Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Linear wave Shaping 2. Non Linear Wave Shaping - Clippers 3. Non Linear Wave Shaping - Clampers 4. Transistor as a Switch 5. Study of Logic Gates and some Applications 6. Study of Flip-Flops and some Applications 7. Sampling Gates 8. Astable Multivibrator 9. Monostable Multivibrator 10. Bistable Multivibrator 11. Schmitt Trigger 12. UJT Relaxation Oscillator 13. Boot Strap Sweep Circuit

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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1.

Linear Wave Shaping

Aim: i) To design a low pass RC circuit for the given cutoff frequency and obtain its frequency response. ii) To observe the response of the designed low pass RC circuit for the given square waveform for T<<RC, T=RC and T>>RC. iii) To design a high pass RC circuit for the given cutoff frequency and obtain its frequency response. iv) To observe the response of the designed high pass RC circuit for the given square waveform for T<<RC, T=RC and T>>RC. Components Required: Name of the Component/Equipment Resistors Capacitor CRO Function Generator Theory: The process whereby the form of a non sinusoidal signal is altered by transmission through a linear network is called linear wave shaping. An ideal low pass circuit is one that allows all the input frequencies below a frequency called cutoff frequency fc and attenuates all those above this frequency. For practical low pass circuit cutoff is set to occur at a frequency where the gain of the circuit falls by 3 dB from its maximum at very high frequencies the capacitive reactance is very small, so the output is almost equal to the input and hence the gain is equal to 1. Since circuit attenuates low frequency signals and allows high frequency signals with little or no attenuation, it is called a high pass circuit. Specifications
1K 2.2k 16k

Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1

0.01F 20 MHz 1MHz

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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Circuit Diagrams: 1. Low Pass RC Circuit:

2. High pass RC Circuit:

Procedure: A) Frequency response characteristics: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig and apply a sinusoidal signal of amplitude of 2Vp-p as input. 2. Vary the frequency of input signal in suitable steps 100 Hz to 1 MHz and note down the p-p amplitude of output signal. 3. Obtain frequency response characteristics of the circuit by finding gain at each frequency and plotting gain in dB vs. frequency. 4. Find the cutoff frequency fc by noting the value of f at 3 dB down from the maximum gain B) Response of the circuit for different time constants: 1. Apply a square wave of 2v p-p amplitude as input. 2. Adjust the time period of the waveform so that T>>RC, T=RC, T<<RC and observe the output in each case. 3. Draw the input and output wave forms for different cases. RVR Institute of Engineering and Technology ECE Department

Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Frequency Response Tabulation: 1. Low Pass Filter: S.No Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage, Vo (V) Gain = 20log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

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2. High Pass Filter: S.No Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage, Vo (V) Gain = 20log(Vo/Vin) (dB)

Model Graphs: 1. Low Pass RC circuit Frequency Response:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual 2. High Pass RC circuit frequency response:

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Wave forms: 1. Low Pass RC circuit:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual 2. High Pass RC Circuit:

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Precautions: 1. Connections should be made carefully. 2. Verify the circuit connections before giving supply. 3. Take readings without any parallax error.

Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by Linear Wave Shaping? 2. What are linear elements? 3. What is meant by a low pass filter and why it is called so? 4. What is meant by a high pass filter and why it is called so? 5. What is meant by Reactance of a Capacitor? 6. What is meant by 3dB frequency? 7. What is meant by cut-off frequency?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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2 Non Linear Wave Shaping-Clippers

Aim: To study the response of various diode clipper circuits Apparatus required: Name of the Specifications Component/Equipment Resistor Diode Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Function generator Regulated power supply Theory: The basic action of a clipper circuit is to remove certain portions of the waveform, above or below certain levels as per the requirements. Thus the circuits which are used to clip off unwanted portion of the waveform, without distorting the remaining part of the waveform are called clipper circuits or Clippers. The half wave rectifier is the best and simplest type of clipper circuit which clips off the positive/negative portion of the input signal. The clipper circuits are also called limiters or slicers. Circuit diagrams: 1K IN 4007 20MHz 1MHz 0-30V,1A Quantity 1 1 1 1 1

