock and 2 o'clock (10-2 position). This is the best hand position for being able to control the vehicle. Now, nobody in their right mind would go cruising for chicks using that hand position. You'd look like a dork. Instead, you slump down in the seat, crank the stereo and hang your elbow out the open window. Now, you look cool and the babes just can't resist. Right? (My apologies if you take me too seriously here) But, what happens if you're so busy watching for chicks that you find yourself about to get in a wreck? As a reaction, your hands will automatically go to 10-2. Or, have you ever seen a stock car racer whipping around the track at full speed without having both hands on the wheel?

When it comes to playing guitar, especially the rock star variety, nobody wants to look like a dork. So, a lot of players have the guitar hanging down at their knees and grab the neck in the manly, baseball bat fashion. But, with the possible exception of Steve Vai, most of the newer "high performance" players (as opposed to the older "cruisin' for chicks" variety) tend to wear their guitars no lower than waist level, and when they want to tear up the fretboard, sure enough, they pull their thumb back to the center of the neck and stretch their fingers out. Example
(opens in new window)

In order to make full use of the classical position, a few points must be observed. Notice in the illustration (opens in new window) that the knuckle where the index finger joins the hand is NOT touching the bottom of the neck. Many people, when first trying this hand position, WILL anchor this knuckle. Until you develop the musculature of the wrist and hand, it will feel as though you lack any strength in the classical position. Realize that it takes very little actual finger pressure to push the strings to the fret. Most of the tension that a beginner applies with the left hand is directed onto the fingerboard itself and has very little to do with actually fretting the note. To this end, bracing the hand against the neck at the first knuckle of the index finger gives one a feeling of having better leverage with which to "strangle" the guitar. This is unnecessary as, the muscles of the hand will develop in a very short amount of time (usually within the first two weeks). The thumb should be just a little higher than dead center on the back of the neck and directly in line with the middle finger. (If you take your left hand and

touch the tip of your middle finger to the tip of your thumb like those Indian Yoga people do when they meditate, you'el get the idea. Only, don't bend the knuckle of the thumb. Keep it hyperextended like when you push in a tack with your thumb.) Don't allow your thumb to point off to the side like you're hitchhiking as this will destroy the hands natural ability to apply pressure to the strings. Sitting or standing can make a difference in your ability to assume this hand position as well. When standing, you may need to adjust the length of your strap. If your guitar is too low, it forces you to have to bend your wrist way too much. I tend to wear mine at stomach level, but then, nobody (except my wife) ever tells me how cool I look. I do receive regular compliments on my playing, however. If you are sitting down, the most common thing to do is to rest your guitar on your right leg. When I first started playing, I found that, if I practiced this way, when I got together with my band, the guitar would be in a different position (I was now standing) and that I couldn't play all those things I was practicing. I started practicing with my guitar sitting on my left leg and propped my left foot up on a book like those classical guitar players do. It made a dramatic difference. Not only was my guitar in the same relative position as when I played standing up, I found that I was able to play things that seemed impossible before. Whew! There's a lot to consider, but details make a difference. What follows is an exercise for developing correct hand position and learning to use of all four fingers. Recall the exercise that I had you do in the section on theory. I had you play all the notes, in order, up and down a single string. We're going to do the same thing again only this time, we're going to go across the strings instead of up and down one string:

For the purposes of this exercise, the index finger will play any note on the 1st fret, the middle finger will play any note on the 2nd fret, the ring finger will play any note on the 3rd fret and the pinkie will handle notes on the 4th fret.

When playing ascending notes on a string, It's very important to keep any previous fingers that have played on that string holding their notes down. For example: If I play the F note at the 1st fret on the E-string with my index finger, I don't lift that finger off the string to play the F# with my middle finger. My index finger is still holding down the F note at the 1st fret. If I then play the G note at the 3rd fret with my ring finger, the index AND the ring will still be holding their notes down. The same goes if I then play the next note with the pinky. Now, all four fingers are holding down notes on the same string. This will most likely seem awkward until you gain sufficient coordination of the fingers. Keep practicing. It will come. Once you have completed all the fingers that are going to play on a given string, then and only then, do you RELEASE the fingers to play on another string. Notice the word RELEASE instead of lift. To RELEASE the fingers is to simply relax the muscles that are being used to hold the notes. If instead, you lift the fingers, you are applying an opposite set of muscles to do a separate and distinct action. This may sound like "nit-picking" but it is very important. Lifting the fingers instead of RELEASING the fingers is one of the greatest causes of undue tension in the left hand. What happens is that the lifting muscles kick in at the same time that the pressing muscles are trying to do their job. This causes isometric tension in the hand that will slow you down, tire the hand, lead to sore knuckles (personal experience) and generally inhibit you from whizzing around on the fingerboard. A tell-tale sign of this isometric tension is if you find your pinkie sticking way out there like those people who drink their tea in those tiny little cups, or if you use your pinkie to fret a note and your index finger goes sticking out. Relax, relax, relax! That's the key. If, on the other hand, you are descending on a given string, you don't have to worry about keeping your fingers down (that would be pretty hard to do any way), but you still must endeavor to keep the hand relaxed. Use only the amount of tension you need to play the notes cleanly (no buzzing or notes that won't stay ringing as long as you desire).

Guitar Lesson One - Right Hand Technique

For now, we will work each hand separately. When you're working on one hand, don't worry about how the other is doing it's job. Just concentrate on getting the hand you are working to do what it is supposed to. If you start right at the beginning and make yourself practice correct technique, you will NOT run into any of the road blocks that a lot of guitarists encounter after they have played for a few years. Most tend to learn the hard way. They opt for sloppy technique instead of spending the time and effort to get it right from start. I've seen this time and time again. A player reaches a certain level only to have to start back at the beginning and re-learn such things as hand position or picking. This is because improper technique will limit your ability to play like a "mother". In the beginning a player is usually more interested in learning to whip out a few cool songs, but when they try to step beyond that and really play, they find that they can't get the "high performance" that they need out of their hands. Technique is based on efficiency and economy. Correct positioning and use of the hands is essential in order to maximize your ability to get at the notes that you need to play. I can't stress this enough. Take the time to get it right. In the long run you'el save yourself a lot of back-tracking.

Right Hand: As far as how to hold the pick is concerned, There's really no "one way" to do it. Unlike the left hand, most people just do what comes natural. I hold my pick like this

(Yes, that's my hand stuffed into the scanner. It's a good thing we have a flatbed and not one of those that look like the wringer on those really old washing machines! Ouch!!). I pick from the wrist with my palm lightly resting on the strings. The angle of my arm insures that I'm not resting my palm on the string that I'm playing. picture
(opens in new window)

The most important thing about the picking hand is that it is as relaxed as possible without fear of dropping the pick ( I still drop mine once in a while). There are a lot of subtleties to the techniques that the right hand is required to perform. We will address these as they become important. For now, just hold the pick in whatever way feels comfortable, relax and concentrate on hitting the right string at the right time. Here's an exercise for your picking hand. It's good to practice this after your left hand gets worn out from doing the other exercises. You're not going to use your left hand at all, just the right hand picking the open strings. Below you will find a MIDI file that is just a steady click. What you are going to practice is note groupings in time with the click. This is the foundation of RHYTHM and TIMING. The exercise goes like this: Pick an open string (perhaps the B-string, but any string will do). Play the MIDI file. Using only down strokes of the pick try to hit the string at the exact

same time as the click. Try this with only up strokes, as well. Practice this until you can stay in near perfect sync with the click. Once you get that down, then you're going to play two notes for every click (think 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & etc...). These two notes must be evenly spaced. Later on, we'el work on uneven spacing of notes. Play these notes using ALTERNATE PICKING. That means that if you start with a down stroke on the first note, the second gets an up stroke then, down, up, down, up etc... Most people find starting with a down stroke to be most natural, but you need to be able to start with an up stroke as well. Practice both. When you get two notes per click down, then try four (think 1 e & a 2 e & a etc...). Again, you want to practice this starting with a down stroke AND starting with an up stroke. When you get to the point where you can easily play one, two or four notes per click, then practice going from one group to another without stopping: example

Here's the practice file: metronome

Guitar Lesson One - Music

Music This section of each lesson is entirely devoted to playing. Very little will be provided as to the "why's and wherefore's" of what you will be doing. This will be covered in future theory lessons. At this point, I just want you to learn the material and try to sound "musical" when playing it.

Anatomy of a chord diagram:

Below are 8 chords for you to learn. These 8 chords are often referred to as "the cowboy chords". This is because they are easy to play while riding a horse (hey...just foolin'). These chords are called "cowboy" chords because a billion songs have been written using these few simple chords. Many of these tunes are they type of song that you see somebody strumming while sitting around a camp fire in those old "cowboy" movies. But don't let that fool you. These are the "bread and butter chords" that EVERYBODY uses. If you don't know these chords, you can't call yourself a guitar player.

The chords:

The hardest part of playing chords is getting all of the notes in the chord to ring. The culprit is most often the finger that is trying to play a note on an adjacent string. That other finger will sometimes touch the string that won't ring and be the cause of your problem. The trick is to use the tips of the fingers and to make sure that each finger is touching only the string that it is holding a note on. Also, check to see that you are not playing any of the strings that do not have a circle. Practice each chord in the same manner as demonstrated in the MIDI files. Pick each string individually and then, strum the entire chord. Once you can play each chord correctly, then it's time to practice changing from one chord to another. The idea here is to change to another chord without stopping. Pick any two of the chords and practice changing from one to the other and then, back to the first. Try to play the chords in time with the

metronome MIDI. Strum once per click, four strums per chord. For now, just use down strums and concentrate on switching to the next chord and staying in time with the metronome. Once you can go from any chord to any other chord and stay in time, try stringing three or more chords together into CHORD PROGRESSIONS. Here are just a few possibilities:

DMaj - CMaj - GMaj - DMaj GMaj - CMaj - DMaj - GMaj EMaj - DMaj - AMaj - CMaj AMaj - EMaj - GMaj - DMaj Amin - Dmin - Emin - Amin Amin - Dmin - GMaj - CMaj Emin - Amin - DMaj - Emin

I'm sure you have noticed the Maj and min attached to each of the chord names. We will learn what this means in a later lesson. For now, all you need to keep in mind is that Maj chords sound bright and cheerful, while min chords sound dark and moody.

These chord progressions may not sound like your rockin' out, but there's a lot you can do with a few basic chords. If you add some rhythmic variation and a lead lick or two, youll be amazed. Youll probably have the best luck if you practice these chords with a clean sound on your amp with a bit of reverb. Once you get the chords down you can experiment with some distortion, but these chords don't always sound so good with a lot of distortion until you learn a few right and left hand techniques.

When it comes to playing OPEN POSITION chords, I will usually use the baseball bat hand position. This is so I can use my thumb over the top of the neck to keep the E and A-strings from ringing on the chords that don't require those strings. Best of luck!

Guitar Lesson Two

Begin by tuning your guitar using your electronic tuner. Check for accuracy by comparing the pitch of each string to tuning.mid. As you work on this lesson, try tuning to the MIDI file by ear and then double checking for accuracy with your electronic tuner.

This lesson is divided into four parts:

Theory Technique - Left hand Technique - Right hand Music

Theory
It's very important to know what notes you are playing at any given time. With practice, you will eventually reach a point where you can identify any note on any string at a glance. This may seem like a mammoth undertaking but, it is a lot easier than it may first appear. The notes on the fingerboard are laid out in a very logical and consistent manner with only one exception. This exception is the B-string. We will look at this inconsistency in greater detail in a moment. But first, let me show you something about the fingerboard. In lesson one, we discussed how the notes are named and practiced playing up and down one string at a time while naming the notes. We also learned the term OCTAVE. If you put these two pieces of information together, you will find that if you start on a given pitch and play up the string until you reach the OCTAVE, you will be exactly 12 frets higher than where you started. This means that 12 frets above any note on any string is a note with the same name ( It's important, at this point to make a distinction between NOTE and PITCH. NOTE refers strictly to the name of a given PITCH. If you play A, for

example, and then play A an OCTAVE higher or lower, you are playing the same NOTE [ it has the same name] Even though, "technically", you are playing two different PITCHES.). The fact that the two notes have the same NAME and that the ear can have trouble distinguishing the difference in PITCH makes these two notes interchangeable. To a certain extent, If you are required to play a given note, it makes little difference which OCTAVE you play. Now, take a look at the fingerboard on your guitar. You will notice that the 12th fret is clearly marked with two "fret dots" ( "Fret dots" is slang for the position markers that are inlaid into the wood of the fingerboard and along the edge of the neck at the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, and 21st fret.) The 12th is the only fret that is given the distinction of two dots (On guitars that have 24 frets, the 24th fret will also have two dots.). The distinct marking of the 12th fret provides us with an important visual reference point. This is the point at which the notes on the fingerboard begin to repeat. Recall that the open strings are tuned E, A, D, G, B, E, low to high. If you follow the above statements, you should now see that the notes at the 12th fret are also E, A, D, G, B, E. This means that you don't have to learn separate information to apply above the 12th fret. Anything you learn below the 12th fret will simply repeat itself above. This is true for chords, scales, licks, patterns and anything else you could imagine. The above information can also make it easier to identify the notes below the 12th fret. Let's say that you want to find F on the A-string. One method is to start with the open A and make your way up the fingerboard until you arrive at F (a distance of 8 frets!). If instead, you were to start at the 12th fret and work your way down the string, you will find the note much faster (5 frets). Now, let's say that you are playing the note at the 10th fret on the B-string and I ask you to tell me the name of the note you are playing. It should be obvious that the note you are playing is much closer to the 12th fret than it is to the open string. Therefore, it is an easy task to start at the 12th fret and work down the neck to the 10th fret and identify the note (E-MAIL the answer to me). Here are two more tools that will help you get the notes down: The first should be painfully obvious. The highest and the lowest string are both tuned to E. This means that the notes are laid out exactly the same on

both strings. At any given fret, you will find the same note on either of the two E-strings. The second is a powerful tool for learning to see the notes across the fingerboard as opposed to up and down a single string. In the diagram below, I have placed a square on the C note at the 8th fret of the Low E-string (It is common practice to refer to the two E-strings as Low E and High E). I have also placed a square on the OCTAVE C on the Dstring:

From this diagram we can see that the octave of C at the 8th fret of the low E is two strings over (towards the floor) and two frets up (towards the 12th fret). Watch what happens if we start with C at the 3rd fret of the A-string:

Again, we see the same pattern - two strings over, two frets up. Now understand, we could have used any note we wanted to and this relationship would be the same. I just picked C for the hell of it.

Now lets take a look at the B-string. The strings of the guitar are tuned in such a way that if you play the note at the 5th fret of any string (except the G-string) you will get the same note (and PITCH) as the next OPEN string. For example, if you play the note at the 5th fret of the low E-string you are playing A which of course is the note of the open A-string. If you play the note at the 5th fret of the A-string you get D. If you play the 5th fret of the D-string you get G. But, if you play the 5th fret of the G-string you get C instead of B. To get the B note you have to play the 4th fret instead. Yet, if you play the 5th fret of the B-string you DO get E, but because the B-string is "funny" it makes the Estring "funny" as well. What this means, for now, is that whenever the octave lands on the B-string or the E-string, It will be one fret higher ( the B-string is tuned one fret lower than all the strings before it and, since the E-string is tuned off of the Bstring, the E-string is one fret lower as well). Observe what happens if we plot the octave of the C at the 10th fret of the Dstring as well as, the C at the 5th fret of the G-string:

This tuning discrepancy is necessary for playing chords. If you were to tune the B and E-strings up one fret so that they match the rest of the strings, all of the chords that you learned in the last lesson would be very hard to play. Now, all you have to remember is 2 strings over, two frets up except when the octave falls on the B-string or the E-string where you get 2 strings over and 3 frets up. Your assignment is to locate and memorize every C note on the guitar below and above the 12th fret. Use the tools I have given you and don't be afraid to cue off of the fret dots. That's why they're on the neck in the first place!

Guitar Lesson Two - Left hand Technique

Left Hand: Unless I tell you otherwise, all left hand exercises use the classical hand position. Most of the left hand exercises that I give you in the beginning will not sound much like music. They are designed strictly to develop the muscles and coordination of the hand so that you *can* play music. This exercise focuses on using every combination of two fingers. It starts at the first fret of the low E-string using only the index and middle finger playing across the strings like this:

Notice that when you get to the high E-string, you don't reverse the order of the notes. You still play 1-2 on the way back down.

Just like the exercise in lesson one, the index finger plays any notes on the 1st fret, the middle finger handles the 2nd fret, the ring finger takes care of the 3rd fret and the pinky gets the 4th fret. With this in mind, I'm simply going to describe the rest of the exercise. Next comes the middle finger and the ring finger. Play 2-3 across the strings and back (remember you're now playing the 2nd and 3rd frets). Now 3-4 Then 1-3 Then 2-4 Finaly 1-4 This constitutes one set. Move up 1 fret so that your index is on the 2nd fret and repeat the whole thing. Keep doing a set and then moving one fret higher until you reach the 5th fret. Once you have finished the set at the 5th fret, you're going to turn everything upside down and backwards like this:

Remember that your index finger is at the 5th fret so, you should be using your pinky and ring for the example above (4-3). Now play 3-2 Then 2-1 Then 4-2 Then 3-1 Finaly 4-1 Now move down to the 4th fret and do it all again. Keep going until you get back to the 1st fret. Eventually you will be able to take this exercise all the way up to the 12th fret and back without stopping. You could try adding an extra fret or two every few days but don't try to rush your progress. It's important to let the left hand develop at it's own pace or you may begin to suffer tedonitis (personal experience). There's no need to hurry.

Guitar Lesson Two - Right Hand Technique

Right hand: The basis of good right hand picking technique revolves around strict ALTERNATE PICKING. This means that you pick either down-up down-up or up-down up-down no matter what note or string you are playing. What this offers is consistency. Once you have this consistency, other specialized meathods of picking can be very useful. But, without this consistency you will have a hard time utilizing more advanced technique. Alternate picking on one string is a pretty easy thing to accomplish. Alternate picking while changing strings is another matter, altogether. Maintaining strict alternate picking while changing strings is the single most neglected practice on the guitar. Most people tend to pretty much ignore the picking hand in favor of concentrating on what the left hand is doing. If you do that you are cutting off a good portion of what is possible with the guitar. This exercise focuses on changing strings while alternate picking. For the purpose of describing the exercise, I'm going to use the B-string and the E-string. Eventually you will want to work your picking hand on all the strings. What you will find is that as you reposition the hand to cover different combinations of strings you will be calling into play slightly different muscle groups. Therefore, it's important to work all positions. Begin by playing a down stroke on the B-string followed by an up stroke on the E-string. This is one of four combinations that you must master. The other three are: up stroke on the B-string followed by a down stroke on the E-string down stroke on the E-string followed by an up stroke on the B-string up stroke on the E-string followed by a down stroke on the B-string as you practice these combinations, accent (play a little harder) the first stroke of each group. This is important so that the ear doesn't get confused as to which note is first.

Guitar Lesson Two - Music

Music In this lesson, we are going to cover the single most important tool for playing rock guitar. It's called the POWER CHORD. More rock and roll songs are centered around POWER CHORDS than any other single ingredient of guitar playing. They look like this:

Notice that the ring finger is required to play two strings at once. This is called a BARRE (as in "belly up to the bar"). You accomplish this by flattening the finger across both strings at the same time. If you try to keep the index finger using only it's tip you will have a hard time playing this. So, just flatten out the index finger too. It doesn't matter (HEY! this is rock and roll). This chord is so cool that it can be moved around the fretboard at will, even to another set of strings (Just remember that if a note falls on the B-string or Estring, you have to move it up a fret. [If a note falls on the B-string and there's no one in the audience to hear it, does it still rock?]). Another thing. If you can't get your ring finger to play both of it's notes, forget about the note on the D-string and just play the notes on the E and A-strings. It doesn't get any more simple than this! Here's the riff for Iron Man by Black Sabbath:

Here's what it sounds like: Iron Man

Here's the riff for Cocaine by Eric Clapton:

Notice the red S over the /. This is a slide. What you do is play the note at the 7th fret with your ring finger and then slide that finger up the string to the ninth fret. Mess around with power chords, and see if you can come up with anything interesting.

