Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer

12-41 A circular grill is considered. The bottom of the grill is covered with hot coal bricks, while the wire
mesh on top of the grill is covered with steaks. The initial rate of radiation heat transfer from coal bricks
to the steaks is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities are = 1 for all surfaces since they
are black or reradiating.
Analysis We consider the coal bricks to be surface 1, the steaks to
be surface 2 and the side surfaces to be surface 3. First we
determine the view factor between the bricks and the steaks
(Table 12-1),
75 . 0
m 0.20
m 15 . 0

L
r
R R
i
j i
7778 . 3
0.75
75 . 0 1
1
1
2
2
2
2

+
+
i
j
R
R
S
2864 . 0
75 . 0
75 . 0
4 7778 . 3 7778 . 3
2
1
4
2
1
2 / 1
2
2
2 / 1
2
2
12

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

'

1
1
]
1

,
_

i
j
ij
R
R
S S F F
(It can also be determined from Fig. 12-7).
Then the initial rate of radiation heat transfer from the coal bricks to the stakes becomes
W 1674

] ) K 278 ( ) K 1100 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 ]( 4 / m) 3 . 0 ( )[ 2864 . 0 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4
2
4
1 1 12 12

T T A F Q

When the side opening is closed with aluminum foil, the entire heat lost by the coal bricks must be gained
by the stakes since there will be no heat transfer through a reradiating surface. The grill can be considered
to be three-surface enclosure. Then the rate of heat loss from the room can be determined from
1
23 13 12
2 1
1
1 1

,
_

+
+

R R R
E E
Q
b b

where
W/ m K K W/ m
W/ m K K W/ m
4 2 2
4 2 2
E T
E T
b
b
1 1
8 4 4
2 2
8 4 4
67 10 1100 83 015
67 10 18 273 407

+

(5. . )( ) ,
(5. . )( )

and
A A
1 2
2
0 3
007069
( . )
.
m
4
m
2
2 -
2
13 1
23 13
2 -
2
12 1
12
m 82 . 19
) 2864 . 0 1 )( m 07069 . 0 (
1 1
m 39 . 49
) 2864 . 0 )( m 07069 . 0 (
1 1

F A
R R
F A
R
Substituting,
W 3757

,
_

1
2 - 2 -
2
12
) m 82 . 19 ( 2
1
m 39 . 49
1
W/m ) 407 015 , 83 (
Q

12-31
Steaks, T
2
= 278 K,
2
= 1
Coal bricks, T
1
= 1100 K,
1
= 1
0.20 m
L
2
= 1.2 m
L
1
= 0.8 m
A
1
(1)
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-42E A room is heated by lectric resistance heaters placed on the ceiling which is maintained at a
uniform temperature. The rate of heat loss from the room through the floor is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 There is no heat loss through the side surfaces.
Properties The emissivities are = 1 for the ceiling and = 0.8 for the floor. The emissivity of insulated
(or reradiating) surfaces is also 1.
Analysis The room can be considered to be three-surface enclosure
with the ceiling surface 1, the floor surface 2 and the side surfaces
surface 3. We assume steady-state conditions exist. Since the side
surfaces are reradiating, there is no heat transfer through them, and
the entire heat lost by the ceiling must be gained by the floor. Then
the rate of heat loss from the room through its floor can be
determined from
2
1
23 13 12
2 1
1
1 1
R
R R R
E E
Q
b b
+

,
_

+
+

where
2 4 4 2 8 4
2 2
2 4 4 2 8 4
1 1
Btu/h.ft 130 ) R 460 65 )( R . Btu/h.ft 10 1714 . 0 (
Btu/h.ft 157 ) R 460 90 )( R . Btu/h.ft 10 1714 . 0 (
+
+