1. Negative clipper with no reference voltage (Vr=0V)

Figure 1

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual 2.Positive Clipper with reference voltage Vr =2

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Figure 2
3. Negative clipper with reference voltage, Vr=2V

Figure 3
4. Positive Clipper with Reference Voltage, Vr=2V

Figure 4

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

5. Negative Clipper with Reference Voltage, Vr=-2V

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6. Positive clipper with reference voltage, V=-2v

7. Two Level Clipper:

Precautions: 1. Connections should be made carefully. 2. Verify the circuit before giving supply. 3. Take readings without any parallax error

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by non linear wave shaping? 2. What is meant by Clipping? 3. What are Non-Linear elements? 4. What is the Forward and Reverse resistances of a Normal Diode and an Ideal Diode? 5. What are the other names for Clippers? 6. What are the applications and advantages of Clippers?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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3. Non Linear Wave Shaping Clampers

Aim: To study the response of various diode Clamper circuits Apparatus Required: Name of the Specifications Component/Equipment Diode Resistor Capacitor Function Generator CRO IN 4007 10 k 0.1F 1MHz 20MHz Quantity 2 1 1 1 1

Theory: The circuits which are used to add a d.c level as per the requirement to the a.c signals are called clamper circuits. Capacitor, diode, resistor are the three basic elements of a clamper circuit. The clamper circuits are also called d.c restorer or d.c inserter circuits. The clampers are classified as 1. Negative clampers 2. Positive clampers Circuit Diagrams: 1. Positive Clamper camping to 0v:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual 2. Negative Clamper clamping to 0v:

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3. Positive - clamper with reference voltage Vr:

4. Negative Clamper with reference voltage

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Procedure: (i) Design clamper circuits (ii) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

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(iii) Apply sinusoidal input signal from function generator whose amplitude is larger than the reference voltage level(Maximum peak voltage) (iv) Observe the output on the CRO (v) Draw the input and output waveforms on the graph. Precautions: 1. Connections should be made carefully. 2. Verify the circuit before giving supply. 3. Take readings without any parallax error

Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by a Clamper? 2. How many types of Clampers are there? What are they? 3. What are the advantages and applications of Clampers? 4. What are the other names of Clampers? 5. What is the difference between a Clipper and a Clamper?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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4. Transistor as a Switch
Aim: To study Switching characteristics of a given transistor (BC107) and calculate the rise time, delay time, storage time and fall time. Apparatus:

Name of the Component/Equipment Transistor Resistor Capacitor CRO Function Generator

Specifications BC 107 6.8 k 2.2k 0.1F 20MHz 1MHz

Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1

Theory: In the transistor the output characteristics having three different regions. They are: 1. Cut-off region 2. Saturation region 3. Active region. When the transistor is operating in Cut-off region, it remains cut-off i.e. no current flows in the load circuit. The transistor thus behaves like an open switch. It can be shown that both emitter-base junction and collector-base junction are reverse biased and no conduction occurs. When the transistor is operating in Saturation region, it conducts heavily, just like a closed switch. Both emitter-base junction and collector-base junction remain Forward-biased and the device almost behaves like a Short-circuit. The region between cut-off region and Saturation region is termed as Active region. When the transistor is operating in this region, the emitter-base junction remains forward-biased and the collector-base junction remains Reverse-biased.

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Circuit Diagram:

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Expected Waveforms:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Procedure: (i) Study the theory of Operation thoroughly.

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(ii) Switch ON the trainer and measure the Output voltages of the regulated power supply. (iii) Circuit has been already wired. Just you have to trace the circuit. Observe the (Output voltage, 5vp-p and frequency 100 KHz). (iv) Connect square signal to the Input of transistors Switch circuit (v) Observe the Input and Output waveforms with the help of dual trace Oscilloscope and measure the following parameters a. b. c. d. e. f. Rise time (t r) Fall time (t f) Delay time (t d) Storage time (t s) Turn ON time (t ON) Turn OFF time (t OFF).