Best of luck!

Guitar Lesson Three

Tuning MIDI

This lesson is divided into four parts

Theory Technique - Left Hand Technique - Right Hand Music

THEORY Although it might seem strange, (given the fact that the notes are named A through G) music theory centers around the key of C. Below is the CHROMATIC SCALE starting with C:

C - C#/Db - D - D#/Eb - E - F - F#/Gb - G - G#/Ab - A - A#/Bb - B - C

A SCALE is nothing more than a clever way to travel from octave to octave. The word CHROMATIC comes from chroma or color. Think of the chromatic scale (because it contains every note) as one that includes all the colors. Every other scale (there are hundreds of them) is constructed by selecting only certain notes from the chromatic scale. The chromatic scale is the model used for the concept of WHOLE-STEPS and HALF-STEPS (sometimes refered to as WHOLE TONE and SEMITONE).

A HALF-STEP is the distance between any two notes along the chromatic scale. If you play any note of the chromatic scale and then play the next higher note OR the next lower note, that is considered a HALF-STEP. A WHOLE-STEP is equal to the distance of two HALF-STEPS. Therefore, if you play any note of the chromatic scale and then play, not the next note, but, the note after that, you are executing a WHOLE-STEP. (C to C# is a half-step, C to D is a whole-step etc...) When applied to the guitar, half-step translates to the distance of one fret and whole-step to the distance of two frets. It makes no difference what the names of the notes are. The only thing that matters, is how far apart those notes are. (Understand that B and C are one fret apart as are E and F. these two pair of notes are therefore a half-step and not a whole-step. This is a common misunderstanding that beginning students have when first learning this concept. They assume that because there is no sharp or flat between those notes that they are a whole-step apart.) Now, before we continue, another definition: A note that is neither sharp nor flat is considered NATURAL. The symbol used to denote NATURAL looks like this:

NATURAL is understood rather than written most of the time. In other words, unless you see a # or b attatched to a note, that note is assumed to be NATURAL and therefore, does not require the use of it's symbol. (When dealing with standard music notation however, you will encounter the NATURAL SIGN quite frequently.) If you start on C and play only the NATURAL notes until you reach the octave, you will arrive at the notes of the C MAJOR SCALE:

C - D - E - F- G -A- B - C

(This is a good time to draw your attention to the word MAJOR. For reference sake music is divided into different catagories based on sound quality. Those things that are labeled MAJOR have a certain sound quality to them. This will be covered in great detail as we go along. For now, when you encounter such names as MAJOR, MINOR, DOMINANT, DIMINISHED or AUGMENTED don't worry about what they mean. This knowlege will come in time. All you need to understand at this point, is that these names refer to what I call FAMILIES OF SOUND.) Now, if we look at the whole-steps and half-steps between each note of the C MAJOR SCALE, we find this pattern:

W-W-H-W-W-W-H

This pattern of whole-steps and half-steps is the single most important part of understanding music theory. Know it well. Your theory assignment for this lesson is to map out the notes of the C major scale up and down each of the individual strings. Here is what the high E-string looks like:

Notice the use of a Square on the eighth fret. This is a common visual aid for indicating the ROOT NOTE of a scale. ROOT NOTE means the note that the scale is based upon. Remember that we built our scale starting on C. Therefore, the ROOT NOTE of the scale is C and the sound of the scale is MAJOR.

When first learning a scale, It's important to start AND stop on the ROOT NOTE. This is so you learn to hear how all of the notes in the scale RESOLVE to the root. Try this experiment. Click on the MIDI file below and, while it's playing, do the following:

Play the root note several times. Notice that it sounds right at home. Slowly, play the note above the root (D) twice, the note below the root (B) twice and then play the root and let the note ring. Notice that the D and B sound TENSE or unsettled and the C RESOLVES that TENSION. Play the scale, slowly, from the C at the 8th fret up to the C at the 20th fret. (Be sure not to hit any wrong notes or you won't hear what I'm getting at) Notice how all the notes you play seem to naturally lead to the C at the 20th fret. Slowly, play the scale back down to the C at the 8th fret. Again the notes seem to lead to the C. Play the scale up to the 20th fret, again but, this time, pause on the B at the 19th fret for a moment. Then play the C at the 20th fret. Notice how "unfinished" the scale sounds when you pause on the B and how "complete" the scale sounds when you finally play the C. Play the scale back down to the B at the 7th fret and pause for a moment. Then play the C. Again notice how "unfinished" it sounds when you pause on the B. This is called TENSION. Notice how "complete" it sounds when you finally play the C. This is called RESOLUTION.

Pedal tone MIDI

From this experiment, you should realize how important TENSION and RESOLUTION are to creating music. Now, go ahead and figure out the C major scale on the remaining strings. Don't worry about going across the strings (like you're doing with your finger exercises). Just play up and down the strings one at a time. Once you have a fair idea of where the notes are on one string, play the MIDI file and practice going up and down the entire length of the fingerboard while

listening to the sound that you are creating (If you ever sang do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do in grade school, you're now playing the same thing on your guitar). Then, go on to the next string. Playing up and down the scale is good practice but, it's not really making music. Let's make some music! Below is a MIDI of a CHORD PROGRESSION in the key of C major. Pick a string and, play along with the file using the C major scale. Don't just play up and down the scale. Instead, try jumping around to different spots in the scale and see if you can come up with anything that sounds interesting. Now, it's inevitable that you are going to hit some wrong notes. Don't worry about it. If you lose your place too badly just stop for a second and start over. Also, If you can hear that you are hitting wrong notes, it's a good indication that you are developing an ear for what the scale is "supposed" to sound like. You're not going to sound like Eddie Van Halen right away but, as a teacher I once had used to say, "All of the masters were born shitting in a diaper, just like you. The only thing that separates you from them is practice." Have fun, be adventurous and play like you mean it!

Guitar Lesson Three - Left hand Technique

Left Hand: The instrument of greatest expression and freedom is the human voice (so they say). From the beginning, instrumentalists have sought to mimic the voice's ability to communicate. To this end, each instrument has a body of techniques called ARTICULATION. ARTICULATION is how you play (voice) a note, eg., loud, soft, plucked, smashed with a 2" x 4", etc... On the guitar, there are many ways to ARTICULATE the notes you are playing (picking each one, for example). Three such techniques are SLIDE, HAMMER, and PULL (sounds a bit like carpentry. Maybe that's where Paul Gilbert got the idea to use a pick mounted on a power drill. HEY! Put down that chain saw!) SLIDE: Sliding from one note to another is probably the easiest left hand technique in existence. It is also one of the most useful: Choose any note you like on any string. Then choose a second note on the same string. Now, instead of stopping the first note, moving to the second and then picking that note, keep the first note ringing and simply slide your left hand finger (the one that's playing the note) along the string to the second note. It doesn't matter if the second note is higher or lower. That's it! If you slide only one or two frets, it's called SLUR (think of a drunk trying to talk). If you slide a whole buncha' frets it's called GLISSANDO (think of wearing socks while walking across freshly waxed linoleum). HAMMER: Hammer (sometimes called HAMMER ON) is another technique for creating a SLUR (not picking the note) effect.

To execute a hammer, play a note with your index finger (you could also use the ring or middle but, ya gotta start somewhere) and while the note is ringing, bring your ring, middle or pinky finger down on a higher note with enough force to cause the new note to sound. The second note will have to be one that is within reach of the first. The exception to this is when you play an open string. In this case you are not required to hold down the first note (it's an open string) which gives you the luxury of hammering a second note anywhere along the lenght of the string. You can also use one or more fingers of your right hand (called "finger tapping" or "right hand tapping") or the pick itself to HAMMER notes that are out of reach for the left hand. Now, once you have executed a hammer, you don't have to stop there. You can hammer a second or even a third note provided that you have any finger left to do so. (If you throw your right hand into the mix, things can get really crazy!) Technically, it's only possible to hammer a note that is higher than the one you're playing and on the same string. In reality, because of amplification, the electric guitar is sensitive enough to allow you to hammer any note anywhere at any time. (provided, of course, that you can get your hands to cooperate) You can even hammer entire chords! (Stanley Jordan made a whole career out of playing with both hands on the fingerboard like he was playing a piano.) PULL: The opposite of hammer is pull (sometimes called PULL OFF). The technique for "pulling off" a pull off is not just lifting the finger, however. You have to pull the finger off the note slightly sideways (towards the floor) so that the finger tip catches the string and sort of "plucks" it. Again, because of amplification, the amount of "pluck" that you have to do is minimal.

Try this experiment: Play the C at the 8th fret on the high E-string with your index finger. Now, without picking the string agian, hammer your ring finger onto the D at the 10th fret. Now, pull off back to the C. Isn't this fun? If you were to continue hammering and pulling these two notes you would be playing a TRILL.

Your left hand exercise for this lesson is to incorporate HAMMERS, PULLS and SLIDES as you play along with:

chord progression

For the purpose of "learning", any note other than C, D, E, F, G, A, or B is WRONG. (no exceptions) When it comes to "playing", the only WRONG note is one that you didn't intend to play.

Guitar Lesson Three - Right hand Technique

RIGHT HAND Once a player learns to use a lot of hammers and pulls, They are in danger of developing HEINEKEN HAND. This is where your right hand does little more than hold your beer. In order to avert this possible crisis, we are going to explore one of the ways (besides just picking the notes) that the right hand applies ARTICULATION.

MUTING: Muting has two functions: 1. To keep the strings that you're not playing from making any sound (especially at high volume) 2. To slightly dampen the sound of the notes that you are playing (essential if you're playing with tons o' distortion) Function 1 will be the subject of future lessons. Function 2 is what we're going to explore in this lesson.

PALM MUTE is a technique whereby, you place the edge of your right palm (the part you would do a "Karate chop" with) lightly on the strings between the BRIDGE (see Guitar Anatomy) and the BRIDGE PICKUP (the pickup nearest the bridge) in order to make single notes more distinct and your power chords more "chunky". Start by resting your right hand on the bridge itself, and while keeping that hand anchored to the bridge, play a few power chords using the E and Astrings. Now, try moving your right hand onto the strings a little ways and play a few more chords. What your after is to move the hand onto the strings just enough to dampen them a little without causing them to go dead. You'll have to experiment with

how far onto the strings you place your hand. Every guitar has a "sweet spot" for muting. When you find that spot, you'll find that your power chords really come to life. With practice, you'll learn to move your picking hand up and down along the bridge in order to cover whatever group of strings you're playing power chords on. When it comes to muting strings while your playing a lead solo, You'll need a lot of control with the right hand. (Check out Al Di Meola's Elegant Gypsy album if you want to hear a master of muting at work.) Below is the beginning of Just What I Needed by the cars. The tricky part is to go from the muted single notes to the un-muted chords and back again. Just hold the power chord like you normally would with the left hand. With the right hand, mute the A-string and be sure to only pick that string for the single notes. Then lift the picking hand off of the strings for the un-muted chords. [Use all down-strokes with the pick.] (the left hand doesn't have to do anything different except that when you play the muted notes, relax your ring finger so that the D and G-strings will stop ringing) Turn the gain down a bit on the lead channel of your amp until you get just enough distortion for some "crunch" and try not to look too much like an '80s leftover as you play it:

If its not obvious, all notes and chords that have the RED LINE over them are muted and those without are not muted.

I'm just a "new wave" kinda guy! (jwin.mp3)

Guitar Lesson Three - Music

Music Below, is a diagram of our old friend, the power chord:

Notice that I have gone to the trouble to put the notes that are being played at the bottom of the diagram. You know from the last lesson, that the C on the Dstring is merely the OCTAVE of the C on the E-string and is, therefore, entirely optional. If we leave the note off, we get this:

Now, before you decide that things can't get much more simple, let me show you a concept known as INVERSION. INVERSION simply means turning something upside down or playing it backwards.

When you invert a chord it means that you no longer use the ROOT (in this case, C) as the lowest note in the chord. Since a power chord has only two different notes, they are very easy to invert:

The left hand technique for playing this guy is to take a finger (any one you like) and flatten it across both strings. If you want to play another one, you can use a different finger or keep the same finger and just move to the new position.(Now that's easy!) An inverted power chord doesn't have quite the same sound as a normal power chord. Therefore, they are used a little differently and are not always interchangable. Below is the opening of Smoke On The Water by Deep Purple, using regular power chords:

And, here's an MP3 of Ritchie Blackmore with Deep Purple: Smoke On The Water

If you listen closely, you'll hear that it doesn't quite sound the same (I'm not talking about whether or not YOU sound like Ritchie Blackmore. I'm refering to the sound of the chords you are using.) There are two things that he does to get the sound you hear (besides playing a Strat through a Marshall stack). The first is, instead of picking the notes, use the middle and ring fingers of your right hand to "pluck" the notes like a classical guitar player would. (another form of right hand ARTICULATION) The second involves playing INVERTED power chords on the D and Gstrings. Here is the correct way to play Smoke On the Water:

Here's Balls To The Wall by Accept which uses INVERTED power chords on the A and D-strings with an ocassional note on the E-string to fill out the riff. (This can be tricky for the right hand. practice it slowly until you get a "feel" for it.):

The red line with the S over it means to play the note at the 12th fret of the Astring and immediately slide your hand down the string. Keep the string pressed down to the fingerboard, so that you get a nifty sort of airplane sound. Here's an MP3: Balls To The Wall

Finally, here's another '70s relic, Ted Nugent's Cat Scratch Fever, currently being brought back from the grave by Pantera:

As to the BEND and RELEASE (marked B and R) in the first and last measures, just slap your ring finger across the G and B-strings at the 4th fret, pick the notes, then pull both strings toward the floor so the notes go up in pitch slightly and then immediately relax the hand enough to allow the notes to return to their original pitch. You only pick once. It sounds like this: Cat Scratch fever

Take your time with this lesson. There's a lot of stuff here that is really important. And remember, always go forward, never go straight.

Guitar Lesson Four

Tuning MIDI

This lesson is divided into six parts:

Tuning Theory Part I Theory Part II Technique - Left hand Technique - Right hand Music

Tuning The nature of the guitar is such that, it requires frequent tuning. To this end, we will, in the next few lessons, explore not only the process of tuning itself, but also, the historic and scientific basis for the pitches that are currently accepted as "in tune". The easiest and probably the more reliable meathod of tuning for the beginner is to use an electronic tuner. These gadgets take a lot of the "guess-work" out of tuning, but they are really only the first step to insuring a properly tuned instrument. The next step is to learn to tune your guitar "by ear". At first, the process of tuning by ear can seem like an impossible undertaking. But, with a bit of practice and a lot of attention paid to detail, tuning by ear will become an indespesable tool for "fine-tuning" your instrument. First, let's look at a graphic representation of a sound wave:

The distance from one PEAK to the next is called a CYCLE. The number of cycles per second determines the PITCH (how high or low) of the sound. The term used to denote cycles per second is HERTZ or Hz. (Remember: The educated guitarist "does it 'till it Hertz") Now, if we look at two sound waves that are out of tune with each other, it would look like this:

The sections marked A are where the two waves are IN PHASE whereas, the section marked B is OUT OF PHASE. When two waves are in phase, they reinforce each other, which causes an increase in VOLUME (how loud or soft), and when they are out of phase, the two waves try to cancel each other out, which causes a decrease in volume. This alternating between in and out of phase causes an audible pulsating effect called a BEAT. The farther out of tune the two waves are, the faster the beat. Listen to this example: OUT OF TUNE (wave1.mp3) Notice the pulsating effect that sounds like a "wha-wha-wha" as the two strings ring together.

Now listen to this example: STILL OUT OF TUNE(wave2.mp3) Notice that the BEAT is quite a bit slower. This is because the two strings are closer in pitch than in the previous example. Now, listen to two strings that are perfectly in tune: IN TUNE(wave3.mp3) Notice that the BEAT has completely disappeared. Here is an example of two strings that are out of tune, slowly being brought to perfect tune: NOW YOU HEAR IT, NOW YOU DON'T(wave4.mp3)

In order to achieve great success with tuning by ear, you must become very familiar with the BEAT. Here, there is simply no substitute for "hands-on" experience. So, let's get started.

General Tips There are many different methods for tuning the guitar. We will cover the specifics of a few of the better methods in a moment, but first, let's look at some general guidlines that apply to any tuning method.

Reference pitch: All methods of tuning, except for the use of an electronic tuner, require that you have a reference pitch to tune at least one string to. There are many ways to get a reference pitch, such as:

Electronic tuner - Use the tuner to tune one string, and then, tune the rest of the strings by ear.

Another instrument - This could be a piano, keyboard, another guitar or any other instrument that playes pitches. You will, most probably, encounter this as you get out and play with other musicians. Your own instrument - You can assume that at least one of the strings on your guitar is in tune, and tune the rest of the strings from there. Very rarely (unless you drop your guitar on the floor) will all of the strings on your guitar be out of tune at once. If you play a few familiar chords, you can usually determine that most of the strings are in tune and one or two are out. Once you determine which strings need to be tuned, you can tune them off of the strings that are in tune. Tuning fork or pitchpipes - Tuning forks provide an extremely accurate reference whereas pitchpipes are practically worthless. You get what you pay for. Off the record - When it comes to trying to play along with a recording, you will have to isolate a reference pitch from the recording itself. Often, it's easier to listen to the bass guitar to find a reference. Misc. - I've heard of all manner of references being used, including the dial tone on the telephone. One guy that I read about in a magazine even tuned his guitar to the 60 cycle hum caused by electricity. (It has been determined by "those on high" that the A above middle C shall, henceforth, vibrate at none other than 440 Hz. 60 Hz, therefore, yields a pitch that is, roughly, halfway between B and Bb.)

