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How Microprocessors Work

A microprocessor works by fetching program instructions from memory, decoding what type of operation needs to be performed, and executing the instruction through its arithmetic logic unit (ALU). It uses pipelining to fetch, decode, and execute instructions simultaneously from multiple programs to improve efficiency. The microprocessor communicates with memory, which stores both data and instructions, through a system bus. Memory includes random access memory (RAM) that only temporarily stores active data and programs, and read-only memory (ROM) that permanently stores basic startup instructions.

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Ibrahim Hejab
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42 views

How Microprocessors Work

A microprocessor works by fetching program instructions from memory, decoding what type of operation needs to be performed, and executing the instruction through its arithmetic logic unit (ALU). It uses pipelining to fetch, decode, and execute instructions simultaneously from multiple programs to improve efficiency. The microprocessor communicates with memory, which stores both data and instructions, through a system bus. Memory includes random access memory (RAM) that only temporarily stores active data and programs, and read-only memory (ROM) that permanently stores basic startup instructions.

Uploaded by

Ibrahim Hejab
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How Microprocessors Work

Daryl Ngan Travis Beardslee Chris Morgan

Overview
Inside a Microprocessor How it thinks Computer Memory How it stores data Program Instructions Tell it what to do

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)


Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Comparison Logic Operations
OPERAND A

RESULT

OPERAND B CONTROL

Pipelining
Assembly Line Specialization Dont Waste Resources

Pipelining Fetch Stage


Get Instruction From Memory Store In Instruction Register

FETCH

DECODE

EXECUTE

Instruction #1

Pipelining Decode Stage


Determine Instruction Type Get Necessary Data Setup ALU

FETCH

DECODE

EXECUTE

Instruction #2

Instruction #1

Pipelining Execute Stage


Perform Required Operation Store Result In Result Register

FETCH

DECODE

EXECUTE

Instruction #3

Instruction #2

Instruction #1

Memory
Stores Data and Instructions Communicates With Microprocessor

MICROPROCESSOR

System Bus
SYSTEM BUS

MEMORY CHIPS

Random-Access Memory (RAM)


Scratch Pad Stores Data and Programs During Execution Only Retains Data While Powered On

Read-Only Memory (ROM)


Instruction Manual Data Doesnt Change Used When System Starts

Instructions
Drill Sergeants Written By Programmers Relatively Simple

Instructions - Decoding
Composed of Fields Like Telephone Numbers
01 (213) 740-9136 x111

CALL NETWORK ADMIN IN EEB B10

ADD REG16, REG1, REG8 REG16 = REG1 + REG8

A Simple Program
Calculate Sales Tax - Reg1 has 7.75% - Reg2 has Subtotal - Reg4 will have Grand Total MULT $3, $2, $1 ADD $4, $2, $3 OUT $4, $MONITOR

Conclusion
How it Thinks How it Stores Data Tell it What to Do

Questions

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