(vi) Repeat the steps 4 to 5 by connecting square signal from signal source (FG).

Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. Define the following: a. Rise time (t r) b. Fall time (t f) c. Delay time (t d) d. Storage time (t s) e. Turn ON time (t ON) f. Turn OFF time (t OFF). 2. What is meant by a. Cut-off region? b. Saturation Region? c. Active Region? 3. What is meant by Forward-biased condition? 4. What is meant by Reverse-Biased condition? RVR Institute of Engineering and Technology ECE Department

Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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5. Study of Logic Gates and some Applications

Aim: To verify different logic gates truth tables. Apparatus:

Name of the Component/Equipment Diode Transistors Multimeter Bread Board

Specifications

Quantity

IN4007 BC 107 -------------

3 2 1 1

Theory: A voltage gate is a digital circuit with one (or) more digital signals, but only one o/p signal. A no. of signals forming the input at the logic gate may be a Red (or) ANDed and the o/p signal is decided by the voltage vales of the I/P signal and the operation involved. Circuit Diagrams:

A 0 0 1 1

OR Gate B Y=A+B 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

A 0 0 1 1

AND Gate B Y=AB 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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NOT Gate A Y=A 0 1 1 0

A 0 0 1 1

NOR Gate B Y=(A+B) 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

A 0 0 1 1

NAND Gate B Y=(AB) 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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Procedure: (i) Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. (ii) Apply different combinations of input and observe corresponding outputs in multimeter and verify the truth table for each logic gate. Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by a Logic Gate? 2. What are Universal Gates? Give Examples? 3. What are the applications and advantages of Logic Gates? 4. Define AND, OR, NOT and XOR Gates? 5. What are Logic Gates? Name the basic Logic Gates?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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6. Study of Flip-Flops and some Applications

Aim: To Construct different types of Flip-Flops using ICs and verify the truth tables. Apparatus Required: (i) (ii) THEORY: Flipflop can be used as memory element since it holds the information until the arrival of the next trigger pulse at the input. The flipflop which find wide applications are. Flip-Flop trainer Connecting wires

The following are the types of flipflops we have 1. JK flipflop 2. SR flipflop 3. T flipflop 4. D flipflop. Circuit Diagrams: RS Flip Flop Basic Version:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual RS Flip Flop Clocked Version:

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Symbol:

IC 7476 M/S Jk Flip Flop:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Flip Flop:

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Symbol for JK Flip Flop:

D- Flip Flop using JK M/S Flip Flop:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Procedure: (i) Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

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(ii) Apply different combinations of input and observe output and verify the truth tables. Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. Define Flip- Flop? 2. What are the advantages and applications of a Flip Flop? 3. What is the difference between a Latch and a Flip Flop? 4. What are the different types of Flip Flops we have? 5. What is meant by a M/S Flip Flop?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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7. Sampling Gates
Aim: To Study the operation of sampling gates using method of four diode gate Components Required: 1) Sampling gate trainer. 2) Function generator. 3) CRO and CRO probe. 4) Digital multimeter. Theory: A Sampling Gate is basically a transmission circuit which allows an input signal to pass through it during a selected interval; and blocks its passage outside the time interval. The input signal does not suffer any distortion or attenuation during transmission, with the result that the output waveform is an exact replica of the input signal waveform. Hence the output of a sampling gate is an exact reproduction of the input signal during the selected interval, and is zero otherwise. The interval of the time is selected by means of an external signal termed as Gating Signal. The gating signal is generally a rectangular pulse of the required polarity. Circuit Diagram:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Expected Waveforms:

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Procedure: 1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2) Switch ON the trainer kit. 3) Apply input signal frequency of 500Hz. 4) Observe the out put wave form on CRO.

