Canals ,fissures , and foramina of cranial bones

Orbital region
.The bony cavities called orbits enclose and protect the eyes and that move them .The orbital complex consist of multiple bones that form each orbit ; The borders of orbital complex are as follow the roof of orbit is formed from the frontal bone and the lesser wing of sphenoid.1 .bone the floor of the orbit is formed primarily by the maxilla,although the zygomatic bone.2 .and perpendicular plate of the palatine bone also contribute a portion the medial wall is formed from the frontal process of maxilla,the lacrimal bone, and.3 .the lateral mass of ethmoid bone the lateral wall of the orbit is formed from the orbital surface of the zygomatic.4 bone ,the greater wing of the sphenoid and the zygomatic process the frontal .bone .the posterior wall of orbit is composed primarily of the sphenoid bone.5

Extraocular muscles
the eye ball is moved in the orbit by 4 rectus muscles(superior,inferior,lateral,and .(medial) and 2 oblique muscles(superior and inferior The superior oblique arises from the sphenoid bone and the inferior oblique from the .medial orbital margion The 4 rectus mm.arise from a tendinous ring around optic canal(common tendinous .(ring,common annular tendon All of extraocular muscle insert on the sclera.the tendon of the insertion of the superior oblique first passes through a tendinous loop(trochlea) attached to the superomedial orbital margion which redirect it posteriorly at an acute angle to its insertion on the temporal aspect of the superior surface of the eyeball.the functional competence of all six extraocular muscles and their coordinated interaction are essential in directing both eyes toward the visual target. It is the task of the brain to process the two perceived retinal images in a way that provides binocular visual perception. If the coordinated actions of these muscles are impaired ,due ,for example,to the paralyses of one eye muscle ,the visual axis of one eye will deviate from its normal postion and the patient will perceive .(a douple image (diplopia

Function and innervation of the extraocular muscles

Ophthalmic artery ,is a branch of the internal carotid artery.it runs below the optic nerve through the optic canal to the orbit and supplies the .intraorbital structures including the eyeball the structures in the orbit ; frontal nerve a direct continuation of the ophthalmic nerve,enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure ,and runs forwards,under the roof of the orbit ,on levator palpebrae superioris,to divide into supra-orbital and .supratrochlear branches at a variable point Supratrochlear nerve This ,the medial and smaller branch,runs towards the pulley of the superior oblique muscle ,pierces the palpebral fascia above it.and leaves the orbit to run upward into the forehead. In the orbit it communicate with .the infratrochlear nerve ;Supra-orbital nerve This branch continue in the line of the parent stem ,passes through the .supra orbital notch or foramen,and turns upwards into the forehead Normally it divide into 2 scalp,but if this occurs in the orbit ,the larger .,lateral part occupy the supraorbital notch ;Lacrimal nerve This smallest br. Of the ophthalmic passes through the lateral part of the .superior orbital fissure and runs forward above the lateral rectus muscle At the anterior part of the orbit ,it receives a filament of post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the zygomatic nerve, sends neumerous twigs to the lacrimal gland and one branch below it to the upper .eyelid,palpebral br Trochlear nerve This 4th CN supply the superior oblique muscle only.,entering the orbit the superior orbital fissure,it passes forward and medially just under the .roof of orbit to superior oblique m ;Lacrimal gland It is a lobulated structure situated in the hollow on the medial side of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone at the superolateral angle of the orbit. Its mostly hidden by the orbital margin, and is bound to it by short fibrous strand. The concave , medial surface rests on levator palpebrae

superioris and the lateral rectus, which separate it from the eyeball. The palpebral part projects down into the upper lid between the palpebral .fascia and the conjunctiva Nine to ten slender ducts open on the deep surface of the upper eyelid .near the conjunctival fornix ;Levator palpebrae superioris It arise from the roof of the orbit immediately anterior to optic canal ,and passes forward above rectus superior. Anteriorly ,it widens into a broad ,membranous expansion which is inserted into skin of the eyelid, the anterior surface of the superior tarsus , and the superior conjunctival fornix. A layer of involuntary (smooth) muscle arise from aponeurosis and is attached to the superior tarsus.this smooth muscle is supplied by nerve fibres from the cervical sympathetic and its denervation leads to .(drooping of the eyelid(ptosis ;Superior rectus It arise from upper margion of optic canal ,passes anterolaterally above .the optic nerve and inserted into sclera ;Superior oblique It arise from roof of the orbit immediately anteromedial to the optic canal,and passes anteriorly along upper part of the medial orbital wall. Anteriorly ,it ends in a slender tendon which enters the trochlea , and at once turn posterolaterally to pass between the superior rectus and the eyeball . lateral to superior rectus ,the tendon flattens out and is inserted into the sclera midway between the enterance of the optic nerve and the .cornea The trochlea is a small fibrocartilaginous ring attached by fibrous tissue to the trochlear fossa on the frontal bone. It is lined with a synovial sheath .which allows the tendon to slide freely in it ;Optic nerve Enters the orbit through optic canal, run anterolaterally and slightly downwards to pierce the sclera a short distance medial to the centre of its posterior surface ,. The nasociliary nerve ,ophthalmic artery and vein ,cross above it ; Nasociliary nerve Arise from ophthalmic nerve in the anterior part of cavernous sinus.pass through superior orbital fissure,continues forwards between the superior