Slowly, Slowly, Slowly: It's important to go slowly and really listen for the beat. Let the strings ring together, and when you hear the beat, slowly bring the out of tune string to pitch. If you go too fast, you'll invariably over-shoot your destination and have to start all over again. I can't stress this point enough. A lot of people will check the pitch of the two string, reach over and tweak the tuner, then check the pitches again. This is like playing darts while wearing a blindfold. You have to allow the two strings to ring together, and LISTEN to the beat WHILE you SLOWLY turn the tuning machine. The whole trick to tuning by ear is to hear the beat slow down and finally stop. Otherwise, you'll be trying to guess whether you're in tune or not. Allow the strings to ring together WHILE you tune: This is an extension of the last point. In order to accomplish this feat, you'll need to get in the habit of using your picking hand to turn the tuners and not your fretboard hand. Always tune UP to a pitch: Due to the mechanical nature of the tuning machine itself, if you tune down to a pitch, there will be a micro-amount of slack left between the gears of the tuner. This slack will work itself out as you play, and you'll soon find yourself out of tune again. It can be difficult enough to keep your guitar in tune without adding to the problem. Also, the ear has an

easier time hearing a pitch that is slightly low than it does one that is slightly high. It's a good idea to intentionally tune the string low and then bring it UP to pitch. Didn't you ever wonder why it's called tuning up? 60 cycle hum: As I mentioned above, electricity hums away at 60Hz, which is between B and Bb. This means, that everything from lighting fixtures to your computer screen and even your guitar amp is buzzing at this frequency while you are trying to tune. There's really nothing you can do but attempt to minimize the effects of this situation. For example, if you have an electric fan running, you may have to shut it off, or if you're sitting in front of your computer, turn the monitor off while you tune etc... Other stuff: Even if you are carefull to follow all of these guidelines, You may still find it impossible to get your guitar to play in tune. There are a few contributing factors:

Dead strings - Strings don't last forever. Over time, they begin to lose their ability to vibrate true. If you can't get your guitar to tune up properly, and it's been a while since you changed your strings, It is most probably time to do so. String guage - For the most part, the heavier the string, the more accurately it will play. At the very least, I strongly recommend that you use no lighter than a .010 through .046 set on electric and a .012 through .053 set on acoustic. Any lighter and you will find it difficult to get the G-string to ring true. Intonation - The part of the BRIDGE that the strings rest on is called the SADDLE. Most electric guitars have an individual saddle for each string (acoustic guitars, generally do not) that needs to be adjusted to compensate for the amount of pressure you use to hold down the strings when you play. If these saddles are not properly adjusted, you will find that, as you play higher up the neck, your guitar sounds increasingly out of tune. This adjustment is very simple to make and requires only that you have a screwdriver and an electronic tuner. (If you don't have a tuner, any guitar shop will, generally, be glad to make the adjustment for a small fee.) The process is as follows: o Using an electronic tuner, tune the string via the HARMONIC at the 12th fret. (To play a harmonic, lightly touch the string directly over the fret. Don't push the string down, just touch it. If you are touching the string directly over the fret as you pick it, you'll get a bell-like chime called a HARMONIC.) Make sure to tune the harmonic as accurately as possible, or any adjustment you make will not be correct. Once you have the harmonic in tune, play the fretted note at the 12th fret, and compare it's pitch (using the tuner) to the pitch of the harmonic. If the fretted note and the harmonic are exactly the same pitch, no adjustment

needs to be made to that string. If the fretted note is higher than the harmonic, it means that the length of the string is too short, and the saddle needs to be moved toward the bridge end of the guitar to make the string longer. If, on the other hand, the fretted note is lower in pitch than the harmonic, it means that the string is too long, and the saddle needs to be moved closer to the neck to shorten the length. Make only small adjustments to the saddle at first, then re-tune the harmonic and check the fretted note to see if you need to make more adjustment. In time, you will develop a "feel" for how far you need to move the saddle to make the proper adjustment. Follw the same process for each string. It's a good idea to make this adjustment when you first put on fresh strings, as new strings will be the most accurate for pitch. Now, if you can't move the saddles far enough, you will probably have to turn your guitar over to a competent repair person and let them see what they can do.

Too much left hand pressure - How hard you push the strings to the fingerboard, as well as, whether you have a tendency to push or pull on the strings as you fret them, will have a huge impact on your ability to play in tune. I've seen guitars that have been played so hard that the strings have worn notches in the frets and grooves in the fingerboard. It's very important, not only for intonation, but also for speed and fluidity, that you endeavor to keep the left hand loose and relaxed. It actually takes very little pressure to hold the strings down, but requires proper left hand developement. This is accomplished by following the guidelines I have laid out in lesson one regarding left hand position and finger placement.

Tuning Methods 5th fret: This is the most common "by-ear" meathod of tuning, due to the fact that it is the only method that utilizes the UNISON (two notes of the exact same pitch ringing together). Let's assume that your low E-string is in tune. Now, play the A note at the 5th fret of the E-string, and use that note to tune the A-string itself. The rest of the strings, except when tuning the B-string, are exactly the same. The 5th fret of the A tunes the D, the 5th fret of the D tunes the G, The 4th fret of the G tunes the B and the 5th fret of the B tunes the high E.

Octave: Tune the low E-string. Now tune the E at the 7th fret of the A-string to the open E-string. Then, tune the 7th fret of the D-string to the open A, the 7th fret of the G to the open D, The 8th fret of the B to the open G, and the 7th fret of the high E to the open B. I use this one to double check my tuning. Harmonics (good): Tune the high E. Now tune the harmonic at the 12th fret of the B to the 7th fret of the high E, the 12th fret harmonic of the G to the 3rd fret of the high E, the 12th fret harmonic of the D to the 3rd fret of the B, the 12th fret harmonic of the A to the 2nd fret of the G, and the 12th fret harmonic of the low E to the 2nd fret of the D. This is the meathod I use to tune an acoustic guitar. Harmonics (bad): You will inevitably run into a lot of people who use this one, so I'm going to lay it out for you, even though, it will leave your guitar out of tune. In the next lesson, I will provide you with a short discourse on harmonic overtones which will explain why this method is bad. So, why does everyone use this method? In a word, it's easy. Of all the tuning methods that I have ever seen, this one makes it the easiest to hear the beat. I suppose you could say that guitar players tend to be very lazy, so many of them choose ease over accuracy. Here goes: Tune your low E. Then tune the harmonic at the 7th fret of the A to the harmonic at the 5th fret of the E. Tune the 7th fret harmonic of the D to the 5th fret harmonic of the A, and the 7th fret harmonic of the G to the 5th fret harmonic of the D. To tune the B, you have to use one of the other meathods like the 5th fret or octave. Once the B is in tune, tune the 7th fret harmonic of the high E to the 5th fret harmonic of the B. Power chords: Power chords are second only to unisons and octaves for being the most "in tune" thing that you can play on the guitar. Start by tuning your low E. Then play some power chords using the E and A-strings up and down the neck, and tune the A-string so that it sounds right. Thats all there is to this one. Play power chords on all other pairs of strings, and just remember which string is in tune and which needs to be adjusted. Also, remember that the B-string is tuned a fret lower than the other strings. So, when you play a power chord using the G and B-strings, the notes have to be 3 frets apart instead of 2. One final point: You don't have to start with one method and stick to that method only. I tend to "mix and match" from all the above methods (and a few more) on any given pair of strings, in order to really "nail" accurate tuning.

Guitar Lesson Four - Theory Part I

PART I With this lesson, we are going to begin an exploration into written music. While it is not essential to be able to read music in order to play music, the ability to do so will have great impact on your total musical understanding. The ability to read will also avail you of vast amounts of music that you may not have any other means to access, as well as, allow you to put your own ideas "down on paper". There are two distinct forms of written guitar music, STANDARD NOTATION (or just plain "music" for short...as in , "Hey, do I really have to learn to read music?") and TABLATURE NOTATION (aka. tab). Both forms are very useful, and each has its strong points and its weak points. Tabulature First, let's take a look at TABLATURE:

I'm assuming that you already know the basics of reading tab. If not, check the lesson about it at the end of the book. Tab's strong point is that it is easy to read. Each line represents a string on the guitar, and the numbers tell you exactly where to put your fingers. This makes tab a good choice for notating the position on the guitar neck where the music should be played. Tab's weak point is that the notation doesn't tell you anything about rhythm. There is no indication as to how long each note should be played before playing the next note. Now, the example above might sound like this: Tab Example

I stress might because, as I stated, tab notation does not define how long you should hold each note before playing the next. In order to provide this information, many authors go to the trouble of providing text along with the tab that is supposed to make the rhythm more clear. The problem with providing such aid is that in order to interpret the hints, you must already have a firm grasp of note values, time signatures and measures. This knowledge adds up to about 50% of what is required to read standard notation. So, it stands to reason that, in order to fully utilize tab, you need to understand how to read standard notation. Standard Notation Standard notation is a fairly complex way of "writing" music. Just like playing guitar, it takes a lot of practice to learn to "read music", but my goal is not to try and give you a "complete education". Instead, my aim is to teach you "just enough to get by". The rest is up to you. Just like tab, Standard notation has strong points and weak points. The strongest point is that standard notation shows you exactly what the music SOUNDS like (tab shows you where to play the notes only). The weakest point is probably a "toss up" between having to memorize a great many symbols and the fact that standard notation doesn't show you exactly "where to play the notes" (that's where tab comes in handy). Let's take a look.

First, I want you to imagine a series of lines and spaces that represent all the possible notes that could ever be played. It might look something like this:

Now, imagine that, instead of showing all the lines at once, we were to take only five at a time. This is called a STAFF:

The first thing we need, is something to let us know which five lines of the original diagram we are looking at. For this purpose, we have what is called the CLEF. Here is what the three most commonly used clefs look like:

Treble or G cleff Tenor or C cleff Bass or F cleff

Let's insert the TREBLE CLEF:

TREBLE means high, so the treble clef is used to notate pitches in the high register. The treble clef is also called the G CLEF. This is because the line that the cleff curls around is used to denote the pitch G. Now, let's take a look at the tenor and bass cleffs:

TENOR stands for middle, so the tenor clef is used to notate pitches in the middle range. The tenor clef is also called the C CLEF. The cleff's pointer is on the line that is used to denote C. BASS means low, so the bass clef is used to notate pitches in the lowest register. The bass clef is also known as the F CLEF. The cleff's two dots are above and below the line used to denote the pitch F. You won't run into the tenor clef very often (unless you want to read some cello music or trombone music), so we are going to concentrate on the treble and bass clefs. Now, once a clef is in place, we can determine the rest of the pitches from there:

A staff with the bass cleff looks like this:

Notice, that in both cases, that the pitches go from low to high, in order, and start on the first or bottom line. Notice, also, that the spaces between the lines are also used.

The order of the pitches, from low to high, never changes, regardless of which cleff is used, but you will notice, that which particular pitches are on each line and space does change. Therefore, it is important that you commit the arrangements of the pitches, for each clef, to memory. Now, look, again, at the treble staff, and notice that the lines, from low to high, are E G B D F. An easy way to remember this is to say, " Every Good Boy Does Fine." If we do the same for the bass staff, we get G B D F A, or "Grizzly Bears Do Ferocious Acts. So, what if we need notes that are higher or lower than our staff allows? We use what is called LEDGER LINES. Ledger lines can extend outside of our staff, as low or high as we need them to:

Remember, both the lines and the spaces between the lines are used, and the notes are always in order (F G A B etc... or E D C B etc...). Also, keep in mind, that, unlike TAB, the lines of the staff do not represent the strings of the guitar. They represent pitches. It's up to you to find those pitches on your guitar. Now, if we were to look at music somewhat geometrically, we could say that it contains vertical movement, as well as, horizontal movement. The vertical movement would be the pitches rising and falling. The horizontal movement would be how those pitches are aranged over time, or RHYTHM. In order to notate rhythm, we need some frame of reference. For this, we have what is called a MEASURE. If we divide the length of our staff into two measures, it would look like this:

A measure is defined by a BAR LINE. Because of that, often times, musicians will refer to a measure as a bar, as in, "play me a 12-bar blues". Now, think of a measure as a section of time. We can fill up our section of time any way we see fit. We can even leave it empty if we choose. However we decide to deal with our section of time, though, we need a way to mark this passage of time. There are three tools that help us do this: TIME SIGNATURE - The time signature is a fraction that you will find at the begining of a piece of music. Some of the more commonly used time signatures include: 4/4, 2/4, 3/4, 6/8, 12/8, 2/2 etc... The top number tells us how many BEATS will be in each measure. (This is not the same BEAT as we discussed in the tuning section. This beat has to do with how many times you tap your foot, how many clicks of the metronome, how many times the conductor hits you over the head with his little white stick etc...) If the top number is 4, for example, it means that you must play everything within a single measure in the space of four beats. The bottom number tells us which NOTE VALUE is equivalent to one whole beat. This will make more sense in a moment. NOTE VALUES - Notes on the staff are represented by a group of predefined symbols, as follows:

Whole note Half note Quarter note Eighth note

Sixteenth note

There are notes smaller than the sixteenth note pictured above. In fact, my notation software will draw notes as small as 1/128, but we'll just deal with these five, for now. TEMPO - To put it simply, this is how fast you tap your foot.

Now, before we attempt to apply these three tools to our staff, I want you to take a moment and imagine that you have just won one of those contests, where you get to run through a department store, as fast as you can, and whatever you can grab is yours for free. Usually, you have a set time limit to make your run through the store. Let's call that TEMPO. You also have to consider the size of your shopping cart (TIME SIGNATURE) and the size of the packages (NOTE VALUES), in order to determine how much looting you can get away with. If you follow this analogy, it stands to reason that, depending on the size of your shopping cart (how many beats allowed in a measure vs. which note value is equal to one beat) and the amount of time you are given (more time = slower tempo, less time = faster tempo), you could fit a lot of candy bars (small note value), or a few small appliances (large note value) in your cart, but a refrigerator might be a waste of effort (note value is too large). On the other hand, if you go for the candy bars, you might not be able to grab all those little suckers (note value too small) fast enough to walk away with more than enough to give you a belly ache, before your time is up (tempo too fast). Oh well, maybe they'll let you keep the cart (Ain't it impressive the way the new song that I wrote uses some bitchen time signatures?). Okay, let's see if we can put this all together. First, we'll insert a time signature:

If we use a different time signature, we change the size of the measure:

If it's not obvious, the note values work like this: A whole note has the same time value as two half notes. ($1 is worth two 50 cent pieces) A half note has the same time value as two quarter notes. (50 cents will buy you two quarters) So on and so forth... If we have a measure with a time signature of 4/4, we can fill that measure with four quarter notes (in 4/4, a quarter note gets one beat, and there are four beats per measure), one whole note (four quarters = $1), or any combination that is equal to four beats, relative to the time signature. All that is required to understand time signatures and note values is simple math. Think of an apple pie (whole note). If you were to cut it exactly down the middle, you would have two pieces that are the same size that, together, are equal to the whole pie (half notes). If you cut the two pieces in half, you would have four equal size pieces (quarter notes). You could keep cutting the pie into smaller and smaller pieces, until the pieces were are too small to cut anymore. But, if your mother told you that you had better not eat any of that pie she just baked, you would have to have all the pieces together to convince her that the whole pie was still there (you just hacked it into tiny pieces in the name of art).

It's the same with our measure. We have to put enough notes in it to fill up all the beats. It doesn't matter how big or small the pieces are. They just have to add up to a whole pie. So, what do we do with something like 6/8? The formula is the same. We just have a different size of pie dish. 6/8 means that you have 6 beats in a measure and the 1/8 note is equal to one beat. So we could fill up our measure with six 1/8 notes, or three 1/4 notes, or one 1/2 note and two 1/8 notes etc... But, watch out for the refrigerator! A whole note is worth eight 1/8 notes. That means that it is too big to fit in a measure that will only hold six 1/8 notes, and nobody wants to get stuck hanging on to a refrigerator. So what's the deal with all this note value and time signature stuff anyway? The note values tell us how long to keep a note ringing, after we play it, and the time signature defines what size of note values we can use to fill up our measure. That sounds good "on paper", but what does it all mean in the "real world"? Below is a measure in 4/4 time that is filled with quarter notes:

Just like TAB, Standard notation is read from left to right. If you see notes arranged horizontally, as in the example above, they are played in succession. If, however, the notes are stacked vertically, you would play them simultaneously (all notes that occure on the same part of the beat are played at the same time). Now, each note must be played for it's full value (we'll deal with empty spaces later), which means that you have to let each note ring until you play the next. I want you to play the above example. Here's how: Start by tapping your foot at a nice comfortable TEMPO. Once you have a tempo established, begin to count your foot taps out loud. Count 1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4 etc... What you are doing is sectioning out your beat to match the

top number of the time signature. Be sure to say the number at the same time as your foot is tapping, not before or after. Now, recall that the lines of a treble clef staff are Every Good Boy Does Fine, bottom to top. That makes the note I have put on our staff an A note. For now, use the A note at the second fret of your G-string ( we'll figure out how to determine which A that space represents later). While you tap your foot and count, play the A note one time each for 1 2 3 4. Be sure to let each note ring until you play the next and that you play each note right in time with your foot tapping and counting. What you just played should sound like this (playit.mp3) You may have played it at a different tempo, but the quality and eveness of the notes is what are important. Let's try some different note values:

Remember that a half note is equal in time to two quarter notes, so you have to hold each one out for two full counts. In other words, you play the first note when you count one and let it continue to ring all the way through until you play the next note, on the third beat. This second note has to ring until you count through the forth beat, and ends when you get to one again. If we were to put a whole note on the staff, you would have only one note (whole note = four quarter notes) that you would play on the first beat and let it ring for all four counts. Before we take a look at how to play notes smaller than the quarter, we need to have a quick note-anatomy lesson. Below is a diagram of the eighth note:

And here's our note value chart, again:

Whole note Half note Quarter note Eighth note Sixteenth note

The whole note is nothing more than the note head itself and is not filled in. (some people refer to these as footballs) The half note has an unfilled note head, like the whole note, but it has a stem. The quarter note looks just like the half note, except the note head is filled in. Now, the distinguishing characteristic of notes that are smaller than a quarter, is the flag. Each flag divides a note value in half. So, one flag gives us an eighth note, two flags gives us a sixteenth note, three flags would be a thirtysecond note, four flags a sixty-fourth note etc... Let's look at some eighth notes on our staff:

Now, in lesson one (opens in new window), I had you practice your picking hand to a metronome. You started by playing one note on every beat. Those are quarter notes. Then I had you switch to playing two notes, evenly-spaced, for every beat. Those are eighth notes. I, then, had you play four evenly-spaced notes per beat. Those are sixteenth notes. When several notes, smaller than a quarter, are written in succession, an interesting change takes place. Instead of having to draw all of those flags, someone came up with a handy shortcut, the BEAM. The above example would actually be written like this:

or

The first example is beamed to match the beat, and is more correct. The second example has never made any sense to me, but it is widely used (guess people who write music are lazy too). The important thing to know is, beams are exactly like flags. One beam is used for eighth notes, two for sixteenth notes, three for thirty-second notes etc... Let's look at an example of eighths, sixteenths, and thirty-seconds:

Here's the above example, played twice, on the piano, with a metronome to keep the beat. Example (notegroups.wav) So, what about sharp and flat notes? How do we notate those? The lines and spaces of the staff do not account for sharps and flats. For that, we have to re-introduce three symbols:

Sharp Flat Natural

You will find these three symbols used two different ways. The first way is called the KEY SIGNATURE (usally refered to as simply KEY). Let's take a look:

or, with flats:

The key signature works like this. Whichever line or space the symbol is on, that note will be sharped or flatted, every time you play it, for the entire piece of music. Let's look at a more simple key signature:

In the key signature, we find a # sign on the top line of the staff. That line represents the pitch F (remember, Every Good Boy Does Fine). So, the key signature is telling us that every F in this piece of music will be an F#. That goes for, not only, any notes on the same line, but, also, for any other F in any other octave. They will all be played F#. All four of the notes in the above diagram are F#. (You have to count the lines and spaces from any note that you know. We know that the first note is F, so if we count lines and spaces up to the second note, we get F G A B C D E F. The third note is on the space between the E line and the G line. You shouldn't have any trouble figuring that one out! If we count from the bottom line of the staff to the fourth note, we get E D C B A G F.) If we were to add more ledger lines for higher F's and lower F's, they would be sharp also. If we add more sharps to the key signature, then those notes would be sharp as well. It works the same if we were to use flats. The second way that these symbols are used is as ACCIDENTALS. Accidentals are used as a way to temporarily change the key signature.

Suppose we were to play one measure of notes with a certain key signature:

The notes in order are G A B C D E F# G. (Make sure you understand this, because I will stop cueing you after this lesson.) Now, let's say that, in the second measure, we want to play F instead of F#. We would add a natural sign as an accidental:

The natural sign in the second measure cancels out the sharp sign in the key signature. So, in the second measure, we would play A B A G F E D C. A couple of points about accidentals are in order:

Accidentals only affect the line or space they are written on. If we were to play any other F, higher or lower, we would play F#. Accidentals only affect a measure from the note they are written next to until the end of that measure. In other words, if we had any F's in our second measure, but they were before the accidental, those notes would still be F#. Only notes after the accidental are affected. If we have any F's in the third measure, they will also be F#. If we want to alter the F# in the third measure, we have to put in another accidental. Accidentals can be applied to any note in any octave. In other words, we could have put a # sign on the C or a b sign on the A etc... The only reason that I used a natural on the F, was to show you how an accidental cancels out that line or space of the key signature. There is no insurance policy that I know of that covers the use of accidentals in standard notation. You will have to pay for the damage yourself. (I suppose you could try Lloyd's of London. They seem to be willing to insure just about anything.)