Result:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by a Sampling Gate? 2. Sampling Gate is Linear Gate True or False? 3. What is the difference between a Sampling Gate and a Linear Gate? 4. What are the types of Sampling Gate? 5. In how many ways we can design a Sampling Gate? 6. What is meant by a Gating Signal? 7. Which signal is used for Gating purpose?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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8. Astable Multivibrator Using Transistors

Aim: To study the operation of Astable Multivibrator using transistors and calculate the pulse width variation of different capacitance. Apparatus Required: (i) Astable multivibrator (transistor) trainer kit. (ii) Dual trace Oscilloscope

(iii) Frequency counter(Optional) (iv) Digital MultiMate (v) Transistors(NPN) BC547 (or) BC147 (2)

(vi) Silicon Diode IN4148 (vii) Resistors a. 100k (2)

b. 3.9k (2) c. 1k (1) (viii) Capacitors a. 0.1F(2) b. 0.01F(2)

Theory: Astable multivibrator: An Astable Multivibrator has two quasi stable states and it keeps on switching between these two states by itself. No external triggering signal is needed. The astable multivibrator cannot remain indefinitely in any one of the two states .The two amplifier stages of an astable multivibrator are regenerative across coupled by capacitors. The astable multivibrator may be to generate a square wave of period, 1.38RC.

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure: (i) Study the theory of operation thoroughly. (ii) Switch on the trainer and measure the output voltages of the regulated power supply i.e., +10V. (iii) Connect the circuit as shown in fig.(select tuning capacitors 0.1Fs) NOTE: Variable DC source (5-10V) is internally connected to the point V in the circuit, so no external connection is required) (iv) Observe the output of the circuit using oscilloscope and measure the time period for the signal. (v) Measure the output frequency using oscilloscope frequency counter and compare it with theoretical value. The theoretical time period is calculated using T = 1.38RC for Symmetrical T = 2RC in (1+Vcc/V) where R=100k C=0.1 (or) 0.01F Vcc =10V V is measured value from the circuit at test point V using multimeter. (vi) By varying DC source V (5-10V) in steps measure and note down the corresponding output waveforms on graph paper. (vii) Repeat the steps from 3-6 with timing capacitors 0.01Fs. (viii) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (ix) Repeat the steps from 3-8. RVR Institute of Engineering and Technology ECE Department

Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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Calculations: Theoretical Values: RC= R1C1+ R2C2 Time Period, T = 1.368RC = 1.368x100x103x0.01x10-6 = 93 sec = 0.093 m sec Frequency, f = 1/T = 10.75 kHz

Result:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by a multivibrator? 2. What is the other name for Astable Multivibrator?

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3. What is meant by a quasi stable state? Astable Multivibrator contains how many quasi stable states? 4. What is the principle of an Astable Multivibrator? 5. How many triggerings are required for Astable Multivibrator?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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9. Monostable Multivibrator using Transistors

Aim: To observe the stable state and quasi stable state voltages in monostable multivibrator. Apparatus required: 1) Transistor (BC 107) BC 107 ---2no 2) Resistors 2.2K 1.5K 68K 1K 3) Diode 0A79 4) Capacitor 1F -- 2no --1no, --1no, --1no. --1no -- 2no

5) Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, 1A 1no 6) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz1no 7) Function generator (.1 1MHz), 20V p-p 1no Theory:
.

Monostable multivibrator: A monostable multivibrator on the other hand compared to Astable, bistable has only one stable state, the other state being quasi stable state. Normally the multivibrator is in stable state and when an externally triggering pulse is applied, it switches from the stable to the quasi stable state. It remains in the quasi stable state for a short duration, but automatically reverse switches back to its original stable state without any triggering pulse. The monostable multivibrator is also referred as one shot or uni vibrator since only one triggering signal is required to reverse the original stable state. The duration of quasi stable state is termed as delay time (or) pulse width (or) gate time. It is denoted ast.

