Resonant Cavities

as Beam Position Monitors

Part 1. Waveguides and cavities
A. Liapine
1. Waves and waveguides
Electromagnetic fields oscillating on high frequencies ("radio" and "microwave" ranges) can
be transmitted by means of waveguides. Basically, a waveguide is a metallic pipe filled with
dielectric or vacuum, but there are many other special types (like stripline, microstrip, radial
lines etc). The electromagnetic field is known to propagate through the waveguide as a wave
(or a mixture of a few waves) with a fixed configuration. This configuration depends on the
frequency of oscillations, waveguide type and excitation type.
Let's take a look on an example of the common wave in a circular waveguide:
electric field is shown with red lines, magnetic with blue ones
wave is Transverse Electric - the electric field has no longitudinal component (in some
literature it is marked as H-wave)
the direction of the propagation is given by [E, H]
maximums and nodes of transversal components of E and H coincide in case of
vacuum filling
A bit more about indexes on an example of a rectangular waveguide:
TE
11
(Transverse
Electric)
H
11
Direction of
propagation
z
r

indexes show the numbers of variations of the field for both axes (x, y for rectangular,
, for a circular waveguide)
There are several possibilities to couple to the fields in the waveguide (or cavity)
magnetic coupling uses a loop acting to the magnetic field. The coupling strength
depends on the magnetic flux through the loop i.e. inductivity of the loop
electric coupling uses an antenna , the coupling depends on its capacitance.
electromagnetic coupling is a sum of two electric and magnetic, they may sometimes
even cancel each other.
2. Circular waveguide
We start with a wave equation for the
z
E -component of the electric field
0
2 2
+
z z
E k E ,
were
2 2
k .
It is convenient to use the cylindrical coordinate system. So we write
0
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
+

z
z z z z
E k
z
E E
r r
E
r r
E

.
We uncouple dependencies on r, , z, introducing ) ( ) ( ) ( z Z r R E
z
, in that way we get
three independent equations
TE
10
TE
11
TE
01
y
x
P
Magnetic
coupling
P
Electric
coupling
Electromagnetic
coupling
;
1
,
1
, 0 ] ) ( [
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
z
z
k
dz
Z d
Z
m k
d
d
m k k r R
dr
dR
r
dr
R d
r

+ +

with solutions
. ) (
), cos( ) (
), ( ) ( ) (
5 4
3
2 2
2
2 2
1
z ik z ik
z m z m
z z
e C e C z Z
m C
k k r N C k k r J C r R
+

+

Combining these solutions and introducing
2 2 2
z c
k k k we get equations describing two
waves traveling in +z and z directions:
) (
2 , 1
) cos( ) (
z k t i
c m z
z
e m r k J A E


.
We want to know the transversal components as well. They can be obtained from the
longitudinal components with help of the Maxwell equations. In cylindrical coordinate
system
For the harmonic oscillating fields the Maxwell equations can be simplified to
Combining these equations and evaluating the z-derivatives we get
We are interested in transverse magnetic oscillations, so we put 0
z
H and come to the components
Boundary condition 0 ) ( R r E
z
gives an evaluation for the
c
k
:
R
j
k
mn mn
c
;
mn
j
is the
n
th zero
of the Bessel function
m
J
.
3. Cylindrical resonant cavity
We can "make" a cavity out of a cylindrical waveguide cutting it transversally with conductive
planes at 0 z and l z .
The sum of the transversal components of the reflected and initial waves must be equal to 0
at these planes:
This means that 2 /
2 1
C A A and
l
p
k
z

. We get the components of the electromagnetic
field in the cavity:
These equations describe the fields of all possible transverse magnetic modes in a cylindrical
cavity. Indexes m, n and p enumerate the number of variations in , r and z directions
respectively.
Using the equation
2 2 2
z c
k k k + we can establish a connection between the geometrical sizes of
the cavity and its resonant frequencies:
0
L
z
r

The fields and the frequencies, given by m, n, p are eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of the
cavity.
4. Single bunch excitation and coupled signals
A beam, passing through a cylindrical cavity, interacts with its eigenmodes exciting them. The
mode, which is used for the beam position monitoring, is the first dipole mode, TM
110
. Its
excitation depends on the position of the beam and the phase of the excited field depends on
the direction of the offset with respect to the cavity centre. This mode has the strongest
excitation among the all position dependent modes (dipole, quadruple, etc).
The field components of the dipole mode are given by
Integration of the electric field among the trajectory of the bunch dt v E V

+

gives us the
voltage seen by a bunch passing through the cavity. In the accelerator physics this voltage is
known as an accelerating voltage (
acc
V
). This voltage depends on the field strength and the
effective length of the cavity its actual length multiplied by the transit time factor. The
transit time factor indicates that the field in the cavity changes during the passage. In the
assumption that the electric field is constant among the z-axis and the beam trajectory is
parallel to z-axis we get
l T E V
tr 0

. The accelerating voltage can also be written as

dz Ee dt v Ee V
ikz t i

+

+



if v E || .
The definition of the accelerating voltage can be also used for the calculation of the beam
excitation. The fundamental theorem of the beam loading says that the voltage seen by the
bunch exciting the cavity itself is a half of the voltage excited in the cavity which can be seen
by a probe charge traveling behind the exiting charge.
Using the model of a closed cavity for the calculation of the excitation we do not take into
account the fact, that a cavity BPM has beampipes. Therefore the excitation is proportional to
the Bessel function of the offset, which looses the linearity very fast with the increasing beam
offset.
As a matter of fact, the excitation is almost linear in the beam pipe region. In order to show it,
we replace
( ) cos
2 2
1
r k k AJ E
z z

by an integral over all
z
k possible in an infinite beampipe
( ) ( )

z
z ik
z z z
dk e r k k J k A E
z
cos
2 2
1
.
Assuming the electrical field to be constant among z-axis in the cavity gap we can find the
constants ( )
z
k A fitting the field in the cavity to the field in the beampipe at
a r
. We apply
an additional integration over dz to be able to use ( )
' ) (
2
'
z z
z k k i
k k dz e
z z