oblique and medial rectus ,and end by dividing into infratrochlear and .anterior ethmoidal nerves ;Ciliary ganglion Small collection of parasympathetic nerve cells,lies in fatty tissue .between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle ;Ophthalmic artery .Arise from internal carotid artery Enter the orbit through the optic canal,inside the arachnoid sheath of optic . nerve At first it lies below the optic nerve, but gradually pierces its dural sheaths and winding round the lateral side of the nerve,crosses above it to reach the medial wall of the orbit.,ends by dividing into the .supratrochlear and dorsal nasal arteries near the front of the orbit ;Ophthalmic veins Superior ophthalmic veins begins in the anterior part of the orbit close to the artery ,and communicate with supra-orbital and supratrochlear ,tributaries of the facial vein . The inferior ophthalmic vein is smaller, and lies below optic nerve Both them passing through superior orbital fissure ,open into the .cavernous sinus either separetly or by a common trunk ; Oculomotor nerve ; Abducent nerve

;The scalp The scalp covers the vault of the skull and extends between the right and left temporal lines,and the eyebrows and superior nuchal lines. It consist ; of Skin ,connective tissue ,adherent to a flat aponeurotic sheet,loose fatty .tissue and pericranium The epicranium aponeurosis is the tendon uniting the frontal and occipital .bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle The skin fixed to the aponeurosis by dense strands of fibrous tissue which traverse the subcutaneous tissue and split it into a number of separate .pockets filled with fat .The blood vessels and nerves of the scalp lie in this superficial layer Deep to the aponeurosis is relatively avascular layer of loose areolar tissue which allow scalp to slide freely on the pericranium covering the .skull ;Occipitofrontalis muscle The occipital bellies are shorter and narrower than the frontal bellies,and are widely separated by the aponeurosis. Each arises from the lateral part .of the corresponding superior nuchal line Each frontal belly lies in the forehead and adjoining part of the scalp,.it has no attachment to bone ,but runs between the skin of the forehead and epicranial aponeurosis. Because of these attachments it both raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead.the medial part of the bellies are fused and attached to the skin of the nose which they wrinkle.,supply by .the facial nerve

;Nerves of the scalp and superficial temporal region The superficial structure of this region and of the face receive a motor innervation from the facial nerve,and sensory innervation from trigeminal nerve and 2nd and 3rd cervical and spinal nerve. In addition there is a ,sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels,sweet glands ;Arteries of the scalp and superficial temporal region this region is supplied by branches of the external carotid artery ,except for the forehead which receives the supra-orbital and supratrochlear .,arteries ,Superficial temporal artery

this large ,terminal branch of the external carotid begins behind the neck of the mandible in , or deep to ,the parotid gland.it run with the auriculotemporal nerve and divides into anterior and posterior branches which run towards the frontal and parietal eminences respectively . the anterior branch is frequently seen through the skin in elderly individual.and is .often very tortuous ; Transverse facial .Run forwards on the masseter muscle ,below the zygomatic arch ; Middle temporal Crosses the root of the the zygomatic arch ,pierces the temporal fascia ,and run vertically upwards,grooving the skull above the external acoustic .meatus ; Zygomatico-orbital Runs anteriorly above the zygomatic arch between the two layers of .temporal fascia.it anastomoses with branches of the ophthalmic artery ; Posterior auricular artery Small art. Curve posterosuperiorly below and behind the root of the ,auricle ; Occipital artery . This large br. Arise deep to the angle of the mandible These arteries of the scalp anastomose freely with each other and with those of opposite side . because of this ,wounds of the scalp bleed profusely , but heal rapidly ,also if a large piece of scalp is torn downwards from calvaria ,it will survive and heal satisfactorily provided .apart of the peripheral attachment containing an artery is intact