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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Circuit Diagram:

Model waveforms:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 2. Verify the stable states (Q1 and Q2) 3. Apply the square wave of 2Vp-p, 1 KHz signal to the trigger circuit. 4. Observe the wave forms at base of each transistor simultaneously. 5. Observe the wave forms at collectors of each transistor simultaneously. 6. Note down the parameters carefully. 7. Note down the time period and compare it with theoretical values.

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8. Plot wave forms of Vb1, Vb2, Vc1 & Vc2 with respect to time as shown in Fig .

Calculations:
Theoretical Values: Time Period, T = 0.693RC = 0.693x68x103x0.01x10-6 = 47 sec = 0.047 m sec Frequency, f = 1/T = 21 kHz

Precautions: 1. Connections should be made carefully. 2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.

Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by a Mono Stable Multivibrator?

2. What is the other name for Mono Stable Multivibrator?

3. What is meant by a quasi stable state? Monostable Multivibrator contains how many quasi stable states? 4. What is the principle of a Monostable Multivibrator? 5. How many triggerings are required for Monostable Multivibrator? RVR Institute of Engineering and Technology ECE Department

Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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10. Bistable Multivibrator

Aim: To study the operation of Bistable multivibrator and to obtain stable state outputs. Apparatus Required: 1. Transistor (BC 107) BC 107 ---2no 2. Resistors 2.2K 1.5K 68K 1K -- 2no --1no, --1no, --1no.

3. Diode 0A79 --1no 4. Capacitor 1F -- 2no

5. Regulated Power Supply 0-30V, 1A 1no 6. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz1no 7. Function generator (.1 1MHz), 20V p-p 1no Theory: A Bistable multivibrator circuit is one which can exist indefinitely in either of two stable states and which can be induced to make an abrupt transition from one state to another state by means of external excitation. A Bistable multivibrator is used for the performance of many digital operations such as counting and storing of binary information.

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Circuit Diagram:

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Expected Waveforms:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 2. Verify the stable states (Q1 and Q2) 3. Apply the square wave of 2Vp-p, 1 KHz signal to the trigger circuit. 4. Observe the wave forms at base of each transistor simultaneously. 5. Observe the wave forms at collectors of each transistor simultaneously. 6. Note down the parameters carefully. 7. Note down the time period and compare it with theoretical values.

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8. Plot wave forms of Vb1, Vb2 and Vc1 & Vc2 with respect to time as shown in Fig. Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by a Bistable Multivibrator? 2. What is the other name for Bistable Multivibrator? 3. What is meant by triggering? 4. How many triggering techniques are there for a Bistable Multivibrator? 5. What is meant by a quasi stable state? Monostable Multivibrator contains how many quasi stable states?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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11. Schmitt Trigger

Aim: To Study the operation of Schmitt trigger Bistable Multivibrators and calculate its UTP and LTP points using AC and DC inputs signal. Equipments Required: 1) Schmitt trigger 2) Dual trace Oscilloscope 3) Digital Multimeter 4) Function generators

Components Required: 1) Transistor 2N2369 (NPN) 2 NO; 2) Resistors RC1=RC2=3/9 KE (2NO); RS=1KE, R1=2.2kE, RE=3.9KE; RE1=RE2=4, 7 KE (2NO); 3) Capacitor 100 PF; Theory: Schmitt trigger: Schmitt trigger is a Bistable circuit and the existence of only two stable states results form the fact that positive feedback is incorporated into the circuit and from the further fact that the loop gain of the circuit is greater than unity. There are several ways to adjust the loop gain. One way of adjusting the loop gain is by varying Rc1. Under quiescent conditions Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON because it gets the required base drive from Vcc through Rc1 and R1. So the output voltage is Vo=Vcc-Ic2Rc2 is at its lower level. Until then the output remains at its lower level.

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Circuit Diagram:

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Model Waveform:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown in Figure.

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2. Apply a sine wave of peak to peak amplitude 12V, 1 KHz frequency wave as input to the circuit. 3. Observe input and output waveforms simultaneously in channel 1 and channel 2 of CRO. 4. Note down the input voltage levels at which output changes the voltage level as shown in Fig 5. Draw the graph between voltage versus time of input and output signals.

