Computer Graphics

An Introduction

Whats this course all about?

We will cover Graphics programming and algorithms Graphics data structures

Colour
Applied geometry, modelling and rendering

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Computer Graphics is about animation (films)

Major driving force now

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Games are very important in Computer Graphics

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Medical Imaging is another driving force

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Computer Aided Design too

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Scientific Visualisation
To view below and above our visual range

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First Lecture
The graphics processes
What we will cover on this course

Some definitions
Fundamental units we use in these processes

First Practical

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Overview of the Course

Graphics Pipeline (Today) Modelling
Surface / Curve modelling

(Local lighting effects) Illumination, lighting, shading, mirroring, shadowing Rasterization (creating the image using the 3D scene) Ray tracing Global illumination Curves and Surfaces
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Graphics/Rendering Pipeline
Graphics processes generally execute sequentially Pipelining the process means dividing it into stages Especially when rendering in real-time, different hardware resources are assigned for each stage

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Graphics / Rendering Pipeline

There are three stages
Application Stage Geometry Stage Rasterization Stage

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Application stage
Entirely done in software by the CPU Read Data
the world geometry database, Users input by mice, trackballs, trackers, or sensing gloves

In response to the users input, the application stage change the view or scene

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Geometry Stage
Modeling: shapes Model Transformation

Transformation: viewing
Hidden Surface Elimination Shading: reflection and lighting
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Rasterization Stage
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Rasterization Stage
Geometry Stage

Rasterization and Sampling Texture Mapping Image Composition Intensity and Colour Quantization

Framebuffer/Display
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An example thro the pipeline

The scene we are trying to represent:

Images courtesy of Picture Inc.

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Geometry Pipeline
Loaded 3D Models

Model Transformation
Transformation: viewing

Hidden Surface Elimination Shading: reflection and lighting

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Imaging Pipeline
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Preparing Shape Models

Designed by polygons, parametric curves/surfaces, implicit surfaces and etc. Defined in its own coordinate system

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Model Transformation
Objects put into the scene by applying translation, scaling and rotation

Linear transformation called homogeneous transformation is used

The location of all the vertices are updated by this transformation

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Perspective Projection
We want to create a picture of the scene viewed from the camera We apply a perspective transformation to convert the 3D coordinates to 2D coordinates of the screen Objects far away appear smaller, closer objects appear bigger

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Hidden Surface Removal

Objects occluded by other objects must not be drawn

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Shading
Now we need to decide the colour of each pixels taking into account the objects colour, lighting condition and the camera position
point light source

Object

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Shading : Constant Shading - Ambient

Objects colours by its own colour

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Shading Flat Shading

One colour for one face

Objects coloured based on its own colour and the lighting condition

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Gouraud shading, no specular highlights

Lighting calculation per vertex

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Shapes by Polynomial Surfaces

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Specular highlights added

Light perfectly reflected in a mirror-like way

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Phong shading

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Next, the Imaging Pipeline

Geometry Pipeline

Rasterization and Sampling Texture Mapping Image Composition Intensity and Colour Quantization

Framebuffer/Display
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Rasterization
Converts the vertex information output by the geometry pipeline into pixel information needed by the video display Aliasing: distortion artifacts produced when representing a high-resolution signal at a lower resolution. Anti-aliasing : technique to remove aliasing

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Anti-aliasing

Aliased polygons (jagged edges)

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Anti-aliased polygons
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How is anti-aliasing done? Each pixel is subdivided (sub-sampled) in n regions, and each sub-pixel has a color; Compute the average color value

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Texture mapping

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Other covered topics: Reflections, shadows & Bump mapping

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Other covered topics: Global Illumination

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Polynomial Curves, Surfaces

Graphics Definitions
Point
a location in space, 2D or 3D sometimes denotes one pixel

Line
straight path connecting two points infinitesimal width, consistent density beginning and end on points
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 Vertex
Edge

Graphics Definitions

point in 3D

line in 3D connecting two vertices

Polygon/Face/Facet
arbitrary shape formed by connected vertices fundamental unit of 3D computer graphics

Mesh

set of connected polygons forming a surface (or object) : 09/12/2012 Lecture 1 37

Graphics Definitions
Rendering : process of generating an image from the model Framebuffer : a video output device that drives a video display from a memory containing the color for every pixel

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Course support resources

Graphics course website http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/ cg
lecture material, lecture log with general summary and recommended reading, Links to support material for lectures and projects, Practical description and resources
Lecture 1

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First Practical
Write a program that renders an image of a teapot and outputs it into an image file I prepared a demo program to load a 3D model and draw the edges You update it so that the surface appears shaded See the course website for the details

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Some notifications
16 lectures in total I need to visit Japan in the beginning of October so no lecture on 5th October Need to attend conferences on 16th and 26th of November so no lectures there

Summary
The course is about algorithms, not applications
Lots of mathematics

Graphics execution is a pipelined approach Basic definitions presented Some support resources indicated

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