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013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

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6.013 Final Exam Formula Sheets December 21, 2005 Cartesian Coordinates (x,y,z): + y + z = x x y z A x A y A z iA = + + x y z A y A A x A z A y A x A = x z + y z x + z x y z y
2 2 2 2 = + + x 2 y2 z 2 Cylindrical coordinates (r,,z): = r + 1 + z r r z ( rA r ) 1 A A z iA = 1 + + z r r r

r r z ( rA ) A 1 1 A z A A r A z 1 r = det r z A = r + + z r r z r r z r A r rA A z
2 2 2 = 1 r + 1 + r r r r 2 2 z 2 Spherical coordinates (r,,): = r + 1 + 1 r r r sin

( )
(

A r 2Ar ( sin A ) iA = 1 + 1 + 1 r r sin r sin r2 ( sin A ) A 1 A 1 ( rA ) rA r 1 ( ) A r A = r 1 + + r sin r r r sin r r r r r sin 1 det r = 2 r sin A r rA r sin A
sin + 1 2 2 = 1 r 2 + 1 r r 2 r r 2 sin r 2 sin 2 2

Gauss Divergence Theorem: iG dv = Gin da

Vector Algebra: = x x + y y + z z A B = A x Bx + A y By + Az Bz

Stokes Theorem:

A ( G )in da = C Gid

( A ) = 0 ( A ) = ( A ) 2 A
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Basic Equations for Electromagnetics and Applications Fundamentals

E1// E 2 // = 0 H1// H 2 // = J s n B1 B2 = 0

E = B t

d c E ds = dt A B da H = J + D t

( D1 D2 ) = s
0 = if =

1 2

c H ds = A J da + dt A D da
D = A D da = V dv
B = 0 A B da = 0
J = t

Electromagnetic Quasistatics
E = ( r ) , ( r ) = V ( ( r ) / 4 | r r |) dv
f C = Q/V = A/d [F] L = /I i(t) = C dv(t)/dt v(t) = L di(t)/dt = d/dt we = Cv2(t)/2; wm = Li2(t)/2 Lsolenoid = N2A/W = RC, = L/R = A B da (per turn) 2 =

E = electric field (Vm-1) H = magnetic field (Am-1) D = electric displacement (Cm-2) B = magnetic flux density (T) Tesla (T) = Weber m-2 = 10,000 gauss = charge density (Cm-3) J = current density (Am-2)

= conductivity (Siemens m-1)

J s = surface current density (Am-1)

KCL : i Ii (t) = 0 at node

KVL : i Vi (t) = 0 around loop

Fm

-1

o = 4 10-7 Hm-1

0 = ( LC )

0.5

c = (oo)-0.5 3 108 ms-1 e = -1.60 10-19 C o 377 ohms = (o/o)0.5 ( 2 2 t 2 ) E = 0 [Wave Eqn.] Ey(z,t) = E+(z-ct) + E-(z+ct) = Re{Ey(z)ejt} Hx(z,t) = o-1[E+(z-ct)-E-(z+ct)] [or(t-kz) or (t-z/c)]

V 2 ( t ) / R = kT

Electromagnetic Waves

( 2 2

t 2 ) E = 0 [Wave Eqn.]

( 2 + k 2 ) E = 0, E = E o e jk ir

k = ()0.5 = /c = 2/ kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = ko2 = 2 vp = /k, vg = (k/)-1

A ( E H ) da + ( d dt ) V ( E 2 + H 2 ) dv = V E J dv (Poynting Theorem)
2 2

Media and Boundaries

r = i sin t / sin i = ki / kt = ni / nt

c = sin 1 ( nt / ni )

B = tan 1 ( t / i )
k = k jk = T 1
0.5

0.5

for TM

o E = f + p P = p , J = E B = H = o ( H + M )
( ) = 1 p 2 2 , p = ( Ne 2 m )

> c Et = EiTe + x jk z z

(plasma)

TTE = 2 / (1 + [i cos t / t cos i ]) TTM = 2 / (1 + [t cos t / i cos i ])

eff = (1 j / )
Skin depth = ( 2 / )
0.5

[m]
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Radiating Waves
2 A 1 c2 1 2 2 c A = J f t 2 f 2 = 2 t
2