You now have enough information to try a couple of exercises. Below, is a short little melody using notes of the C major scale:

Here's what it sounds like, but try to play it before you listen: Exercise One It's not the most exciting melody that one could hope for, but that's not the point. You have to start simple. I had the luxury of learning to play the trumpet during grade school. At the time, you had to learn to read music from the very start. Now, the trumpet isn't as easy as the guitar to play, so nice and simple music was welcome. What I'm getting at is this. There is no "fun" or "exciting" way to learn to read music. The fun starts once you can do it. Now, instead of giving you page upon page of boring exercises, I'm hoping that a combination of your own motivation and enough exposure through these lessons will suffice. It's important that you investigate as much written music as possible. Any music store will usually carry sheet music and piano books, and any grocery store usually carries a few guitar magazines. You should be looking for the things that we cover, like key signature, time signature, note values, pitches etc... Exercise 2:

Be sure and review the points on the use of accidentals. (For example, how would you play the 5th note in measure 3?) Now, don't just follow the TAB in these exercises. Take a good look at the standard notation and try to understand the points we have covered.

Guitar Lesson Four - Theory

PART II In lesson 3 we learned that the CHROMATIC SCALE consists of every note: C - C#/Db - D - D#/Eb - E - F - F#/Gb - G - G#/Ab - A - A#/Bb - B - C

We also learned this WHOLE-STEP/HALF-STEP pattern: W-W-H-W-W-W-H

By applying this pattern to the chromatic scale, starting with C, we arrived at the notes of the C MAJOR SCALE: C - D - E - F- G -A- B - C

So, what if we were to start on some other note than C? So long as we follow the same pattern of whole-steps and half-steps, we will get a MAJOR SCALE from that ROOT NOTE. For example, If we start on G, the notes we get are: G - A - B - C - D - E - F# - G

Compare this to the notes of the C major scale. Not only does the G major scale have a different root note, It also has an F#. Here are some points about MAJOR SCALES:

Whatever note you start on when applying the whole-step/half-step pattern is the ROOT NOTE for that scale. (Start on C, get a C scale, start on A, get an A scale etc...) This whole-step/half-step pattern always yields a MAJOR SCALE. Any other type of scale will have a different pattern. C is the only major scale that has no #'s or b's. Any other root note will yield different combinations of # and b notes. When first learning a new scale, It's important to start AND stop on the root note and double check that you are following the correct pattern of whole-steps and half-steps. Otherwise, you'll find yourself slipping back into the C major scale and you won't be able to hear the sound of the new scale. Once you're absolutely certain that you are playing the right notes, Start making up little melodies that RESOLVE to the new root note. There's really no way that you're going to be able to remember every note in every scale while you're playing. You have to see the wholestep/half-step pattern for the scale and follow that.

Now, the C major scale has no sharps or flats, so the key signature for C major is blank:

The G major scale has one sharp (F#), so the key signature for G major looks like this:

No two major scales will have the exact same sharps or flats. So, once you get familiar with which scale has which sharps or which flats, one glance at the key signature of a piece of music will tell you what scale the piece is based upon. Add to that the knowledge that you are gaining about how the scales lay across the fingerboard, and you will have a very good point of reference for learning to play any piece of standard notation that you come across. Your assignment for this lesson is to write out the notes of the major scale in all twelve keys (starting on each note of the chromatic scale). Here's how to do it:

First, decide which note you want to start on. That will be your root note. Then, starting on that note, follow the whole-step/half-step pattern and write down the notes you get. Then choose a different root and repeat the process. There are twelve possible notes to start on. You have to do all twelve. Don't repeat a letter-name within a scale. In other words, if you already played A and the next note that you need is a half-step higher, think of the next note as Bb instead of A#. Major scale have either sharps or flats in them. They never have both at the same time. (There are other scales that DO mix the two.) So, if you start off using sharps, stick with sharps. And, the same goes for flats.

Below, is a chart to illustrate how to organize your scales:

C Major Scale (no sharps or flats) C - D - E - F- G -A- B - C

Scales with sharps G major: G - A - B - C - D - E - F# - G D major: A major: E major: B major: *F# major:

Scales with flats F major: F - G - A - Bb - C - D - E - F Bb major: Eb major: Ab major: Db major: *Gb major:

*F# and Gb are the same scale, and both share the same anomaly. I told you before, that
there is no such note as E# or Cb, yet, in order to stick with the idea of not using the same letter-name twice in a scale, the F note in the F# scale is called E#, and the B note in the Gb scale is called Cb.

I've given you the first scale in each column. The rest are up to you.

What follows is the G major scale up and down the G-string:

Now, go ahead and figure out the G major scale up and down the rest of the strings. Pay close attention to where those F# notes are.

Guitar Lesson Four - Left Hand Technique

Left Hand: In order to make full use of the CLASSICAL HAND POSITION (review lesson 1 opens in new window), it's important to understand FINGERBOARD POSITION. Fingerboard position is the fret which your hand is centered around. Let's take a look. Suppose you were to play the following four notes at the fifth fret with the fingers indicated:

This is considered the 5TH POSITION. Understanding position pretty easy, so long as, you aren't required to play any notes outside of a four fret span. It's simply a matter of where your first finger is located. The only "rule" that applies to position playing is that each finger handles any note on any string on the same fret. In other words, the index finger, in the above diagram, would be responsible, not only for the A at the 5th fret of the low E-string, but for any note on the other 5 strings that happened to be at the 5th fret.

The same goes for the other fingers. The 2nd finger is responsible for the 6th fret, the 3rd finger is responsible for the 7th fret, and the 4th finger handles the 8th fret. Lets say that you wanted to play the C major scale across the strings from the low E to the high E. This is easily accomplished in 7th position (1st finger at the 7th fret):

But, what happens if we need to play a few notes that land outside of an easy four fret spread? In those cases, the index finger is required to stretch one extra fret down, and the pinky is required to stretch one extra fret up, like so:

Because of this finger stretching, position is best defined by the middle finger rather than the index finger. Think of position as being named by the fret below your middle finger.

So, the example above is in the 5th position, not the 4th. Let's look at how these finger stretches apply to the C major scale. First, we'll stretch the pinky by playing in the 5th position:

And, now, we'll stretch the index finger in the 2nd position:

It's important that you STRETCH for the outside notes, to minimize any extraneous hand movement. Imagine that the frets that the middle and ring fingers cover are invisible fences that won't allow those fingers to move past the fret wire. You'll quickly find that the classical hand position is essential for getting that extra reach with the index and pinky fingers. If, however, you find the stretches, especially at the lower frets, to be too much, the idea is to stretch as far as possible before moving the hand.

The whole point of position playing is to achieve maximum efficiency with the fretting hand. This is the only way to increase speed and fluidity on the guitar. We will be covering the playing of scales across the strings in a later lesson, but if you want to go ahead and learn the patterns used above, that's fine. What I want to focus on in this lesson, though, is applying the priciples of position to playing up and down a single string. Below, is an example of how we might play the G major scale on the high Esting:

In order to play the scale this way, you have to shift positions smoothly. This requires a careful balance between keeping the fingers in place and moving toward the next position. In lesson one, I pointed out that when playing a string of ascending notes, it's important to keep the fingers down on the notes. The reason for this is to insure that you get a smooth transition from each note to the next. The crux of the biscuit is the smoothness, not the holding down of the notes. As you gain more skill with your left hand, you will find it necessary, for speed and fluidity, to release the fingers that have already played a note so they can be moving toward a new note while another finger is playing it's note. Let's take a look at how to play the example above: Play the G with your index finger, and keep that note down as you play the A with your ring finger. Keep both of those notes down only long enough to to play the B with with your pinky. Once the B note is ringing, release the index and middle fingers and begin moving them toward the new position. the pinky acts as a pivot (sort of like doing a pole vault).

The hard part is making the transition from the pinky playing the B to the index playing the C. You have to keep the pinky down as long as possible before you release it and allow the hand to shift into position for the index to play the C. Otherwise, you'll get a dead spot each time you shift positions that will make your playing sound choppy. The ideal, when shifting positions, is to do it so smoothly that a person listening would never be able to tell that you made a position shift. This will require that you practice slowly (the most over-used word in these lessons) and get it right. Now, when descending, don't try to place your fingers in advance. This will slow you down and, again, make you sound choppy. Each finger should float above the string as close to the note as possible and only contact the string when required to actually play the note. This is true any time you are playing a succession of descending notes, whether on a single string or across the strings. Here is an exercise for helping you to develop your finger-stretching ability:

Both exercises are variations on the same basic idea, except that the first one reqires you to stretch between the ring and pinky, while the second requires a stretch between the index and middle fingers. Now, it doesn't matter how high or low on the neck you play these. It's not the notes that are important. It's the finger stretches and the position shifts. I strongly recomend that you start up high on the neck, where the stretches will be easier and gradually, over the course of several weeks/months, work your way lower down the neck, where the stretches will be more difficult. Here are a couple of SEQUENCES (short melody played off of each successive note in a scale) for you to practice:

Be sure to look at the KEY SIGNATURE and TIME SIGNATURE, as well as the NOTE VALUES and PITCHES in the standard notation. Don't just

follow the TAB. The TAB is only a reference to help you read the standard notation. Also, just because the examples are using the C scale on the B-string, doesn't mean that they can't be played in the key of G, or on any other string. Sequences are patterns, and once you understand the pattern, you need to work them through every scale, on every string. Now, it's very important that you work into these stretches gradually. If you try too hard to make the stretches, you can injure the muscles and joints of the hand and wrist. As you practice, be aware of pain and burning in your hand. This is your body's way of telling you that you've had enough. Once you reach your limit, it's a good time to let the left hand rest while you work on your right hand picking.

Guitar Lesson Four - Right Hand Technique

Right hand: So far, the right hand has been required to ARTICULATE whole, half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth notes. These note groups yeild an even amount of notes for each beat. But, quite often, you will want to play an odd amount of notes for the beat. In order to accomplish this, you must come to terms with the TUPLET. A tuplet is any irregular grouping of notes to the beat, such as 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 etc... The most commonly used tuplet is the TRIPLET. A triplet, as the name implies, is a group of three notes that are played in the space of two. Let's start with a measure of eighth notes:

Eighth notes yield two evenly-spaced notes per beat. Eighth-note triplets, on the other hand, give us three evenly-spaced notes per beat:

Now, the bracket and number above each group tell us that we have a tuplet. In this case, a triplet. The beam that connects the stems acts just the same as before. One beam = eighth notes, two beams = sixteenth notes etc... (go back and review the theory section if this is not clear) There are many different tuplets that we will explore as we continue along, but eighth note triplets are the most widely used, so we are going to stick with them for now. Here is an exercise on the open G-string for incorporating eighth note triplets:

Remember that all notes must be evenly spaced across each beat. Start very slow. Only when you can play it perfectly smooth should you gradually increase the tempo. Here's what the exercise should sound like: Triplet exercise (triplet.wav)

The trick to note groupings is that you have to "feel" them as you play. You won't have time to count and tap as your playing, so it's important to spend the time, now, getting these rhythms in your blood. You won't regret it. Here's a sequence using triplets:

Guitar Lesson Four - Music

There are a lot of things that you can do to spice up your power chords. One of those ways is to move the notes around. In this lesson, we're going to explore one of the ways that the pinky finger can be used to add "movement" to an otherwise "static" sounding chord progression. Play the following progression using a steady rhythm of downstrokes:

This time, use your pinky to move the note on the D-string up two frets:

Alternating back and forth between the ring finger and the little finger creates a sort-of-lurching effect. If you throw in a little rhythmic variance, the possibilities are endless.

Here's Takin' Care Of Business by BTO:

Make sure you're looking at the note values for the rhythm and pitches. (I don't expect you to master this aspect real soon, but you gotta be working at it.) Check it out: BTO (business.mp3)

Now, when it comes to "wigglin' the pinky", the TRIPLET is a handy device for adding rhythmic drive to a basic chord progression. In the Right Hand (opens in new window) section of this lesson, we discussed the fact that a triplet is used to play three notes in the space normally reserved for two. In the Theory Part I (opens in new window) section of this lesson we discussed the fact that two eighth notes are equal in time to one quarter note. An interesting and usefull sound can be acheived when we combine these two priciples.

Let's have a look:

The first measure is straight eighth notes (count: 1-&, 2-& etc...), and the second measure is eighth-note triplets (count: 1-trip-let, 2-trip-let etc...). The third and fourth measures are also eighth-note triplets, but we combined the first two eighth notes of each group into quarter notes. When we do this, we get what is called SWING (if you play it fast) or SHUFFLE (if you play it slow). Have a listen: Shuffle The shuffle feel is the basis for the rhythm of countless blues and rock tunes. Here's She Loves My Automobile by ZZ top:

Here's what it should sound like: ZZ Top (automobile.mp3)

In the OPEN POSITION, you don't have to hold down the lowest note of your power chord (it's the open string), so you can hold the high note of the chord with your index and do the shuffle with your ring finger. This leaves your pinky free to do a common variation:

this variation can also be done in other positions on the neck, but the pinky really has to work at it. The easiest way to help the pinky, is to release the ring finger when the pinky has to make the three-fret reach. (You may have to do that for the two-fret reach in the lower positions, anyway.) Here's AC/DC doing a variation on the variation in The Jack:

Listen to it: AC/DC (thejack.mp3) She's got the jack!

That's quite enough for this installment. There is a lot of information in this lesson, and a good portion of it you will probably have to review many times to make it clear. Both the tuning section and the theory section are just the "tip of the iceberg", so it's essential that you understand the things covered there. We will be expanding on those ideas and concepts in the lessons ahead. Good luck!

Guitar Lesson Five

Tuning MIDI

This lesson is divided into seven parts:

Tuning Theory Part I Theory Part II Theory Part III Left hand Technique Right hand Technique Music

Tuning In order to gain a thorough understanding of tuning, it is necessary to learn a little scientific/historic background on the subject. First, we'll explore a natural phenomenon known as the HARMONIC OVERTONE SERIES. While there is evidence to suggest that certain ancient cultures may have plotted the harmonic overtone series, the credit for it's descovery is given to 19th century German physicist Hermann Helmholtz. Helmholtz "discovered" that what we hear as a single pitch is actually a composite of many different pitches sounding together. Let's have a look at a vibrating string:

This is the FUNDAMENTAL or overall vibrating pattern of the string. Now, along this pattern of vibration are tiny dead spots called NODES, and if you touch one of these nodes while the string is vibrating, you will cause the vibrational pattern to change. One such node is located exactly half-way along our vibrating string. Try this experiment: With your amp set to a clean sound, pick your low E-string, and then DAMPEN (stop it from vibrating) the string by laying your hand across it. Now, play the string again, but, this time, lightly touch the string directly over the 12th fret. You should find that instead of dampening the entire string, you have only dampened the fundamental and are left with a higher bell-like note. What you have done is to cause the string to vibrate like this:

This is but one of an entire series of nodal points along our vibrating string. (I have seen reference to at least 30 nodal points, but finding verification has been difficult.) What follows is the vibrational patterns of the first four nodal points, their location along the string and the resultant pitch relative to the fundamental of E:

Fundamental - Open string - E

1st Harmonic Overtone - 12th Fret - E'

2nd Harmonic Overtone - 7th Fret, 19th Fret - B'

3rd Harmonic Overtone - 5th Fret, 24th Fret - E''

4th Harmonic Overtone - 4th Fret, 9th Fret, 16th Fret - G#'' (slightly flat) Note: the ' marks along-side some of the pitches above represent an octave. One ' means that the note is in the next octave, while two ' ' means that the note is in the second higher octave.

We could continue to plot further overtones by adding one more vibrating section for each successive nodal point. For example, the 5th node yields this vibrational pattern:

It's all mathematically proportional, and therefore refered to as HARMONIC.

Now, all of these sectional vibrating patterns are refered to as OVERTONES, because, as Helmholtz discovered, they are all vibrating at the same time as the fundamental. The fundamental vibration and the overtone vibrations combine to form what we percieve as sound. The frequency (how fast or slow) of the fundamental vibration is responsible for what we perceive as the PITCH (how high or low) of a sound. Overtone vibrations, on the other hand, are responsible for what is called TIMBRE (pronounced tamber). Timbre is not as easy to define as pitch. All of the nuances that help us distinguish the sound of, for example, a hammer hitting an anvil versus a jet plane passing overhead fall into the category of timbre. (ATTACK and DECAY are two other features that help us to distinguish one sound from another, but they are not within the scope of this particular discussion.) Timbre is the direct result of the hierarchical structure (SERIES) of the harmonic overtones. In other words, which overtones are present + the relative strength or weakness of the individual overtones that are present = the sound characteristics of the instrument used to produce the sound.

So, what does all this have to do with tuning? Simply put, the pitches that we use today are out of tune with the harmonic overtones. This has been brought about by the desire of composers to write music that utilizes more than one key signature. You see, originally the pitches used in music were defined by the overtone series. This is refered to as JUST INTONATION. (There is a lot of debate that rages regarding this subject. It's a lot like the "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" debate. This author (see Music Origins file) makes what I feel to be very valid points regarding the unconscious influence of the overtone series on the developement of music. Check it out.) Now, the overtones are mathematically proportional to the fundamental. What that means to you and me is that no two fundamentals produce the exact same overtones. In other words, if an instrument were built to play in the key of C, and the overtones were used to generate the pitches for the rest of the scale, that instrument would not be capable of playing in tune in any key other than C.

This is how instruments were built for centuries. Eventually, the desire for MODULATION (changing key) within a piece of music became great enough that instrument builders began to experiment with what is called TEMPERED TUNINGS. In order to have an understanding of temperment, one must first come to terms with the CIRCLE OF FIFTHS. Let's say that we are playing in the key of C, and we want to modulate to another. The smoothest transition will be found if we move to a new key that is very similar to the key we are in. In other words, the fewer notes that we have to alter in our original scale to accommodate the new scale, the easier it will be to modulate to the new key. Now, take a look at the scale chart that you constructed in lesson 4. You will notice that, in both the "scales with sharps" column and the "scales with flats" column, each scale has one more sharp or flat than the previous scale. Also, notice that within the "scales with sharps" column that each successive scale is built off of the 5th note of the preceding scale, and that within the "scales with flats" column that each successive scale is built of the 4th tone of the preceding scale. What this implies, is that the smoothest modulation from our original key of C will be to the key of G or the key of F, because we would only have to change one note (F to F# or B to Bb) to accommodate the key change. Let's say that we modulate to G. Once there, we might want to modulate to another new key. If we choose the 4th tone of G for our modulation, that would take us back to the key of C (study your scale chart if this is not clear). Therefore,the only option for modulating somewhere new, is to go to the 5th tone (D). If we were to continue modulating to the fifth tone of each scale, we would eventually arrive back on our original key of C (I guess the world is round after all). This successive modulation can be expressed in a circle:

If you travel clockwise around the circle, each root is the 5th tone of the preceding root's scale. If you go counter-clockwise, each root is the 4th tone of the preceding root's scale. Now, if you were to start on C and tune each 5th perfectly (no beats), by the time you got to the next C, You would find that it is out of tune with the C you started on. Slight variances in pitch are measured in CENTS. One cent is equal to 1/1200 of an octave. It so happens that our second C will be 24 cents sharp. That's nearly 1/4 of a half-step! (I verified this for myself by attempting to tune a piano and making the mistake of tuning the 5ths pure. I ended up with a piano extremely out of tune, and that's a lot of strings to have to re-tune!) Also, take another look at the overtone chart. The pitches of the first four overtones define the MAJOR CHORD (just like the first 5 chords I showed you in lesson 1). From earliest times, the major chord has been one of the basic building blocks of music. In the case of the chart, that would be E G# B for an E Major chord (the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the E major scale). Now, let's say that we tune a pure (matches the harmonic overtone) B from our E. Then, we tune a pure Gb from the B, a pure Db from the Gb, and a pure Ab (same as G#) from the Db (study the circle above). Were going to end up with a G# note that is 22 cents sharp as compared to the 4th harmonic overtone of E. That's enough of a discrepancy to cause our major chord to sound horribly out of tune! So, in order to arrive at a compromise between freedom of modulation and out of tune major chords, many different TEMPERMENTS (altering the pitches)

have been devised throughout the centuries. The one thing they all have in common, though, is the need to take up the original slack of 24 cents and close the circle of 5ths. (see below Temperament: a beginners guide) The tuning that we use today is called EQUAL TEMPERMENT. Equal temperment is arrived at by tuning each 5th in the circle 2 cents flat (2 cents x 12 keys = 24 cents). This leaves us with a major chord that is sharp by 14 cents (we can live with that) on the 3rd note of the scale, and 2 cents flat (barely noticable) on the 5th note of the scale, but allows us to modulate into any key with equal ease. All the other notes of the scale are also slightly out of tune with the overtones. This presents a bit of a problem, especially when combined with the distortion channel (lead channel, overdrive channel etc...) found on most guitar amplifiers. This type of sound is generated by over-emphasising the harmonic overtones until a saturation level is reached. What this all means, is that every time you play a note, you are also setting into motion a whole slew of overtones. If your trying to tune one note to another, your hearing, not only the fundamental that you are trying to tune, but also the harmonics involved with both notes. This is one of the reasons for most tuning methods using unisons (exact same note) or octaves. These notes are the only ones that are supposed to be in tune within equal temperment. Unisons and octaves also share the same pitches within the overtone series. Now, recall that in the tuning section of lesson 4, I detailed two tuning methods that use harmonics, one good and one bad. The method that I labeled as good uses unison and octave harmonics in conjunction with fretted and open-string notes. This will yeild very accurate tuning. The meathod that I labeled "bad", on the other hand, will leave your guitar out of tune. Let's take a closer look: When you play the harmonic at the 5th fret of the low E-string, the resultant pitch is E''. The harmonic at the 7th fret of the A-string is also an E. So far so good? Not quite. If you look at our circle of fifths, you'll see that E is the 5th of A. Equal temperment dictates that the 5th is tuned 2 cents flat, but you just tuned them pure.