Precautions: 1. Connections should be made carefully. 2. Note down the parameters carefully. 3. The supplied voltage levels should not exceed the maximum rating of the transistor.

Result:

Viva Voce Questions: 1. What is meant by Hysteresis in Schmitt Trigger? 2. What are the other names for Schmitt Trigger? 3. What are the applications of Schmitt Trigger? 4. What are the advantages of Schmitt Trigger? 5. Schmitt Trigger contains how many stable states?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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12. UJT Relaxation Oscillator

Aim: To Generate a Saw-tooth wave form using UJT relaxation oscillator Components Required: 1) UJT relaxation Oscillator trainer kit 2) 3) 4) 5) Theory: The UJT has two dropped regions with three external loads. It has one emitter and two Bases. The emitter is heavily doped having many holes. The n-region is lightly doped. For this reason, the resistance between the bases is relatively high. Typically between 5 K to 10 K when the emitter is open. This is called Interbase resistance Rbb. When the supply voltage Vbb is initially applied to the circuit, UJT is off because Capacitor will begin from 0v and no emitter current consequently. Capacitor will be charged towards Vbb through resistor R. CRO and CRO probe. Resistor 150K, 100K, 47K. Capacitor C=0.1 F. UJT=2N2646

Circuit diagram for UJT Relaxation Oscillator:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Expected Waveforms:

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Procedure: 1) Switch ON the trainer and measure the output voltages of the regulated power supply i.e. +12V. 2) Connect one of the resistors to the emitter of the UJT. 3) Observe waveforms across the capacitor 0.1/250 V i.e. Ve and at Veb1 i.e. across 33 ohms resistor. 4) Measure the time period of the output signal. 5) Calculate the theoretical time period using T=RC ln 1/ (1-h) where h lies between 0.51 and 0.81. 6) Compare the measured time period with theoretical values. 7) Repeat step4 to step 6 for different values of R.

Result:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Viva Voce Questions: 1) What is meant by a Sweep Generator? 2) What are the types of Sweep Generators? 3) What is meant by UJT? 4) What are the applications and advantages of UJT? 5) What is meant by Rbb? 6) What is the output of a Sweep Generator?

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual

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13. Boot Strap Sweep Circuit

Aim: To generate a saw-tooth wave form using Bootstrap generator method. Components required: 1) Boot strap sweep generator trainer kit. 2) Dual trace oscilloscope. 3) Digital multimeter. 4) Resistor: 10KE- 4NO and 1K-1NO. 5) Capacitor: C=0.01F and C1=100F/35V 6) Diodes: D1=1N4148 -2NO. 7) Transistor: 2N2222-2NO

Circuit Diagram:

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Input and Output Waveforms:

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Procedure: 1) As the circuit is already wired you just have to trace the circuit according to the circuit diagram as shown. 2) Connect trainer to the Mains and switch ON the power supply. 3) Measure the output voltage of regulated power supply circuit i.e. +5V & -5V. Note: supplies are connected internally to the circuit so no external connection is required. 4) Observe the output of square wave oscillator using oscilloscope and note that the output voltage is approximately 2Vp-p and frequency is 600HZ to 20Hz. 4) Connect the output of the square wave oscillator to the input of bootstrap Sweep circuit and observe the output waveform on Oscilloscope. 5) By varying input signal frequency observe both input and corresponding output wave form using Oscilloscope. 6) Plot the graph for input and output waveform at different input frequencies. 7) For example: we are playing giving and input output wave form of 1KHZ & 8KHZ input frequency.

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Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab Manual Result:

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Viva Voce Questions: 1) What is meant by a Sweep Voltage? 2) Define Sweep time and Return time? 3) Define Sweep Error, transmission error and displacement error? 4) What is meant by Boot Strapping? 5) Explain the principle of Boot Strapping? 6) What are the methods of generating ramp voltage? 7) What is meant by Slope error in Boot Strap Sweep Signal?

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