Wireless Communications and Radar

PR = 4 Pr ( , , r ) r 2 sin dd
Prec = Pr(,)Ae(,) Ae (, ) = G(, ) 2 4

A = V

J f ( t rQP / c ) dV
4 rQP

= V

f ( t rQP / c ) dV
4 rQP A , B = A t

G ( , ) = 1.5sin 2 (Hertzian Dipole)

E =

2 + 2 = ,
( x, y, z, t ) = Re ( x, y, z ) e jt

jk x + jk y y E ff ( 0 ) = ( je jkr r ) E t (x, y)e x dxdy A

jkr E z = i a i Ee i = (element factor)(array f)

2 A + 2A = J ,
A ( x, y, z, t ) = Re A ( x, y, z ) e jt

Ebit ~4 10-20 [J] Z12 = Z21 if reciprocity

(r ) = V (r )e jkr r / 4 r ' r dV
A(r) = V ' ( J ( r ) e jk r ' r 4 r ' r ) dV '
E ff = H = ( jkId 4r ) e jkr sin ff

w e = V E 4 dv
wm =
V

( H 2 4) dv

Qn = n w Tn Pn = n 2n
2 f mnp = ( c 2 ) m a + n b + p d sn = jn - n 2

0.5

Forces, Motors, and Generators J = ( E + v B)

F = I B [ Nm -1 ] (force per unit length) E = v B inside perfectly conducting wire ( )

Acoustics
P = Po + p, U = 0 + u
p = o u t

Max f/A = B /2, D /2 [Nm ]

dw T + f dz dt dt f = ma = d(mv)/dt vi =

u = (1 o cs 2 ) p t

( 2 k 2 2 t 2 ) p = 0
k 2 = 2 cs = 2 o Po
cs = v p = v g = ( Po o )
0.5

P = fv = T (Watts) T = I d/dt I = i mi ri 2
FE = E Nm 1 Force per unit length on line charge
WM ( , x ) = 1 2 1 q2 ; WE ( q, x ) = 2 L ( x) 2 C ( x)

or ( K o )

0.5

or

RT

s = p/u = ocs = (oPo)0.5 or 0 RT gases s = (oK)0.5 solids, liquids

fM (, x ) =

WM x

1 1 dL ( x ) d = 2 (1/ L ( x ) ) = I 2 2 dx 2 dx

p(z) = p + e- jkz + p - e + jkz , p(z, t) = Re p(z) e j t u z =s -1 (p + e-jkz - p- e+jkz ) , u z (z, t) = Re u z (z) e j t

W f E ( q, x ) = E x

d 1 1 dC ( x ) = q 2 (1/ C ( x ) ) = v 2 dx 2 dx 2

A up da + ( d dt )V ( o

2 + p2 2Po dV
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Optical Communications
E = hf, photons or phonons hf/c = momentum [kg ms-1]
dn 2 dt = An 2 + B ( n 2 n1 )

Transmission Lines
Time Domain v(z,t)/z = -Li(z,t)/t i(z,t)/z = -Cv(z,t)/t 2v/z2 = LC 2v/t2 v(z,t) = V+(t z/c) + V-(t + z/c) i(z,t) = Yo[V+(t z/c) V-(t + z/c)] c = (LC)-0.5 = ()-0.5 Zo = Yo-1 = (L/C)0.5 L = V-/V+ = (RL Zo)/(RL + Zo) Frequency Domain

(d 2 /dz 2 + 2 LC)V(z) = 0
V(z) = V+ e-jkz + V- e +jkz , v( z, t ) = Re V ( z )e jt = Y [V e-jkz - V e +jkz ], i ( z , t ) = Re z )e jt I(z) 0 + I(

k = 2/ = /c = ()0.5
Z(z) = V(z) = Zo Zn (z) I(z) Zn (z) = [1 + (z) ] [1 (z) ] = R n + jX n

(z) = ( V V+ ) e 2 jkz = [ Zn (z) 1] [ Zn (z) + 1]

Z(z) = Zo ( ZL jZo tan kz ) ( Zo jZL tan kz ) VSWR = Vmax Vmin

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