Now, the frets on your guitar are spaced to give accurate equal tempered pitches, so, in essence, you have forced the A-string to play 2 cents flat, which is backward from what you need. ( A is supposed to be 2 cents flat from D not E. Study the circle if this is not clear.) Keep in mind that 2 cents is not really enough to notice, but you're about to do the same thing, again, to the D-string. You're going to be left with a D-string that is 2 cents flat compared to the A-string which was already out of tune! By the time you get to the high E-string, you will find that it is noticably out of tune when compared to the low E.

There are a few more things to consider about the effects of overtones on tuning: ELECTRONIC TUNERS - When using an electronic tuner, and trying to tune using an open string, you're asking the tuner to pick out the fundamental from within a barrage of overtones. Is it any wonder that the dial goes crazy? If instead, you tune by playing the harmonic at the 12th fret into the tuner, you will provide the tuner with a more pure tone to read. Switching to the neck pickup on your guitar and/or rolling back on the tone knob will also help. DISTORTION - Distortion (the sound of your amps lead channel) accentuates everything, especially tuning errors. POWER CHORDS - Power chords are made up of a root note and a 5th (this is covered more fully in the theory part II section of this lesson). They sound great with lots of distortion, but we just learned that the 5th is supposed to be out of tune, and that distortion is going to accentuate the problem. It is sometimes necessary to tune your power chords pure and "deal" with the outof-tuneness of the rest of the notes. MAJOR CHORDS - Major chords use the 3rd note of the scale, which, in equal temperment, is pretty far out of tune. They sound pretty bad if you just hang out on them (one of the reasons that Country music can sound so "sour"). Again, distortion makes the problem even worse (one of the reasons that power chords are so common in Rock music). DEAD STRINGS - When your strings begin to suffer from too much "wear and tear", they begin to vibrate inconsistently which produces odd harmonics. This makes it almost impossible to play in tune.

HARMONIC CONVERGENCE - If the "New-Agers" are right, the next time the planets line up we're all doomed. In that event, I don't suppose it will matter whether your guitar is in tune or not :-)

Guitar Lesson Five - Theory

Part I One of the keys to interpreting standard notation is to understand how the notes on the staff translate to notes on your instrument. This requires, not only, a thorough understanding of clefs and key signatures, but also an understanding of CONCERT PITCH and TRANSPOSED PITCH. Concert pitch is the actual pitch of an instrument, whereas, transposed pitch is the position within the staff that notes for the instrument will be written in order to facilitate ease of reading. Before we look at the concert pitch vs. the transposed pitch of the guitar, we need to cover what is called MIDDLE C. The easiest way to visualize middle C is by using the GRAND STAFF and the piano keyboard. The Grand Staff is a bass clef staff and a treble clef staff grouped together with a BRACE and the bar lines extended through both staves. It's primary function is for notating piano music, and it looks like this:

In lesson 4, we learned that the top line of the bass clef staff is A (Grizzly Bears Do Ferocious Acts), and the bottom line of the treble clef staff is E (Every Good Boy Does Fine). We also learned that LEDGER LINES are used to notate above and below the staff, and that the notes on and between these ledger lines are a sequential continuation of the notes on the staff itself. Now, for the purpose of demonstration, let's move the two staves close enough together that only one ledger line will fit between them and see how the notes line up:

You can see from the diagram that there are only three notes (not counting sharps or flats) between the top line of the bass clef staff and the bottom line of the treble clef staff. The C note between the two staves is refered to as MIDDLE C (Obviously, It's smack-dab in the middle, between the two staves.) This concept of middle C is very important, for it is the note that defines the pitch of the three clefs. If we notate middle C on three staves with each of the three clefs, we get this:

All three of these notes are the exact same pitch. It's just a matter of where that pitch is found relative to the clef being used. So, where is middle C on the guitar? Before we can answer that question, we need to take another look at how the notes are arranged up, down and across the fingerboard:

Each color represents one octave. Any repeated notes within the same color are the same pitch. For example, every blue C is the same pitch, every red C is the same pitch, and every green C is the same pitch. (Also, this diagram only covers 17 frets. You need to figure out the rest of the neck for yourself.) One look at the diagram should tell you that, except for the first few frets of the low E-string and the last few frets of the high E-string, all other pitches can be found at several locations. This can make the job of reading standard notation a little difficult, but it also gives you the freedom to play any musical idea in more than one location on the fingerboard. If you find yourself struggling to play a given passage, always look for a different location that might make the part easier to play. This is actually a luxury that few other instruments share. Now, it is within the red octave that we find middle C. That puts roughly half of the available notes on the guitar below middle C and half of the notes above middle C. If we take another look at our three clefs, it is obvious that since the tenor clef has middle C nearest the center of the staff, that clef would be the best choice for notating guitar music:

But somebody decided that it would be easier to read guitar music if it were written in the treble clef, and saddled guitar players with the onus of having to understand TRANSPOSED pitches. When you transpose something, you move it up or down from it's original pitch. In the case of guitar music, you'll find that it's written an octave higher than it actually sounds. Let's have a look at the pitches of the open strings, notated at concert pitch, using the tenor clef:

The same notes in the treble clef would be written here:

Instead, the pitches for the open strings are written one octave higher:

It's as if middle C is in the blue octave instead of the red. This is how you must think in order to read music that is written specifically for the guitar.

So, when reading music that is written for the piano, middle C is in the red octave, but when reading music that is written for guitar, middle C is in the blue octave. Keep in mind that I only used red, blue and green to show you the different octaves. If you go into your local music store and start talking about the "blue" octave, people are gonna think you are loco. It can become a juggling act to keep both the concert pitch and the transposed pitch in mind when reading music. Luckily, most of the available music is written for either piano or guitar. Now, once you have middle C firmly established on your instrument, all the other notes on the staff can be determined from that pitch. Whith consistent practice, you'll quickly get the hang of it. To this end, beginning with this lesson, I will no longer provide TAB with any musical examples. The exception to this will be in the music part of each lesson.

Guitar Lesson Five - Theory

Part II A wise person once said that notes are nothing more than a clever way to get from one silence to the next. What they were pointing out was that what you don't play, often times, is more important than what you do play. In fact, it's the spaces that you leave between the notes that help to define RHYTHM. The spaces in music are called RESTS, and just like notes, they come in different shapes and sizes:

Whole Rest

Half Rest

Quarter Rest

Eighth Rest

Sixteenth Rest

You'll notice that, just like notes, rests smaller than a sixteenth are determined by adding more flags. In fact, everything about rests is just like notes, except rests indicate silence instead of sound. Now, before we take a look at rests on the staff, I want to show you a little bit about how the drums help to keep the beat. 4/4 is the most common time signature used, especially in rock and country music. 4/4 is so common, in fact, that it's usually just called COMMON TIME and notated on the staff like so:

So, let's look at how the drummer will usually handle 4/4 time [Note: Drum
notation is a little different than standard notation in that the lines and spaces of the staff represent the different parts of the drum set, and different noteheads are used for cymbals and tom-toms. Also, a drummer doesn't have to worry about playing different pitches, so a percussion clef is usually used.]:

In 4/4 time, the bass drum will usually play the 1st and 3rd beats of the measure, and the snare will play the 2nd and 4th beats:

Listen (drum01.wav)

The high hat will usually play eighth notes:

Listen(drum02.wav)

This is the basic framework within which the drummer has a lot of freedom for variation. For example, it's very common to throw in an extra bass drum beat before or after the 3rd beat of the measure and on the & of the 4th beat of the measure:

Listen (drum03.wav)

Listen (drum04.wav)

Listen (drum05.wav)

Here's an interesting example that really mixes it up:

Listen (drum06.wav)

The possibilities are endless, but this is enough to give you the basic idea.

Now, the reason for this diversion into drum playing is that rests are easiest to understand within the context of what the rhythm section (bass guitar and drums) is playing. Most people, when first learning to play an instrument, have a hard time thinking globally. They're too focused on their own instrument, and tend to think that they have to fill up all of the available time with their own playing. Besides, practicing silence is not as fun as filling up that silence with guitar notes! Below is an example of a part that a horn section might play:

Listen (horns.wav)

That funny blue sign at the end of the second staff is called a REPEAT. We'll cover repeats in more detail in a later lesson, so, for now, just think of this repeat sign as telling you to go back to the beginning and play the whole thing again.

Now, by itself, this horn part is not very exciting. But, see what happens when we add a drum part:

Listen (hornsanddrums.wav)

If we add a bass line, we can make the horns sound even more interesting:

Listen (hornsanddrumsandbass.wav)

You can see from the above examples that the spaces that the horns are leaving make the whole thing work. If the horns were filling up all the space, the music wouldn't be half as interesting:

Boring and ugly

Again, instead of giving you countless (no pun intended) drills to work through, I've included two tunes in the music section of this lesson that feature rests in conjunction with the main riff of the song. Understand, learning to read is a very valuable skill that will heighten your awareness of rhythm to a fine degree. And, although the ability to read warrants serious consideration, I don't think that beating it to death with endless drills and exercises is the way to foster much enjoyment out of the process of learning. Instead, the best approach is to delve into things when they seem interesting and pertinent to what you're trying to accomplish, and let things rest (no pun intended) for a while when they seem frustrating or overwhelming. Asking a lot of questions can also help to get past roadblocks.

Guitar Lesson Five - Theory

Part III The major scale and it's underlying whole-step/half-step pattern is the foundation for all music theory. This is because everything in music is organized by how it compares to the major scale. In order to understand this comparison, you must become familiar with the concept of INTERVALS. An interval is the space between two things. In music, we're dealing with how high or low a note is compared to the root note. In order to measure this distance, we need some sort of standard. This standard is provided by the major scale. If we take our major scale and simply number the notes from 1 to 8 it looks like this (The 1 and the 8 are the root and the octave which, for our purposes, are the same thing. Therefore, I just label them both "R" for root):

This numbering of the major scale is our measuring tool. Now, just like when you learned the names of the notes, there are sharp and flat intervals as well:

The most important thing to understand about intervals is that they are not dependent upon what actual note you are playing. The only concern, when it comes to intervals, is how many frets are between the notes. The trick is that you have to be able to see the whole-step/half-step pattern starting from any note on any string. Let me give you a practical example. Suppose I tell you to play R - 3 - 5 - 7, in that order, on the B-string, using E as your root note. The first step, of course, would be to locate the E note on the B-string. For the sake of argument, let's use the E at the 5th fret (you could also use E at the 17th fret). The next thing you would do is visualize the w/h-step pattern from that note:

Then, it's a simple matter of playing the appropriate notes as dictated by the intervals:

So, what's the point in learning to see intervals? All of the sounds that you hear in music are catagorized and sorted by the intervals that make up that particular sound. For example, let's look at chords: If you play one note at a time, you are playing MELODY. If you play two notes at a time, you are playing HARMONY. If you play three or more notes together, you have expanded harmony into the catagory known as CHORDS. Chords are constructed by using every other note of a scale, starting from the root. The most basic chord is called a TRIAD, because it contains three different intervals. There are four possible triads: major: R - 3 - 5 minor: R - b3 - 5 diminished: R - b3 - b5 augmented: R - 3 - #5

Knowing the interval structure of these four chords provides you with the FORMULA for constructing these chords from any root note. Let's use the key of C and construct a major chord. First, we have to find the R - 3 - 5 from C:

This tells us which notes we need to include in our chord. In this case, we need C - E - G. Now, technically, you need to play C - E - G at the same time to form a chord. In order to do that, you'll have to play each note on a seperate string. This is where knowing the notes up and down the fingerboard comes in handy. So, now we need to look at all the C's, E's and G's available:

It makes no difference which C, which E or which G you choose. They all work. Any combination, so long as it's C - E - G, will be a C major chord (Chords are named after the root. In this case, C. The formula dictates what kind of C chord it is, major, minor, diminished etc...) Now, any chord dictionary will list several of the most common fingerings for all the different types of chords. (If you feel the need to buy one of these, I would suggest looking for a copy of Chord Chemistry by Ted Greene. This book shows you a lot of the possibilities for every chord, not just the easy ones.)

Before we look at a couple fingerings for our C major chord, you need to understand that, in order to get a nice-and-full sounding chord for rhythm strumming, many of the common chord shapes that are used include more than three notes. This is accomplished by doubling or even tripling one or more notes in the chord. I already showed you this fingering in lesson 1:

Here's another common one at the 8th fret:

Use your index finger to BARRE across the C, G and C at the 8th fret, and the rest of your fingers for the other notes. Now, I want you to go ahead and, using the steps outlined above, figure out at least one fingering for C minor, C diminished and C augmented.

The guitar is an extremely visual instrument. This makes the instrument very

easy to apply patterns and shapes to. Not only that, but once you've commited a pattern or shape in one key to memory, you'll find that you don't have to learn a new pattern or shape to play the same thing in every other key. Let's take the C barre chord at the 8th fret. If you see the shape of the chord as a fingerboard pattern based around a root note (the square) like this:

Then all you have to do is move that shape up or down the fingerboard to whatever root note you need. For example, if we want to make this shape an A major chord, we can just move the whole thing down 3 frets, so that the square lines up with the A at the 5th fret of the E-string:

The shape automatically gives you the correct intervals. What this means, is that you don't have to learn 101 shapes for each chord in each key. Instead, you'll only need a couple of different shapes for each type of chord, and the knowledge of where to move those shapes up or down the neck to play them in all the different keys. It's really pretty simple. The only shapes that can't

"easily" be moved are those that include open strings. You usually have to do a bit of note juggling to move these. So, take the major, minor, diminished and augmented shapes that you found above, and practice moving them up and down the neck to different root notes. Also, take the 5 chords that I taught you in lesson 1 and verify for yourself that they are, indeed, major chords by determining what the R - 3 - 5 should be from the root note of the chord and comparing that to the chord shape that I gave you.

Here's an exercise that incorporates right hand finger tapping for learning the intervals of the four triads. Play the whole thing on the B-string, beginning at the first fret. Start by playing the first note of each triplet with your index finger, hammer the second note with your pinky or ring finger, and then, use a finger on your right hand to hammer the third note. once you hit the third note, pull off to the first note of the next triplet (played with your index finger). When you play the notes of a chord one at a time, like this, it's called an ARPEGGIO ( From arpe the Italian word for harp. Arpeggio means to play the notes in quick succession like a harp):

Let me draw your attention to a few things about this exercise: First of all, the chord symbols are there to guide you. Pay attention to them. Second, the red arcing line over the notes in each measure is called a SLUR. This means that you run the notes into each other to create a smooth sound (like a drunk slurring his speach). This is accomplished on the guitar by using hammers, pulls and slides (no picking). Third, in measures 6, 7 and 8, you'll notice the use of Cb, Fb and Cbb (double flat). This is something that you'll run into on occasion when it's important to outline certain chords and scales. In lesson 4, you encountered this when you charted out the F# scale and the Gb scale. Just remember that Cb is the same as B, Fb is the same as E and Cbb is the same as Bb. Fourth, The augmented and diminished chords aren't used very often except in Classical music. It may take you a while to get used to the sound of these chords. Fifth, go slow and make sure you're playing each note cleanly and accurately. That's the only way you're going to get the sound of these chords to come out.

Guitar Lesson Five - Technique

Left hand In This lesson, we're going to take a look at one of the hallmark techniques of guitar playing, the STRING BEND. Bending the strings is a little hard to get the hang of when you first try it, but with a little practice, you'll soon be adding this highly expressive technique into your playing on a regular basis. The theory behind bending strings is pretty simple. You simply push or pull the string sideways (either toward the floor or toward the ceiling) as your playing it. The practical application of bending strings, on the other hand, can be rather difficult. First, you need to get a feel for the best hand position. For this technique, I highly recommend the baseball bat grip (see above in lesson 1) as shown in lesson 1. You'll need the strength and control that this hand position provides in order to bend with ease and accuracy. Second, while you will find ocassion to bend using your index and/or middle finger (some maniacs even use their pinky), the ring finger is the best choice for most bends. Third, the index and middle fingers need to help the ring finger push the string. Look at the photo. You'll notice that the ring finger is the one actually playing the note, and the index and middle are right behind helping to push or pull the string. Fourth, bend with the wrist, not with the fingers. Once you have your hand and fingers in position, hold them stiff and push or pull the string by pivoting the wrist and forearm. [ Hold your left hand out in front of you in a loose fist,
palm-down, like you're holding on to the handle bar of a bicycle. Now, leave your fingers in the same position, but turn the hand palm-up like you're curling a barbell. This is exactly the motion that you make when bending a string.]

Beginners usually try to push the string using only the fingers. This does not work. Fifth, you must control the pitch of the string that you are bending. Next to playing your guitar out of tune, out-of-control bending is the worst thing you can do if you want anyone to enjoy listening to you play.

Bends are usually refered to by step (1/2 step, whole-step, 1 1/2 steps, etc...) or by frets (one fret, two frets, three frets, etc...). What that means is that you are playing a note, and then, bending the string until that note sounds 1/2 step higher or 1 fret higher etc... For now, were going to concentrate on the 1/2 step bend. Start by playing the E at the 5th fret of the B-string. Then play Eb on the 4th fret and bend the note up to E. Check your accuracy by playing the E at the 5th fret again. Here's what this exercise should sound like: Oh cool, an example! (1frtbn.mp3) You have to practice this until you can bend right to the note, but beware! A little bending practice goes a long way. You may find that your finger tips start to resemble hamburger before too long. So, practice bends for a little while, and then, go on to something else for a while. Before too long you'll get the hang of it. You can practice bending anywhere on the fingerboard. You can also use any string. It's a good idea to get used to bending on every string, as each string has a unique feel to it. If your bending on the low E, A or D-strings, you'll find it easiest to pull the string toward the floor. If your bending on the G, B or high E, you'll find it easiest to push the string toward the ceiling. The hand position is the same. It's just a matter of how you use your wrist and forearm motion.