*:
( ) ( )

+

+

+


'


elsewhere
l z l E
dz e dk e a k k J k A dz e
z ik
z
z ik
z z
z ik
z z z
, 0
2 / 2 / , cos
cos
0
2 2
1
' '

;
In the right part we get the expression for the accelerating voltage for
a r
:
( ) ( )

+

+

l T E dk a k k J k A dz e
tr z z z
z k k i
z z
0
2 2
1
) (
'
.
Applying * we get:
( ) ( ) l T E a k k J k A
tr z z 0
2 ' 2
1
'
2 .
a
R
L
Now the field is given by:
( )
( )

z
z ik
z
z
tr
z
dk e r k k J
a k k J
l T E
E
z
2 2
1
2 2
1
0
2
.
This is still an integral with infinite limits, but we need to calculate the accelerating voltage:
( )
( )

+

+

+

z
z ik
z
z tr ikz t i
z
dk e
a k k J
r k k J l T E
dz e dz e E V
z
2 2
1
2 2
1 0
2

.
We come again to the integral * and we get:
( )
( )
a
r
l T E
a k k J
r k k J
l T E V
tr
z
z
k k
tr
z
0
2 2
1
2 2
1
0
lim

.
This equation shows a pure linear dependence of the excited voltage on the beam offset.
For the estimation of the excited and the output voltages of a mode n it is convenient to relate
them to the secondary cavity parameters, such as quality factor and shunt impedance. We
calculate the accelerating voltage integrating the electric field of this mode:
dt v E V
n

+

The energy lost by the bunch is the voltage multiplied by the bunch charge q:
n n
qV W
.
The voltage induced in the cavity is a doubled voltage seen by the bunch:
q
W
V V
n
n n
2
2

.
Rearranging the above equation we get:
n
n
n
V
q
W
V

q
W
V
q
W
V
V
n n
n n
n
n
n

2 2

2 2

.
Now we use the definition of the shunt impedance
loss n
n
n
P
V
R
,
2

and the internal quality factor

loss n
n n
n
P
W
Q
,
0 ,

to get a normalized shunt impedance

n n
n
n
W
V
Q
R

,
_

.
loss n
P
,
is here the power dissipated in the cavity walls.
Introducing
n
Q
R

,
_

into our equation we get a material independent solution, because the

normalized shunt impedance does not depend on the cavity's material. It depends only on the
geometry.
q
Q
R
V
n
n
n

,
_

,
2
4
q
Q
R
W
n
n
n

,
_

.
We use next the definition of the external quality factor
out n
n n
ext n
P
W
Q
,
,

,
which characterize the coupling strength, and get the output power as
2
,
2
,
4
q
Q
R
Q
P
n
ext n
n
out n

,
_

.
In the output line with the impedance Z
ZP V
so the output voltage is
q
Q
R
Q
Z
V
n
ext n
n
out n

,
_

,
,
2

.
Let us consider the above equation for the dipole mode and show the offset dependence there.
We take the shunt impedance for a fixed offset, which is reasonable for the
calculation/simulation. The shunt impedance is proportional to the offset squared and the
voltage is in a linear dependence on the offset, so we can scale it to any offset we are
interested in:
q
r
r
Q
R
Q
Z
V
fix
fix
ext
out

,
_

2
0

.
This voltage can be compared to the noise level produced by the thermal noise in the
bandwidth of the dipole mode f kTZ V
noise
4 in order to estimate the best resolution
achievable with the BPM.
Further comments to this calculation:
The energy lost by the bunch depends on the voltage seen by the bunch and the bunch charge.
It depends on the bunch offset, because the voltage depends on the offset. We assume no
losses during the excitation time, the system is closed. That means that the whole energy is
stored in the cavity's fields.
If a certain amount of energy is stored in the cavity, the strength of the fields is given by this
energy, because it is an integral of the fields over the volume of the cavity. The voltage
calculated as a linear integral has an offset dependence and, being involved squared into the
shunt impedance definition, gives
2
~ r
Q
R

,
_

, that means that the output voltage in the last

equation is proportional to the offset.
The last key is given by the fundamental theorem of the beam loading, which connects the
voltage seen by the bunch exciting the cavity and the voltage seen by a probe charge traveling
behind the bunch.
The fundamental theorem of the beam loading
To illustrate this theorem we assume that a charge q goes through a cavity and sees a fraction
f of its own induced voltage V
b1
for a particular mode. The energy lost by the charge is then:
1 1 b
qfV U
.
Consider a second equal charge following the first charge by exactly one half of the modes
oscillation period. When the second charge excites that mode, the field induced by the first
charge changes its phase by 180
0
and becomes accelerating for the second charge. The voltage
induced by the second charge will cancel the voltage excited by the first charge, which is equal
by value, but has changed its sign. As a result no energy remains stored in this mode. The
energy gained by the second charge must be equal the energy lost by the first one by the
conservation law:
) 1 ( ) (
1 2 1 2 1 1
f qV fV V q U qfV U
b b b b

.
This means that f=1/2.