T E
T E
b
b
and
A A
1 2
2
12 144 ( ) ft ft
2
The view factor from the floor to the ceiling of the room is F
12
0 27 . (From Figure 12-42). The view
factor from the ceiling or the floor to the side surfaces is determined by applying the summation rule to be
F F F F F
11 12 13 13 12
1 1 1 0 27 0 73 + + . .
since the ceiling is flat and thus F
11
0 . Then the radiation resistances which appear in the equation
above become
2 -
2
13 1
23 13
2 -
2
12 1
12
2 -
2
2 2
2
2
ft 009513 . 0
) 73 . 0 )( ft 144 (
1 1
ft 02572 . 0
) 27 . 0 )( ft 144 (
1 1
ft 00174 . 0
) 8 . 0 )( ft 144 (
8 . 0 1 1

F A
R R
F A
R
A
R

Substituting,
Btu/h 2130
+

,
_

2 -
1
2 - 2 -
2
12
ft 00174 . 0
) ft 009513 . 0 ( 2
1
ft 02572 . 0
1
Btu/h.ft ) 130 157 (
Q

12-32
T
2
= 90F

2
= 0.8
Ceiling: 12 ft 12 ft
T
1
= 90F

1
= 1
Insulated side
surfacess
9 ft
L
2
= 1.2 m
L
1
= 0.8 m
A
1
(1)
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-43 Two perpendicular rectangular surfaces with a common edge are maintained at specified
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfers between the two surfaces and between the horizontal
surface and the surroundings are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of the horizontal rectangle and the surroundings are = 0.75 and = 0.85,
respectively.
Analysis We consider the horizontal rectangle to be surface 1, the vertical rectangle to be surface 2 and
the surroundings to be surface 3. This system can be considered to be a three-surface enclosure. The view
factor from surface 1 to surface 2 is determined from
27 . 0
75 . 0
6 . 1
2 . 1
5 . 0
6 . 1
8 . 0
12
2
1

F
W
L
W
L
(Fig. 12-6)
The surface areas are
2
2
2
1
m 92 . 1 ) m 6 . 1 )( m 2 . 1 (
m 28 . 1 ) m 6 . 1 )( m 8 . 0 (


A
A
2 2 2
3
m 268 . 3 6 . 1 2 . 1 8 . 0
2
8 . 0 2 . 1
2 + +

A
Note that the surface area of the surroundings is determined assuming that surroundings forms flat
surfaces at all openings to form an enclosure. Then other view factors are determined to be
18 . 0 ) 92 . 1 ( ) 27 . 0 )( 28 . 1 (
21 21 21 2 12 1
F F F A F A (reciprocity rule)
73 . 0 1 27 . 0 0 1
13 13 13 12 11
+ + + + F F F F F (summation rule)
82 . 0 1 0 18 . 0 1
23 23 23 22 21
+ + + + F F F F F (summation rule)
29 . 0 ) 268 . 3 ( ) 73 . 0 )( 28 . 1 (
31 31 31 3 13 1
F F F A F A (reciprocity rule)
48 . 0 ) 268 . 3 ( ) 82 . 0 )( 92 . 1 (
32 32 32 3 23 2
F F F A F A (reciprocity rule)
We now apply Eq. 9-52b to each surface to determine the radiosities.
Surface 1:
[ ]
[ ] ) ( 73 . 0 ) ( 27 . 0
75 . 0
75 . 0 1
) K 400 )( K . W/m 10 67 . 5 (
) ( ) (
1

3 1 2 1 1
4 4 2 8
3 1 13 2 1 12
1
1
1
4
1
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+

+
+

Surface 2:
2
4 4 2 8
2
4
2
) K 550 )( K . W/m 10 67 . 5 ( J J T


Surface 3:
[ ]
[ ] ) ( 48 . 0 ) ( 29 . 0
85 . 0
85 . 0 1
) K 290 )( K . W/m 10 67 . 5 (
) ( ) (
1

3 1 2 1 3
4 4 2 8
2 3 32 1 3 31
3
3
3
4
3
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+