Now, once you've bent a note, you can either stop there, or you can RELEASE the note. When you release a bend, you simply relax the pressure against the string so that the pitch falls back to where it started. It sounds like this: Another example. (release.mp3)

Here's an example of how you can apply bending and releasing to the C major scale:

There's not really any standard way to notate bends. I tend to favor the above notation (B = bend R = release), but you're liable to run into all manner of variation. Luckily, most guitar music books usually include a notation legend inside the front and/or back cover. Here's what the example should sound like: Yet another example.
(scalebnd.mp3)

Bends are probably THE most expressive technique that you can apply to your guitar playing, but, as I said before, you gotta get it right. You'll never regret the time spent to get your bending technique hammered into shape. Get your 1/2 step bends down pat, and then we'll work on whole-step bends, as well as, a lot of details that will make your bends really come alive!

Guitar Lesson Five - Technique

Right hand In the tuning section of this lesson, we explored the Harmonic Overtone Series (usually just called harmonics) and it's effect on tuning the guitar. In this section, we're going to look at a couple of ways to use these harmonics for making music. Harmonics can be used as special effects within a peice of music to add interest, or as an integral part of the composition itself. There are two types of harmonics that can be put to good use: NATURAL HARMONICS - Those that occur naturally on the open string. ARTIFICIAL HARMONICS - Those that occur at other locations, due to special right hand techniques. The playing of natural harmonics is a simple matter of touching the string at a node with the left hand while the right hand plays the string just as it would for any other note. The harmonics at the 5th, 7th and 12th frets are the most commonly used. You can search out other nodal points and use those as well, but you'll find that these three locations are, not only the most in tune, but, also, the clearest sounding harmonics. Keep in mind that each string has it's own set of harmonics at these locations. The harmonic at the 12th fret is one octave higher than the open string (in the case of the low E-string, that would be E'), the harmonic at the 7th fret is an octave and a 5th above the open string (in the case of the low E-string, that would be B'), and the harmonic at the 5th fret is two octaves above the open string (in the the case of the low E-string, that would be E'').

There are several ways to achieve artificial harmonics, and each one requires it's own special technique. Therefore, we will only explore a couple of the more common meathods in this lesson, and save the rest for a later time. Perhaps the most commonly used artificial harmonics are what are refered to as PICK HARMONICS (also called pick squeals or pinch harmonics).

This is a technique used by practically every rock guitarist that I can think of, but Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top and Zak Wilde formerly with Ozzy Osbourne are two that have made this sound an essential part of their style. This technique is hard to describe and even harder to illustrate, so I'm going to give you my best description and an audio example and hope for the best. The first thing that you have to do is to "choke up" on your pick until just the very tip is sticking out from between your fingers. Then, you have to push the pick through the string in such a manner that the side of your thumb grazes the string immediately after the pick. It will feel almost as though you are hitting the string with the pick and the side of your thumb simultaneously. Be careful not to "dig" into the string too forcefully or you may break the string by applying too much torque. Now, you may have to experiment with how close to the bridge or neck you pick the string in order to get the note to "squeal". In fact, by varying the position of your picking hand along the string, you can generate different harmonics from the same note. Listen to this example: "... like a stuck pig" (squeal.mp3) The first note is just a normal note. All the rest are harmonics generated from that same note by varying my pick-hand position along the string. A common practice is to combine pick harmonics with bending strings. This can add strong emphasis to the note you are bending.

Another technique used by Eddie Van Halen is to strike the string over the fret itself with a right hand finger. This is a lot like normal finger tapping, except your generating harmonics instead of regular notes. The technique goes like this: Fret a note with your left hand (don't play it, just hold it down). Now, find the note 12 frets higher on the same string. While holding down the original note (12 frets lower), strike the string with your right hand finger, 12 frets higher, right on the fret itself. Don't try to hold the string down with your tapping finger like you would for normal finger tapping. Just give the string a sharp smack with your finger tip, directly onto the fret wire.

This technique can also be used 5 or 7 frets above the original note. This one sounds like this: Smack

A very similar technique is to go ahead and play the original note (the one your holding down in the technique above), and while that note is ringing, lightly touch the string either 5, 7 or 12 frets higher, directly over the fret wire. This one sounds a lot like when a singer jumps up into their head voice or falsetto range. Check it out: Touch

The last technique that we will look at in this section is used mostly by classical guitarists, although, Steve Morse and Eric Johnson have used this one extensively: First, fret a note. Then, touch the string 5, 7 or 12 frets higher with a right hand finger, and use a different right hand finger to pluck the string while you touch it. Another approach is to shift your pick so that you are holding it with your thumb and middle finger. This leaves your index finger free to touch the string while you pick it. That's how Steve Morse does it. Here is an example of me playing a scale with the above technique: Pluck

Guitar Lesson Five - Music

In this lesson, we're going to take a look some songs that include rests, bends and harmonics. Johnny by Thin Lizzy is a great example of how adding spaces between the notes can result in a cool sounding riff:

Here's what it sounds like: Thin Lizzy (Johnny.mp3) Take a look at the last measure, and you'll find what's called a TIE connecting the 4th and 5th notes of the measure. A tie looks just like the slur marking that we saw in the left hand section of this lesson. The difference between the two is that a slur connects two or more notes that have different pitches, whereas a tie connects two or more notes that are the exact same pitch. A tie adds the notes together. In other words, if we look at the example above, you play the 4th note and then hold that note through the value of the 5th note.

In this case, you've, essentially, turned the two 1/8 notes into a 1/4 note. If two 1/4 notes were tied together, you would play it just like a 1/2 note, etc...

Back In Black by AC/DC is another great riff that makes use of rests. This one also has a one-fret bend on the G-string:

Here's the sound file: AC/DC (back in black.mp3) If it's not obvious, in the second measure, B stands for bend, R stands for release, and P stands for pull (S stands for slide and H stands for hammer when they appear). Also, that funny little note, with the slash through it's stem, in the second measure is called a GRACE NOTE. Grace notes are used to notate a bend, slide, hammer or pull that sets up a target note (in this case, the target note is the Bb). The target note is played right on the beat, and the grace note is played just before the beat. You don't really hear the grace note. You only hear the movement from the grace note into the target note (listen closely to the sound file). Here, you're fretting the A at the second fret of the Gstring, and immediately bending to the Bb as you pick the string. Then, you

release the string back to A and pull off to G. This all happens fairly fast, like you're just "tweezing" the A note before the pull off.

Hey Joe by Jimi Hendrix has the same bend on the same string (sort of a "one size fits all" lick). There's also the grace note slide into the first note of the song:

Here's what it sounds like: Jimi Hendrix (hey joe.mp3) This one is easier than it may look. Most of it is based around the E chord that I showed you in lesson 1. Start with your ring finger holding the D note on the B-string. Pick the B and E-strings simultaneously as you quickly slide the ring finger up to the E note on the B-string. Then, shift the ring finger back to the 3rd fret for the D note and strike the B and E-strings together again. Use your middle finger for the B, R, and P, and your ring finger for the H. As your ring finger is hammering the E on the D-string, put your index finger on the G# at the 1st fret of the G-string and your middle finger on the B at the 2nd fret of the A-string. You are now fingering an E major chord.

The last two beats of measure 1 and all of measure 2 are played while you hold your hand in the E chord shape. You don't even have to hit exactly the right strings, if you keep your hand in this shape. Just hit the open E as the TAB dictates, and the rest of the chord for the other parts (I believe that's how Jimi played it. He just happened to play only those strings when he recorded the version of the song that appeared on Are You Experienced). Now, in measure 2, just slide the whole E chord up the fretboard, so that your middle and ring fingers are playing the required notes at the 5th fret (your index will be at the 4th fret on the G-string). Then move the chord down 1 fret for the notes at the 4th fret and back to it's normal position for the rest of the measure. For measure 3, barre your index finger across the D, G and B-strings at the 7th fret, and use your middle finger to hammer the 9th fret of the D-string. The only thing moving is your middle finger. The index is just holding down it's notes. The C chord in the last measure is just to show you where the song goes after the lick at the 7th fret. We're going to be taking a closer look at the rest of this song in future lessons.

Now, let's explore the use of harmonics. Here's the opening of Barracuda by Heart:

And, this one sounds like: Heart (cuda.mp3)

This one's pretty straight forward, but, after hearing it on the radio the other day, I'm not convinced that my transcription is entirely accurate. This is just the way I have always played it. It sounds good and is fun to play. Use alternate picking to play the "galloping" rhythm (down-down-up, downdown-up, etc...) The diamond noteheads and the corresponding diamonds enclosing the tabbed numbers in measures 4, 5, 8 and 9 represent harmonics. Play the harmonics at the frets indicated by the TAB. The 8va symbol over the notes in the same measures stands for OCTAVA which means to play the notes an octave higher than written (The TAB already takes this into account). This symbol is used whenever the notes might be written too far above the staff. Another great example of the use of harmonics is Red Barchetta by Rush:

This one sounds like: Rush (red.mp3) The hardest part of this one is getting the harmonics at the 9th fret to come out. You may have to experiment to find the best position along the string.

It's easiest to think of this one as being composed of two seperate licks, each one repeated 6 times. Also, notice the reverse repeat sign in measure 3. What this tells you is that this is where you repeat the second lick from. When you find a repeat sign in a piece of music, it's telling you to go back to where the reverse sign is located and play that part again. If there is no reverse sign, then you go back to the beginning of the piece. In this case, you would play from the first measure until you arrive at the repeat sign in measure 2. Since there's no reverse sign before that, you go back to the beginning and play the whole thing again. Now, notice that above the first repeat sign, there are directions telling you to use this repeat sign 6 times. After you have repeated the section in question 6 times, you ignore the first repeat sign and play until you reach the second repeat sign (not the reverse one). You, then, go back to where the reverse sign is located and play from there. Again, you will find directions above the second repeat sign telling you to use that repeat 6 times. Whew!!

And, finally, a cool example of tapping harmonics, Women In Love by Van Halen:

This one sounds like this: Van Halen (women.mp3) This one is pretty difficult to play up to speed. You have to move both hands into position at the same time, and they're at different spots on the fingerboard! First, notice the unique notation. This is how artificial harmonics are notated. The standard notehead indicates the actual note you are playing, while the diamond notehead indicates the pitch of the harmonic being generated. In this case the harmonic is an octave higher (12 frets). Now, instead of trying to play each note individually, try to see each measure as a chord and position the left hand accordingly. Here are the chord shapes for measures 1 and 2:

Then, all you have to do is move those same shapes down 2 frets for measures 3 and 4:

Once you get the left hand doing it's job, you can concentrate on the right hand. With your right index or middle finger, tap the harmonic 12 frets above each of the notes in the chord shape. For the G note on the B-string, in the 3rd measure, continue to hold the chord shape (index on the 5th fret of the A-string, ring finger barred across the D, G and B-strings at the 7th fret) and use the pinky on your left hand to fret the G note. Best of luck!

Guitar Lesson Six

This lesson is divided into six parts:

Introduction Theory Part I Theory Part II Left Hand Technique Right Hand Technique Music

Introduction So far, within these lessons, The majority of our focus has been geared toward approaching the guitar's six strings individually. That focus is now going to shift to working with two strings at a time. At this point, you will begin to see Patterns and shapes emerging from the fretboard. These patterns and shapes are very important to the organization of musical ideas on the guitar, and, once you begin to see them, the fingerboard will open up for you. This does not mean that you should stop practicing up and down each string individually. Instead, what you may have to do is structure your practice time to include equal amounts of work in both areas. Eventually, you will find yourself able to seamlessly integrate both approaches. Now, once we have explored the possibilities of two strings, we will look at three strings and then we will move on to POSITION playing. Position playing is the direct opposite of playing up and down the strings. Instead of moving up and down the fingerboard, position playing requires you to play across the strings with little or no linear hand movement.

By the time we have covered position playing, you will have gained a most thorough understanding of the guitar fingerboard and will be able to move quite easily into any area of the fretboard that the music dictates. This approach to learning the guitar seems the most logical to me, but you should not hesitate to take advantage of ANY resources that you happen across, even if they are not within the bounds of what I am currently showing you. There is a lifetime of information that can be learned about playing the guitar. My goal is to give you the best tools that I know of to start you on your journey.

So, how does a person decide whether to play the notes on a single string or to use more than one string? There are no rules for this. You have to decide for yourself. Unless the music requires a technique, such as a slide, which can only be accomplished by staying on the same string, I will generally opt for the easiest way of playing the notes. There are enough difficult things that you will encounter without intentionally adding to their number.

Guitar Lesson Six - Theory

Part I In lesson 5, I gave you an arpeggio execise for learning the four possible triads. In order to play the exercise, you had to utilize a right hand finger to tap the highest note of each triad. This approach may or may not be ideal, depending on the sound you want to achieve. The problem is that intervals larger than a 3rd are difficult to play on a single string without excessive hand movement. Let's look at the R 3 5, starting with C, on the B-string:

There are 7 frets between the R and the 5! That's an impossible stretch and a difficult jump to make quickly. So, what if we were to move the 5 over to the E-string? First, let's turn our intervals back into notes:

Now, instead of having to get all the way up to the 8th fret for our G note, we could play the G on the E-string at the 3rd fret:

Now, let's turn the notes back into intervals:

Using this idea of moving the highest note of the triad over to the E-string, go back through the arpeggio exercise from lesson 5. This time, however, play the last note of each triplet on the E-string using your left hand, and pick each

note ( preferebly using alternate picking) instead of using right hand finger tapping:

As you can see, working with two strings, as opposed to one string, is a very different animal.

Now, before we continue, let me say, once and for all, that intervals are not dependent upon the name of the note you are playing. In other words, you may be playing a Gb, but that doesn't mean you are playing a b5 interval (unless your playing in the key of C which has Gb as the b5 interval). For example, let's look at the key of E: The notes of the E major scale are E - F# - G# - A - B - C# - D# - E. The major scale (ie. W/H-step pattern) dictates the intervals 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8. Therefore, the intervals 2 - 3 - 6 - 7 in the key of E are F# - G# - C# - D#. So, if you wanted to play, say, the b3, you would play G. The important thing to always keep in mind is that intervals are determined by how far apart the notes are not by the name of the note. This is where fingerboard patterns can be very useful. Let's look at the E major scale as a pattern on the fingerboard:

Now, let's get rid of everything except the R - 3 - 5:

Notice that we have the same distance between the notes (4 frets from R to 3, 7 frets from R to 5) as when we were working with the key of C on the Bstring. In fact, no matter which note you use for R, the distance between the intervals will always be exactly the same. Now, let's move the 5th over to the G-string:

Again, we get the same relationship as before. If you haven't noticed already, when you play the R and 5 together, you get our old friend the power chord. This is important to understand, because it gives you some place familiar to work from. Since you've already spent a great deal of time playing R and 5, the only thing you have to add to the formula is 3. Also, don't forget that whenever you're moving from the G-string to the Bstring, the notes and intervals will be one fret higher than on any other combination of strings. (Review lesson 2.) What follows is an arpeggio exercise using major, minor and diminished triads. Play the R and 3 of each triad on the A-string and the 5 of each triad on the D-string. Pick each note using alternate picking:

It's also very useful to move the 3 over one string as well:

When you play the intervals in this manner, use either your middle or ring finger to play R. Most times, the middle finger is the best choice, but other times, the ring finger is most logical. Now, go back and play both arpeggio exercises, but this time, move the 3 of each triad over to the same string as the 5.

Guitar Lesson Six - Theory

Part II What else, besides chords, can we do with intervals? Now that you have a basic understanding of the concept, I can introduce you to some new scale sounds. So far, we have been concentrating on the major scale, yet there is a lot of great music that is based on minor sounds as well. So, let's learn a minor scale.

The most commonly used minor scale is constructed of the intervals 1 - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7 - 8. In the key of C, that would give us C - D - Eb - F - G - Ab - Bb - C. This scale is so common, that it is usually refered to as "the" minor scale (just like "the" major scale). Each new scale that you learn should be approached in the same fashion as when you first learned the major scale: Start by working out the intervals up and down each string. Once you're comfortable with where the notes are, practice the scale along with the pedal tone MIDI, paying particular attention to the sound of the scale. This is very important. As you aquire new scales, you need to become familiar with the "flavor" that distinguishes each one from the rest. It's helpful to assign some sort of adjective to the sound of the scale, eg., sad, happy, wierd, spacey, scary, bluesy etc... This way, you will be able to draw on a particular scale, because you want to create a certain "mood". This is also helpful in determining what scale is being used by another player. Once you get comfortable with the sound of the scale, play the chord progression MIDI and begin improvising with the new scale. Pedal tone

Chord progression (minorprog.wav)

Guitar Lesson Six - Technique

Left Hand In lesson 4, we explored the basis for FINGERBOARD POSITION. In this lesson, we're going to have a look at how this concept applies to two strings at once. Begin by reviewing the aformentioned section of lesson 4. Now, when it comes to the major and minor scale, there are seven fingerboard patterns that are very useful. These seven patterns always occur in the exact same order. In the future, I will refer to each pattern by number, so it's important that you learn them in the order shown:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

A few observations: These patterns overlap each other. Study the diagrams until this point is perfectly clear. Can you see how pattern #1 is also found at the 13th fret? The order of these patterns will never change. The root note for the key of C is provided for reference. The patterns are exactly the same on any two adjacent strings, except for the usual "warp" that happens on the G and B-strings. ( You should know the major scale well enough at this point to verify this for yourself.) The patterns are the same for any key. They will just re-locate to a different starting spot. Patterns 1 and 5 are the same shape. Be careful not to confuse the two. A thorough working knowledge of the rules for position playing is important for smooth execution and increased speed.

You have enough knowledge at this point to start working this stuff out for yourself.

To do: Work these patterns out on every pair of strings for the key of C major. Work these patterns out for every other major key on all pairs of strings.

When it comes to the minor scale, the same 7 patterns apply. In fact, you're going to be seeing a these same patterns cropping up a lot for various scale sounds. The difference between the major and the minor scale is that the minor scale starts with pattern 6 instead of pattern 1:

6.

7.

1.

Etc....

Now, you would be wise to spend a lot of time working the minor scale up and down the individual strings before taking off with these patterns. It's essential that you know the scale well enough that you recognize when you're making mistakes. As you add more scales to your arsenal, this will become even more critical, as will the ability to distinguish between the different sounds of the various scales. Go ahead and figure out how the patterns lay out on all the other pairs of strings (be careful on the G and B) for the key of C minor. Then, work the patterns out for every other minor key.

Here's a few of exercises for working these 7 patterns. The first one uses hammers:

The second exercise uses pulls:

And, the third exercise uses alternate picking:

If you use your imagination, you should be able to come up with a dozen or more variations on the above material.

These seven patterns form the basis for moving around on the fingerboard. You need to know them absolutely well. How well? Suffice it to say, that you must know these patterns forward, backward, upside-down and inside-out! PRACTICE!!

Guitar Lesson Six - Technique

Right Hand By now, you should be well aware that I place great emphasis on alternate picking. When it comes to developing timing, phrasing, accuracy, speed, fluidity, control, and practically every other attribute ascribed to the right hand, the mastery of alternate picking is a must. There are other methods of picking that we will address in future lessons, but in order to properly take advantage of them, you will have to draw on your mastery of alternate picking.

Alternate picking on one string presents no special difficulties. This is not so when it comes to applying alternate picking as you cross from one string to the next. Here you will have to be extra careful that you are making the correct pick stroke. Before we continue, two symbols: = down-stroke = up-stroke

Now, let's say that you were to play the following:

The single most common mistake that players make is to play the 4th note with a down-stroke instead of an up-stroke.

This is a serious trap that will cause all manner of troubles down the road. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that you pay particular attention to which stroke you use when crossing strings. There are three rules for alternate picking: If you just played a down-stroke, your next MUST be an up-stroke. If you just played an up-stroke, your next MUST be a down-stroke. No exceptions! The reason for the strictness of alternate picking is for the sake of consistency in the beginning and for the ability to articulate note groupings in the long run. The time you spend now getting it right will pay big dividends down the road.