+
+

Solving the above equations, we find
2
3
2
2
2
1
W/m 5 . 811 , W/m 5188 , W/m 1587 J J J
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfers between the two surfaces and between the horizontal surface
and the surroundings are determined to be
W 1245
2 2
2 1 12 1 12 21
W/m ) 5188 1587 )( 27 . 0 )( m 28 . 1 ( ) ( J J F A Q Q

W 725
2 2
3 1 13 1 13
W/m ) 5 . 811 1587 )( 73 . 0 )( m 28 . 1 ( ) ( J J F A Q

12-33
W = 1.6 m
(2) L
2
= 1.2 m
L
1
= 0.8 m
A
1
(1)
A
2
T
3
= 290 K

3
= 0.85
T
2
= 550 K

2
= 1
T
1
=400 K

1
=0.75
(3)
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-44 Two long parallel cylinders are maintained at specified temperatures. The rates of radiation heat
transfer between the cylinders and between the hot cylinder and the surroundings are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are black. 3 Convection heat transfer is
not considered.
Analysis We consider the hot cylinder to be surface 1, cold cylinder to be surface 2, and the surroundings
to be surface 3. Using the crossed-strings method, the view factor between two cylinders facing each other
is determined to be
F
s D s
D
1 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2

+
Crossed strings Uncrossed strings
String on surface 1 ( / )
or
099 . 0
) 16 . 0 (
5 . 0 16 . 0 5 . 0 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1

,
_

,
_

D
s D s
F
The view factor between the hot cylinder and the
surroundings is
901 . 0 099 . 0 1 1
12 13
F F (summation rule)
The rate of radiation heat transfer between the
cylinders per meter length is
2
m 2513 . 0 2 / m) 1 )( m 16 . 0 ( 2 / DL A
W 38.0
4 4 4 2 8 2 4
2
4
1 12 12
K ) 275 425 )( C . W/m 10 67 . 5 )( 099 . 0 )( m 2513 . 0 ( ) ( T T AF Q

Note that half of the surface area of the cylinder is used, which is the only area that faces the other
cylinder. The rate of radiation heat transfer between the hot cylinder and the surroundings per meter
length of the cylinder is
2
1
m 5027 . 0 m) 1 )( m 16 . 0 ( DL A
W 629.8
4 4 4 2 8 2 4
3
4
1 13 1 13
K ) 300 425 )( C . W/m 10 67 . 5 )( 901 . 0 )( m 5027 . 0 ( ) ( T T F A Q

12-34
D
D
(2)
(1)
s
T
3
= 300 K

3
= 1
T
2
= 275 K

2
= 1
T
1
= 425 K

1
= 1
(3)
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-45 A long semi-cylindrical duct with specified temperature on the side surface is considered. The
temperature of the base surface for a specified heat transfer rate is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivity of the side surface is = 0.4.
Analysis We consider the base surface to be surface 1, the side surface to be surface 2. This system is a
two-surface enclosure, and we consider a unit length of the duct. The surface areas and the view factor are
determined as
2
2
2
1
m 571 . 1 2 / m) 1 )( m 0 . 1 ( 2 /
m 0 . 1 ) m 0 . 1 )( m 0 . 1 (


DL A
A
1 1 0 1
12 12 12 11
+ + F F F F (summation rule)
The temperature of the base surface is determined from
K 684.8

1
2 2
4 4
1
4 2 8
2 2
2
12 1
4
2
4
1
12
) 4 . 0 )( m 571 . 1 (
4 . 0 1
) 1 )( m 0 . 1 (
1
] K) 650 ( )[ W/m 10 67 . 5 (
W 1200
1 1
) (
T
T K
A F A
T T
Q

12-46 A hemisphere with specified base and dome temperatures and heat transfer rate is considered. The
emissivity of the dome is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivity of the base surface is = 0.55.
Analysis We consider the base surface to be surface 1, the dome surface to be surface 2. This system is a
two-surface enclosure. The surface areas and the view factor are determined as
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1
m 0628 . 0 2 / ) m 2 . 0 ( 2 /
m 0314 . 0 4 / ) m 2 . 0 ( 4 /