Before we go any further, you need to review the right hand exercise that I gave you in lesson 2. Regular practice of this exercise will help you to keep your pick-strokes in order as you cross the strings. Here is another exercise for working out your pick strokes on two strings:

Familiarize yourself with the fingering, pick-strokes and note values, then click on the metronome and practice keeping time with the file.

Metronome

Watch out for the third and fourth notes of measure two. The third note of the measure is played with a down-stroke, then you cross to the A-string with an up-stroke. The tendency is to cross to the A-string and try to play a downstroke. One thing that can help you to avoid this type of mistake is to over-exagerate the movement of the right hand as you pick and try to get a feel for the consistency of the up-down movement. Once you get a feel for the motion, try to make your pick-strokes as short as possible. This will help you to increase the speed and accuracy of your right hand.

Now, once you get the above exercise in perfect sync with the metronome, try changing the note values to this:

Notice the DOT after the half-note in measure two. This symbol means to add half of the given note's value to itself. In the case of a dotted half-note, you would play it as though it were a half-note and a quarter-note added together. If the note were a dotted quarter, you would play it as if it were a quarter and an eighth added together etc...

Now, as you attempt to play eighth-notes with the metronome be sure to space the notes evenly across the beat and be very careful to use the proper pick stroke for each.

After you get comfortable with eighth-notes try sixteenths:

You may not have the control with the right hand that you need to play sixteenth-notes with the metronome quite yet. That's ok. Just keep working at it, and you'll find that your speed will gradually increase.

If you are unsure about how to count and play these rhythms, review lesson 4.

Guitar Lesson Six - Music

The intro to Crazy Train by Ozzy Osbourne is a great riff and a great example of making music out of a two-string fingerboard pattern:

Notice that all of the notes (except for the open E) are right out of pattern 6 at the second fret on the E and A-strings. It sounds like this: Crazy Train

The above fingering isn't necessarily the best way to play this riff, but I want you to see the pattern. Once you see the pattern, you can substitute this fingering in the second measure:

The second fingering is easier to play and will sound more smooth, but it's more difficult to see the pattern. Study both fingerings until you understand how the same notes can be played differently. Keep in mind that there are usually several ways to play any given group of notes on the guitar, and one of the tricks is to find the easiest way. But, also, remember that the easiest way is not always the best. You will most likely run into certain passages that seem to sound better when you play them with a more difficult fingering. When faced with a situation like that, I always opt for the fingering that sounds the best.

Breaking The Law by Judas Priest is another classic guitar riff that demonstrates how a scale shape can be turned into cool sounding music:

Here's what it sounds like: Breaking The Law

Let's close out this lesson with two songs that utilize intervals on two strings at once. Here is the opening of Feel Your Love by Van Halen:

And here's what it sounds like: Feel your Love

Another good example of a similar type of idea is The Zoo by Scorpions:

There are a couple of things in the notation of this last one that I want to draw your attention to: First: Notice the funny blue bracket attached to the repeat sign at the end of the second to last measure. This is called an ENDING. Endings are used in music notation when the composer repeats a section but changes just the end of the phrase. This is called VARIATION and adds interest to what would be the simple repeating of a section of music. To play the piece, above, you start at the beginning and play through to the repeat sign. Then, without stopping, you go back to the start and play through until you get to the measure that is covered by the bracket. Skip that measure and play the next measure instead. Second: Notice the red whole note in the last measure. I colored the note red to draw your attention to the fact that you are playing the same note (G) on two different strings. The guitar is one of only a few instruments that can do this.

Here is what it sounds like: The Zoo

Neither of these last two songs are as hard as they look. The trick is to try and "feel" the rhythm. Listen to the examples and don't let the notation scare you. Until next time...

Guitar Lesson Seven

This lesson is divided into five parts:

Theory Part I Theory Part II Technique - Left Hand Technique - Right Hand Music

Theory Part I The major scale and the minor scale have a unique relationship with each other. This is because the minor scale is actually built from the major scale. Each major scale has a minor scale inside of it. Let's take a look at the major scale. If you have worked through each of the preceding lessons, you know quite a bit about the major scale. You know that the note you start on is called the root note. You know that the rest of the notes follow a pattern of whole-steps and half-steps and that this scale produces the intervals 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7- 8. You also know that the major scale can start on any note. Now I'm going to add one more item to your knowledge of the major scale: the minor scale. The minor scale is arrived at by starting and stopping on the 6th note of the major scale. For example, if we take the C major scale (C D E F G A B C) and start on the 6th note (A) instead of the original root (C), we get the A minor scale (A B C D E F G A). Notice that we are using the exact same notes as the C major scale, we only changed which note we start and stop on. This is very important. By starting and stopping on A, your ear will begin to hear that note as the root note. (It is important that you make sure that you are
playing the correct notes. You may find yourself accidentally playing the notes of A major (A B C# D E F# G#), because that is what you are used to hearing. Pay close attention so that you are sure to play the correct notes.)

The minor scale may sound a bit odd to you at first. That's ok. It takes a little while to get used to a new scale sound. That is why I started you on the minor

scale in the last lesson. You should be getting used to this new sound by now. This will make it a little easier for you to understand and work with the relationship between the major scale and the minor scale. The C major scale and the A minor scale are considered RELATIVE to one another because they share the exact same notes. You could say that the two scales are like brother and sister.

In lesson 4, I had you make a chart of all the possible major scales. Now I want you to figure out the relative minor scale for each of those major scales. Draw up a chart that looks like this:

C major scale: C D E F G A B C Relative minor: A B C D E F G A G major scale: G A B C D E F# G Relative minor: E F# G A B C D E D major scale: D E F# G A B C# D Relative minor: B C# D E F# G A B etc...

Now, once you have your chart finished, you need to practice the major scale and it's relative minor scale in each key. But don't try to practice them all at once. It's better if you take one scale per day and work that scale and it's relative minor scale up and down each string. The next day, pick a different key. Do this every day until you have practiced in every key. Over time you will begin to see the relationship between the two scales in every key.

Guitar Lesson Seven - Theory

Part II: Once you are getting comfortable with the relationship between the major scale and the relative minor scale, you need to start working with the minor scale on its own. In order to do this, we need to analyze the minor scale and see what intervals it is made of. So far, we know that the minor scale is built by starting and stopping on the 6th note of the major scale. If we start with the C major scale (C D E F G A B C), we get A minor (A B C D E F G A) as the relative minor scale. The next step is to compare the A minor scale to the A major scale to see how the intervals line up. This is an important step to understand. The minor scale must be compared to the major scale that starts on the same root note in order to determine the interval structure of the minor scale. When it comes to comparing intervals you have to match up the root notes. Remember that the major scale gives us the intervals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. The A major scale is spelled: A B C# D E F# G# Let's compare the two scales and see what we get:

A major: A B Intervals: 1 2

C
#

D E 4 5

F
#

G# A 7 8

A minor: A B C D E F

G A

Intervals: 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 8

By comparing the A minor scale to the A major scale, we can see that the minor scale has a flattened 3, 6 and 7.

Recall that in lesson 6, I told you that the most commonly used minor scale was built from the intervals: 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 8. In this lesson, we have arrived at the same minor scale from a different direction. Now, before we continue, you need to understand that regardless of which key we are in, the relative minor scale will have the same interval structure. In other words, if we start with the G major scale (G A B C D E F# G), the relative minor would start on E (E F# G A B C D E). If we compare the E minor scale to the E major scale (E F# G# A B C# D E), we get the same interval structure as before: 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 8. Go through the relative minor chart that you created and compare each minor scale to the major scale starting on the same root as the minor. It's not enough to take my word for it. You need to verify this stuff for yourself.

Guitar Lesson Seven - Technique

Left Hand: Here is a left hand exercise for developing finger independence and muscle control. Start by placing all four of your fingers on the B-string like this:

Now, without lifting fingers 2, 3, and 4, move your index finger over to the Gstring. Then move your middle finger over to the G-string, without lifting 1, 3, or 4. Now your index and middle fingers are on the G-string, while your ring and pinky fingers are still on the B-string. Finish up by moving the last two fingers, one at a time, over to the G-string. The trick is to move only one finger without moving the other three. Piece of cake right? Now, starting with the index, move each finger, one at a time, back over to the B-string. Then, do the whole thing again, only this time, start with the pinky and reverse the order - 4, 3, 2, 1. You don't use the right hand at all for this exercise. You can keep that hand in your pocket or use it to flip through the tv channels with your remote. It doesn't matter. Also, the left hand doesn't have to actually play the notes either. Some of the notes can't be played anyway. All you are doing is working the coordination of the fingers. However, it is a good idea to insist that each finger actually presses the strings down as if you were actually playing the notes. This will help to develop strength in the left hand.

Depending on your muscle control, this part of the exercise may be easy or difficult. If it is easy, move on to the next phase of the exercise. If it is difficult, practice this for 10 minutes a day until it becomes easy, and then move on to phase two.

The next part of this exercise is to move one finger at a time back and forth between the two strings. Start the same as before with all four fingers on the B-string. Just like before, move the index over to the G-string without moving the other fingers. Only this time, move the index back over to the B-string. Now do the same thing with each finger in turn. One finger moves back and forth while the other three remain planted on the B-string. Now place all four fingers on the G-string and do the same thing with each finger, only this time moving each finger over to the B-string and back. This teaches your fingers how to move to a string above or a string below. Easy? Move on to phase three. Hard? Practice for 10 minutes every day until it is easy, then move on to the next phase.

The next part of this exercise is exactly like the second part, except that you will now be required to move two fingers at once in opposite directions. Just like before, start with all four fingers on the B-string. Move the index over to the G-string. Now, as the index is moving back over to the B-string, move the middle finger over to the G-string. These two fingers move at the same time while keeping the ring and pinky stationary. Now, move the middle back over to the B-string, and at the same time, move the ring over to the G-string. You get the idea. Once you have worked each finger from the B-string, place the fingers on the G-string and practice moving the fingers to the B-string and back. Easy? Hard? You know what to do.

Part four is the actual exercise I want you to practice, but you may have to work up to it with what I have shown you. The exercise is to move two fingers back and forth repeatedly between two strings while the other two fingers remain in place. In other words, if you are working the index and middle fingers, those two fingers move back and forth several times between the two strings while the other two fingers remain in place. Work every possible combination: 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4, 3-4 Spend a little extra time on any combination that feels awkward. You guessed it. Now, move the fingers over to the G-string and practice every combination moving to the B-string and back. The idea here is to work the fingers until they begin to loosen up, but once you start to feel it in the muscles of the hand and wrist, stop and let the hand relax. Then work it some more. You heard me... ten minutes a day... every day.

Guitar Lesson Seven - Technique

Right hand: One of the picking hand's responsibilities is to help define the rhythm of a piece of music. This is accomplished through the use of ACCENTS. Accents are accomplished by playing a note or group of notes (chord) louder or harder than the rest of the notes you are playing. This causes that particular note or chord to "stand out" from the rest. One of the ways that accents are used is in conjunction with the note groupings that you have learned so far: quarter notes, eighth notes, eighth note triplets and sixteenth notes. (We'll save thirty-second notes for later.) We're going to take a look at the most common way that each of these note groupings are accented. Let's start with quarter notes. Begin by tapping your foot at a comfortable tempo, then once you have the tempo established, count out loud with each of your foot taps: 1, 2, 3, 4 - 1, 2, 3, 4. This establishes each of your foot taps as a quarter note. Remember that 4/4 is the most common time signature, and in 4/4 time, the quarter note gets one beat. (Go back and review Theory Part I in lesson 4.) Now that you have the tempo and time signature established, play an A power chord at the 5th fret of the low E-string for each quarter note like this:

Now, play the same thing again, but this time, put an accent on the first note of each measure:

The > symbol written just below the first note of each measure is the accent. This is the most common way that accents are written in standard notation. To play the accent, simply play the first quarter note of each measure a little harder than you play the rest of the notes. Both notes of the power chord are accented. Accents apply to the beat rather than the specific note. All notes that land on an accented beat are treated with the accent. What the accent does is break up a bunch of notes into sections. In this case the accent helps to define the start of each new measure. More importantly for now, we are going to see how accents are used to help define note groupings smaller than the quarter note.

Let's try eighth notes. Play the A power chord again, but this time play two measures of Eighth notes. Eighth notes are played two notes to each beat. (use all own strokes for
this exercise. I'll let you know when to use upstrokes or alternate picking.)

Notice that the accents are used to define the first note of each group of eighth notes. This keeps the notes from sounding like one long string of chords and gives the music "drive". The same thing happens when we play eighth note triplets and sixteenth notes.
(You may have to slow the tempo down if you find it difficult to play sixteenth note using only down strokes. It takes time and practice to develop the wrist muscles to the point where you can play this sort of thing at a faster tempo.)

In each case, the accent is used to define the note grouping. Without accents, the music has no shape or character. It just sounds like one long string of notes.

Let's apply accents to the A major and A minor scale. First, play this A major run using alternate picking:

It's up to you to figure out the notes and fingering. Be sure to pay attention to the key signature and keep you eye on the whole-steps and half-steps. Once you are comfortable with the run, add the appropriate accents:

Now try the same run using the A minor scale (notice that the 3rd, 6th and 7th are lowered).

Practice these two runs until the accents feel perfectly natural.

Now let's try some sixteenth notes:

A major

A minor

These two runs require you to move around quite a bit more. Practice them slowly and get those accents right.

I've saved triplets for last, because they present a special challenge for the picking hand. When using alternate picking, any note grouping that contains an odd number of notes (3, 5, 7, 9) requires you to be able to play an accent with either a down stroke or an up stroke. This can be awkward at first. The tendency is to want to play every accent with a down stroke. Work these two runs out slowly and keep that pick moving down, up down, up.

A major

A minor

Notice how playing accents forces you to really pay attention to each note grouping. This is as it should be. Music is much more than just playing a bunch of notes one after the other. Music has structure and rhythm. It is up to you to convey this structure and rhythm with your instrument when you play.

Now, how much accent you give to the first note of a note grouping is really a matter of personal taste. There are no hard and fast rules. Some players prefer to apply accents very clearly. Others opt for a more subtle approach. Still others never even bother with accents, and their playing reflects this. It begins to sound like spaghetti after a while. Find your own voice.

Guitar Lesson Seven - Music

So far, within the music section of each lesson, I have only shown you bits and pieces of various songs. In this lesson we are going to learn the whole thing. The song I have chosen for you is The Joker by the Steve Miller Band. This song is very simple, but it just goes to show you that sometimes the simplest things can sound really cool.

The Joker can be broken down into just two basic parts that are used throughout the song. Verse: The verse section consists of a funky sounding riff built from notes in the F major scale.

This riff just repeats over and over until you get to the chorus. If you want to get fancy, you can add this on to the end every other time:

Here is an mp3 of the first verse: Joker Part 1 Listen to the file and try to play along until you get the feel for how the two parts work together.

Chorus: In order to play the chorus section of this tune, You will need to make friends with the barre chord. Barre chords are an essential tool for guitar playing, but they tend to give beginners a lot of trouble. If you find it difficult to get all the notes to ring, you need to practice the chords daily until you get them happening. This can be frustrating, but there is no other way. Every guitar player has to go through this torture. The chords:

The F chord is the toughest to play, because the index finger has to barre across all six strings. This is compounded by the fact that the chord is played at the first fret, which is the most difficult position to play a barre. If you can't get this to work, try playing the chord at a higher fret and work your way down until you can play it at the first fret.

The Bb and C chords are pretty easy. You just have to be careful not to play the low E and high E-strings. Most beginners tend to lay their ring finger across the high E-string as well as the D, G and B-strings. This is not a problem so long as when you strum the chord you stop the pick short of striking the high E-string. You also have to be careful to miss the low Estring when you strum. This takes some getting used to, but give it a little time and you will not have any problem. For the Csus4 chord, just hold your fingers the same way that you would to play the C chord, but add your pinky on the 6th fret of the B-string. Don't play the high or low E-strings.

Now, in order to show you how to play the chorus section, I need to introduce you to a unique style of music notation. This style is called rhythm notation. It is used specifically for showing guitar players the strumming rhythm of a chord progression. This style of notation looks pretty much the same as standard notation as far as note values and time signatures are concerned. The difference is that rhythm notation does not concern itself with pitches. Instead, you will find that the pitches are dictated by the chord symbols above the staff. The chorus section of The Joker looks like this:

Each chord is played for four sixteenth notes. Use a down-up strum pattern (alternate strumming), and concentrate on making the chord changes. Play all four measures through and then go back to the first measure and play through again, but replace the 4th measure with this:

That makes nine measures in all for the chorus section. Pay close attention to the rhythm in measure nine. Notice that the 4th sixteenth note is tied to the 5th. Remember that a tie means that you only strum the first note of the pair and hold that out for the duration of the two notes. Strum the last measure like this: down, up, down, up - up, down, up, down, and hold the last strum for two full beats. Just keep your hand moving down-up, but make the 5th strum (down stroke) in the air instead of hitting the strings with the pick. Now, the F, Bb and C chords are major chords. It is common practice to leave off the major. If someone tells you to play an F chord, it is understood to be major unless they say minor, diminished or augmented. You'll get used to it :-) Here's an mp3 of the chorus: Joker part 2 Work with it until you can make the chord changes and strum the rhythm in time with the recording. If you want to try your hand at playing some lead licks over this chord progression, try working with the F major scale, but avoid the 7th interval. That note sounds out of place in this song. See below the printable text version of the lyrics. If you don't already have the full recording of this song, I recommend that you get it, so you can play along with the entire song. Click here to buy Steve Miller Band's Greatest Hits at cdnow. There are a bunch of great tunes on that album.

Verse 1 Some people call Some call me the Some people call Cause I speak of word? me the space cowboy... yeah gangster of love me Maurice the pompatous(?) of love <-- does anybody know that

People talk about me baby Say I'm doin' you wrong... doin' you wrong Well don't you worry baby... don't worry Cause Im right here... right here... right here... right here at home Chorus Cause I'm a picker... I'm a grinner I'm a lover and I'm a sinner I play my music in the sun I'm a joker... I'm a smoker I'm a midnight toker I get my lovin' on the run Solo Verse 2 You're the cutest thing that I ever did see I really love your peaches... want to shake your tree Lovey-dovey... lovey-dovey... lovey-dovey all the time Ooh-y baby I'll sure show you a good time Chorus Cause I'm a picker... I'm a grinner I'm a lover and I'm a sinner I play my music in the sun I'm a joker... I'm a smoker I'm a midnight toker Sure don't want to hurt no one Solo Verse 3 People keep talkin' about me baby Say I'm doin' you wrong Well don't you worry... don't worry no don't worry mamma Cause I'm right here at home You're the cutest thing that I ever did see I really love your peaches... want to shake your tree Lovey-dovey... lovey-dovey... lovey-dovey all the time Ooh-y baby I'll sure show you a good time

Guitar Lesson Eight

This lesson is divided into five parts:

Theory Part I Theory Part II Technique - Left Hand Technique - Right Hand Music

Theory Part I One of the most important concepts in music is the key signature (usually just referred to as key). The key signature defines which root note and scale a piece of music is based upon. In order to understand how to read a key signature (review Lesson 4), we need to combine two of the things that you have learned in previous lessons. In Lesson 4 I had you put together a chart of every scale divided into scales with sharps and scales with flats. In Lesson 7 I had you compliment your scale chart by adding the relative minor scales. These two charts will help you to learn to read key signatures.

Let's look at a key signature:

Now, look at your scale chart and find the scale that contains 4 sharps. Since no two major scales have the same number of sharps or flats, it's easy to determine which scale the key signature is indicating.

Once you have determined the major scale that the key signature is indicating, you need to know that scales relative minor. This is because the major scale and the relative minor scale share the same key signature. The key signature above is used to indicate the key of E major and the key of C# minor. Now, since it is not very convenient to have to refer to your scale charts every time you look at a key signature, you need to commit all of this stuff to memory. The easiest way to do that is to be able to see the relationship between all of the different scales on your guitar fingerboard. Here is a handy way to organize the different keys:

Keys with sharps:

Keys with flats:

By memorizing the two fingerboard patterns, you can quickly determine which major scale the key signature is indicating:

Keys With Sharps:

Keys With Flats:

Sharps 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Key C G D A E B F#

Flats 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Key C F Bb Eb Ab Db Gb

In order to determine the relative minor for each key, all you have to do is be able to see the 6th interval of the scale. The easiest way to do that is to count the scale tones backwards from the root (remember that root = 8):

The root of the relative minor sits 3 frets back from the root of the major. So, once you have the major scale, all you have to do is go three frets lower to determine the relative minor. That's pretty easy.

There are a few other factors that can influence the key of a piece of music, but we will save those for a later lesson. For now, you need to get comfortable reading key signatures. As I've stated before, rather than giving you a bunch of boring exercises to go through, I'm leaving it up to you to seek out examples of written music so that

you can practice and verify the things you have learned in these lessons. A good place to start reading key signatures is right here in these lessons. I have included standard notation within every Music section since lesson two. Go back through the lessons and look for those key signatures. You can also find many examples of written music on the internet if you look around a bit.

Guitar Lesson Eight - Theory

Part II: I'm sure that you have noticed by now that I place a lot of importance on learning scales. The reason for this is that scales are the foundation for all music. Everything that you hear when listening to a piece of music is based on scales. Therefore, in order to have any sort of understanding of how music is constructed, you must have a firm understanding of scales. At this point within the lessons, you need to have worked with both the major and minor scales enough that you can play both scales in all twelve keys on any string and be comfortable working with both scales on any two adjacent strings.

The first step in creating music from a scale is melody. All the work you have done with scales so far has been geared toward exploring the melodic possibilities of scales. Now we are going to begin exploring how scales create harmony. Harmony is created whenever two or more notes are played together. Chords are an example of complex harmony. We are going to look at simple harmony.

Harmonizing Scales: Playing more than one note at a time (harmony) requires that you be able to see a scale on two strings at once. We'll use the A major scale on the low E and A-strings for our example:

Now, familiarize yourself with the position of each interval on the A-string relative to the root at the 5th fret of the E-string:

With proper hand position, you should find every interval except the 7th and octave within reach of the root at the 5th fret on the E-string.

When playing harmony, each interval is given a designation. The 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th are called major intervals, while the 4th and 5th are called perfect intervals. This designation is important, because it is the basis of how chords are named. Also, if you play the A at the 5th fret of the E-string and the open A-string together the interval is called unison. Unison means that two notes of the same pitch are being played together. Let's take a look at what each interval looks like in standard notation:

Hey!! There's a key signature for you to read! Familiarize yourself with the sound and location of each interval. You will find that certain intervals sound pleasing to the ear while others sound tense or

dissonant. For the sake of being able to hear the 7th and octave intervals, these notes can be moved over to the 6th and 7th fret of the D-string.

Now, we'll do the same thing with the A minor scale. First, let's see how the scale lines up on both strings:

Now, familiarize yourself with each of the intervals relative to the root note at the fifth fret of the E-string:

Recall that the 3rd, 6th and 7th in there natural position are called major intervals. When you flat a major interval it becomes a minor interval. Minor intervals are usually denoted with a lower case "m" as opposed to a capital "M".

Here's the A minor scale intervals in standard notation:

Are you looking at the key signature? Do you understand how that key signature indicates A minor?

One of the cool things about the guitar is that except for the B-string, the tuning of the strings is uniform. What this means to you and me is that we can move everything over to the A and D-strings without having to learn new relationships between all of our intervals:

Notice that all of the intervals are in the same position relative to the root on the A-string. This will be true for every pair of strings except the G and Bstrings. Remember that the B-string is tuned -step down from the rest of the strings. This means that all the intervals on the B-string will be one fret higher than you would normally expect.

Now, figure out the major and minor intervals on every pair of strings for all twelve keys. Once you get going with it, you'll find that it isn't hard to do at all.

Guitar Lesson Eight - Technique

Left Hand: In Lesson 7, I started you on a left-hand exercise designed to help you develop finger control and independence. Now I'm going to show you two advanced variations of that exercise that are sure to get your wrist muscles burning. *Word of Caution* - While working any exercise, be careful not to push your hands and wrists past the point of starting to feel the muscles heat up. It is very easy to cause yourself undue damage if you don't listen to your body's warning that it has had enough. A good way to approach exercises like this is to work one hand until you feel it begin to get tired and then work the other hand for a while. By alternating which hand is working, you will maximize your practice time and avoid serious injuries.

Both of these variations begin by placing all four fingers on the fingerboard like so:

The first variation starts by lifting only your index finger and hammering it onto the 3rd fret of the G-string with enough force to make that note sound. Then pull off to the open G-string. Repeat this hammer and pull 8 times in succession. Place the index finger back on the B-string, and do the same thing with each finger in turn. Remember that the three fingers that are not being used need to stay resting on the B-string.

Once you have the coordination happening with your fingers, the trick is to switch to the next finger at the same time that the finger you were just using moves back over to the B-string. When you get to the pinky, reverse the order and work each finger in turn until you get back to the index finger. It should sound like this: Slow Fast

The second variation is a little more complicated to explain, but I'll give it my best shot. Begin with all four fingers resting on the B-string. Next, simultaneously move the index finger over to the high E-string and the middle finger over to the G-string. Then, reverse directions and move the index finger to the Gstring while the middle finger moves to the high E-string. So, both fingers move in opposite directions while the other two fingers remain stationery. The idea is to work every finger combination simultaneously back and forth between the G-string and the high E-string. (1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4, 3-4) Once you get pretty good at that, you can expand the exercise by working the fingers back and forth between the high E-string and the D, A and low Estrings.

Use your imagination.

Guitar Lesson Eight - Technique

Right Hand: In Lesson 7, we discussed the fact that triplets present a special challenge for the right hand. This challenge is even greater when the notes within a triplets require you to play the tuplet on more than one string. Play this example:

Not only is the right hand required to begin each note group with the correct stroke, but it is also required to move between the strings with both an upstroke and a downstroke. This is the true test for your picking hand. If you can play triplets while crossing strings without getting your pick strokes out of order or accidentally picking the wrong string, you can rest assured that your technique is very solid.

Here is a triplet exercises for you to work through:

The TAB is provided to help you work out the fingering and hand positions, but don't forget to read the notes.

Guitar Lesson Eight - Music

Below is the first section of a violin exercise written by J. S. Bach that will teach you a lot about alternate picking, fingering and how a simple scale can be turned into music. While you may find sections of this piece difficult to play at first, consistent practice will allow you to overcome any difficult spots. See below for a few things to watch out for.

Here is what this piece should sound like: Bach (769kb)

There are a few things that I want to draw your attention to: 1 - Pay attention to the key signature. One flat indicates that the key is F major or the relative D minor. The fact that measure 2 begins with a Dmin triad (D=R, F=b3, A=5 [review lesson 5]) indicates that the relative minor is being used. 2 - Notice that the time signature is 3/4 time. This may take a little getting used to. Most music today is in 4/4. (review lesson 4) 3 - The first measure of this piece is called a pickup measure (Don't ask me why.) A pickup measure is used to add one or more notes before the actual beginning measure of a song. This measure is played like this:

4 - In measures 4, 5, 7, 11, 14, 16 and 25, you will notice the use of a "."(dot) next to certain notes. This is used to add half again as much value to a note. For example, in measure 4, the first note is a "dotted" eighth note. The dot is

equal to half the amount of the note that it is used with, so a "dotted" eighth note is equal in length to an eighth note plus a sixteenth note. 5 - The TAB is provided to help you find the notes, but don't just blindly follow the TAB. You will never learn to read music by doing it that way. Also, you may find that some of the fingerings that I suggest seem awkward to you. Feel free to explore other possible fingerings. 6 - When it comes to playing something like this, you pretty much have to use whatever finger is available at any given time, but try to think in terms of hand position whenever possible. (review lesson 4) 7 - Work on this piece a few measures at a time instead of trying to digest it all at once. 8 - Begin with an up-stroke on the pickup measure and then proceed with strict alternate picking.

Now, don't just "kinda-sorta" go through this piece. There is a lot to learn here. Work on this piece until you have it memorized and can play it through with no mistakes. That is the way to learn.

Guitar Lesson Nine

This lesson is divided into five parts

Theory Part I Theory Part II Technique - Left Hand Technique - Right Hand Music

Theory: Chords and chord progressions are derived from various scales and the intervals contained within those scales. In order to understand chords and chord progressions, you must understand how these scales can be broken down into various combinations of intervals. In Lesson 8, we explored the relationship between the root note and each of the other intervals contained within both the major scale and the minor scale as they lay out across any two adjacent strings. Let's put a couple of these intervals to work and make some music.

In Lesson 5, we learned that the most basic chord is called a TRIAD and that triads are built by combining the R, 3 and 5. These are the most important intervals to memorize. We will be working with the 3rd in this lesson and the 5th in the next lesson. The rest of the intervals will be addressed in later lessons. Also in Lesson 5, we discussed the fact that two or more notes played together creates HARMONY. What we're going to do is HARMONIZE the major and minor scales using 3rds and 5ths from the scale. Start with the C major scale on the A-string:

To add the 3rd harmony, we need to figure out which note from the scale is two notes above each of our scale tones. This note will give us a 3rd to play along with our original notes. That may sound weird - going up the scale two notes to get the 3rd - but the note you start with is 1, the next note is 2 and the next note is the 3rd. So, if we start with the first note, C, and number that note 1, then D would be 2 and E would be 3. We've done this enough times already that you should be saying, "Hey... haven't we done this already?" Yes, we have. But this time, we're going to give it a new twist. Now, let's do the same thing for the second note in the scale. D is 1, E is 2 and F is three. So F is going to be the 3rd of D within the scale. I keep saying within the scale or from the scale, because the 3rds that we get by using only notes from the C major scale won't necessarily match up with the 3rds that we would normally get by following a different major scale from each note. We'el take a good look at this in a moment, though. For now, just find the notes that are going to act as our harmony. If we do the same thing that we did with the C and D to each of the remaining notes of our scale, we get: G A B C D as the harmony notes for E F G A B, respectively. Notice that each harmony note is found from within the original major scale. Let's add this all together on the staff:

Remember that harmony means to play two or more notes at the same time. This is shown on the staff by stacking the notes on top of each other with the note heads attached to the same stem. When you see notes on the staff stacked like this, the notes in each stack are played together.

Now, a moment ago I mentioned that the 3rds derived in this manner don't necessarily match the 3rds that you would get by using a major scale from each note. This is what I mean by that. Take a look at the D and F harmony on the second beat of the first measure. We know from the D major scale (D E F# G A B C#) that the major 3rd of D is F#. Therefore, F (half-step lower) would be the minor 3rd of D. We can verify this by comparing this interval to the scale that we know that has a minor 3rd, the D natural minor scale (D E F G A Bb C). If you haven't worked out the minor scale in every key, you better do that. You really DO need to know this stuff. So C to E is a major 3rd and D to F is a minor 3rd. What about E to G? There are three ways that you can check and verify an interval. The first way is to use the major scale starting from the same note as the lowest note of the interval. If you want to find out what interval E to G is, then you could compare that to the E major scale (E F# G# A B C# D#) and see how things line up. The second way is to compare to the minor scale starting from the same note as the lowest note of the interval. In this case you would use the E minor scale (E F# G A B C D). If you use the minor scale, you have to remember that the 3, 6 and 7 are already flattened (minor) in that scale. review Lesson 8 if you are not clear on this point. In my opinion, it is best to stick with using the major scale to compare and verify intervals so that you avoid the confusion that can occur if you forget to account for the intervals that are already altered within the minor scale. A third way to compare and verify intervals is to see them on the guitar neck. This method works very well when combined with your knowledge of the major and minor scales. In Lesson 8 we went to the trouble of dissecting the scale and learning to see each interval of the scale lying on an adjacent string. The purpose of that exercise is to make you aware of what the intervals look like on the guitar itself. Let's take a look at the major and minor 3rd:

Major 3rd

Minor 3rd

Now let's look at how our harmonized scale lays out on the A and D-strings:

Seen this way, it is immediately obvious which harmonies are major (C-E, FA, G-B) and which are minor (D-F, E-G, A-C, B-D). Let's add this new information onto our staff:

If you look closely, you should see that the major and minor intervals form an easily recognizable pattern:

1st measure: M3 m3 m3 M3 2nd measure: M3 m3 m3 M3

If we look at the whole-steps and half-steps between each harmony, we will see that they are also the same in each measure:

1st measure: M3 W 2nd measure: M3

m3 W m3

m3 h m3

M3

M3

That leaves only the whole-step between the two measures, so let's put that in:

M3 W

m3 W

m3 h

M3 W

M3 W

m3 W

m3 h

M3

Now, we know from working with the major scale in every key, that while each key has a different combination of notes, the intervals are exactly the same, no matter which note you start on. That means that you can use this exact same pattern of major and minor 3rds to harmonize the major scale in any key. All you have to do is play the correct order of the harmonies and follow the whole-step/half-step pattern of the scale.

So, the major scale, no matter what key you play it in, will always yield this exact same pattern of major and minor 3rds, and the harmonies will always follow the same W/h-step pattern. This fact allows us to assign a number to each of the harmonies, so that we can talk about them without regard to which key signature is being used:

I M3 W

ii m3 W

iii m3 h

IV M3 W

V M3 W

vi m3 W

vii m3 h

I M3

In this case, Roman numerals are used instead of regular (Arabic) numbers. This is to distinguish between intervals (which are designated with Arabic numerals) and harmonies built from each note of the scale (which use Roman numerals). Notice that upper case numerals are used to designate major and lower case numerals are used to designate minor. These Roman numerals are very important, because they are used to analyze and identify the chords within a chord progression. We'el talk some more about this in the next lesson. For now, just learn to call each harmony by the correct number, and memorize the pattern of major and minor, as well as where each type sits along the W/h-step pattern.

Now, before I set you to work playing this harmonized scale in every key and on every pair of strings (You knew that was coming, didn't you?), let me point out one more thing. You know that the scale can be played up and down the entire length of the string. Once you reach the octave, you can just keep going higher through the scale until you run out of frets. You also know that you can play any notes from the scale that are below your starting note. This is also true for the harmonized scale. Notice that both the starting harmony and the ending harmony are considered I. This is because they are the same harmony. They're just an octave apart. Any notes that are an octave apart (higher or lower) are considered the same thing. This is because notes that are an octave apart function the same within a song. So, once you reach I an octave higher, you can keep going into the next octave until you can't play any higher. The same thing is true for any scale tones that are below your root note. They can be harmonized too. You need to practice the harmonized scale all the way up and down the strings, not just from I to I. Also, when you are working with the G and B-strings, remember that the note on the B-string will be a fret higher than usual. This is always true when it comes to the B-string.

This is where I get to tell you what you should already know by now. You need to work this harmonized scale out in every key on every pair of strings and all the way up and down the neck. Go for it!

Guitar Lesson Nine - Theory

Part II: Now it's time to turn our attention to harmonizing the minor scale. The cool (confusing?) thing about the minor scale is that it contains the exact same notes as its relative major scale starting from the 6th degree of that major scale. (Review lesson 7 if this is not clear.) This means that the minor scale uses the same harmony as its relative major scale. You just have to start on vii and play the harmonies in order from there. Piece of cake! Let's look at our harmony chart again:

I M3 W

ii m3 W

iii m3 h

IV M3 W

V M3 W

vi m3 W

vii m3 h

I M3

Now, let's re-arrange it so that we start with vi:

vi m3 W

vii m3 h

I M3 W

ii m3 W

iii m3 h

IV M3 W

V M3 W

vi m3

Some people insist that the harmony you start with must be called I, so they go to the trouble of re-numbering the whole thing:

ii

III

iv

VI

VII

m3 W

m3 h

M3 W

m3 W

m3 h

M3 W

M3 W

m3

I have never found re-numbering the harmonized minor scale to be of any practical value, so I don't bother. I've always found it more convenient to think that the minor scale starts on vii. Use whatever numbering scheme makes the most sense to you.

That's all there is to know about harmonizing the minor scale. Work this out in every key on every pair of strings and up and down the entire fingerboard.

Guitar Lesson Nine - Technique

Left Hand: With all the practicing that you have been doing your hands should be getting strong enough to begin learning the whole-step bend. Before we get started, go back and review the principles laid out in lesson 5.

The only difference between the half-step bend and the whole-step bend is that you are bending the string up the equivalent of two frets instead of one. This requires quite a bit more strength and control to insure that your pitch is accurate. As I stated before, nothing will make you sound like an amateur as quickly as an out-of-tune bend. Get it right! The best way to practice bending in tune is to start by playing the note that you are bending the string up to so that the pitch is fresh in your mind. Then drop down either a half-step or a whole-step, pick that note and slowly bend the string until you arrive at the pitch of the first note. Then check your accuracy by playing the actual note again. The biggest mistake you can make when learning how to bend a string is to bend too fast. You've got to work slowly and listen to the pitch of the note as you bend. That bend needs to go somewhere. It's up to you to control where it's going.

String Bending Guidelines There are really no rules involved in string bending, except that you need to learn how to use them to help you communicate your musical ideas. So, what I'm going to do is give you some examples of the various ways in which you can utilize string bends to add flavor to your playing and let you take things from there.

The most common bend uses only notes from within the scale. You start on a note within the scale and you bend that note up to another note within the scale. AMaj:

Listen to it (140kb MP3)

Amin:

Listen to it (212kb MP3)

Bending from a note within the scale to a note outside of the scale can have a nice effect if used in the right place. AMaj:

Listen to it (203kb MP3)

Amin:

Listen to it (227kb MP3)

Bending from a note outside of the scale to a note within the scale can also work well in certain circumstances. AMaj:

Listen to it (163kb MP3)

Amin:

Listen to it (319kb MP3)

Knowing when and where to bend the strings is really a matter of "feel". You have to do a lot of experimenting to develop your own style. Every guitarist has their own approach. That's what makes them sound unique.

Here are a couple of sound files for you to work with:

AMaj Amin

Guitar Lesson Nine - Technique

Right Hand: As I've said before, triplets are one of the most difficult things for the right hand to play well on the guitar, especially when the triplet falls across more than one string. The time you spend getting it right will pay big dividends down the road. With this in mind, here's another triplet exercise utilizing the major and minor scales on the E, A and D-strings. Pay particular attention to these points:

I have included TAB with this exercise for the sole purpose of illustrating how the melody is played up and down a single string. The presence of TAB is not an excuse for you to neglect reading the music. Pay attention to how the key signature shifts as the scale being used shifts. This entire exercise consists of one string acting as a PEDAL TONE while the melody is played on the adjacent string. A pedal tone is a note that is sustained while other notes or chords are played over the top of and independent to the sustained tone. This technique is derived from organ playing, where the feet sustain notes via foot pedals while the hands play harmonic and melodic structures over the sustained note. The pedal tone effect is best achieved if you allow the droning string to ring throughout while keeping the melody notes crisp, clean and short. The pedal tone shifts between the E and A-strings, so you will have to stop the pedal from ringing when it is time to switch strings. Use the heel of your picking hand to dampen the pedal string while your fretting hand sustains the quarter note that ends each phrase. The Ritard direction in the second to last measure means to gradually slow down. You will run into this direction most often at the end of a piece of music, but you may also find the direction at the end of a phrase or section within a piece of music.

Listen to it here. (572kb MP3) Work this up to speed slowly and cleanly.

Guitar Lesson Nine - Music

Here is the second part of J. S. Bach's Corrente. Be sure to review the general guidelines that I laid out in lesson 8 for playing this piece. Listen to it here. (1mb MP3)

Have at it!