D A
D A
1 1 0 1
12 12 12 11
+ + F F F F (summation rule)
The emissivity of the dome is determined from

0.21

+ +

+ +

2
2
2
2
2 2
4 4 4 2 8
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
4
2
4
1
12 21
) m 0628 . 0 (
1
) 1 )( m 0314 . 0 (
1
) 55 . 0 )( m 0314 . 0 (
55 . 0 1
] K) 600 ( K) 400 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
W 50
1 1 1
) (
A F A A
T T
Q Q

12-35
T
1
= ?

1
= 1
T
2
= 650 K

2
= 0.4
D = 1 m
T
1
= 400 K

1
= 0.55
T
2
= 600 K

2
= ?
D = 0.2 m
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
Radiation Shields and The Radiation Effect
12-47C Radiation heat transfer between two surfaces can be reduced greatly by inserting a thin, high
reflectivity(low emissivity) sheet of material between the two surfaces. Such highly reflective thin plates or
shells are known as radiation shields. Multilayer radiation shields constructed of about 20 shields per cm.
thickness separated by evacuated space are commonly used in cryogenic and space applications to
minimize heat transfer. Radiation shields are also used in temperature measurements of fluids to reduce
the error caused by the radiation effect.
12-48C The influence of radiation on heat transfer or temperature of a surface is called the radiation
effect. The radiation exchange between the sensor and the surroundings may cause the thermometer to
indicate a different reading for the medium temperature. To minimize the radiation effect, the sensor
should be coated with a material of high reflectivity (low emissivity).
12-49C A person who feels fine in a room at a specified temperature may feel chilly in another room at
the same temperature as a result of radiation effect if the walls of second room are at a considerably lower
temperature. For example most people feel comfortable in a room at 22C if the walls of the room are also
roughly at that temperature. When the wall temperature drops to 5C for some reason, the interior
temperature of the room must be raised to at least 27C to maintain the same level of comfort. Also,
people sitting near the windows of a room in winter will feel colder because of the radiation exchange
between the person and the cold windows.
12-50 The rate of heat loss from a person by radiation in a large room whose walls are maintained at a
uniform temperature is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat
transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivity of the person is given to be 1 =
0.7.
Analysis (a) Noting that the view factor from the person to
the walls F
12
1 , the rate of heat loss from that person to
the walls at a large room which are at a temperature of 300
K is
W 26.9

] ) K 300 ( ) K 303 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 7 . 1 )( 1 )( 85 . 0 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4
2
4
1 1 12 1 12
T T A F Q

(b) When the walls are at a temperature of 280 K,

W 187

] ) K 280 ( ) K 303 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 7 . 1 )( 1 )( 85 . 0 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4
2
4
1 1 12 1 12
T T A F Q

12-36
T
2
Q
rad
T1 = 30C
1 = 0.85
A = 1.7 m
2
ROOM
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-51 A thin aluminum sheet is placed between two very large parallel plates that are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates is to be determined
for the cases of with and without the shield.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.5, 2 = 0.8, and 3 = 0.15.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer with a
thin aluminum shield per unit area of the plates is
2
W/m 1857

,
_

+ +
,
_

,
_

+ +

,
_

1
15 . 0
1
15 . 0
1
1
8 . 0
1
5 . 0
1
] ) K 650 ( ) K 900 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (

1
1 1
1
1 1
) (
4 4 4 2 8
2 , 3 1 , 3 2 1
4
2
4
1
shield one , 12

T T
Q

The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates in the case of no shield is
2
4 4 4 2 8
2 1
4
2
4
1
shield , 12
W/m 035 , 12
1
8 . 0
1
5 . 0
1
] ) K 650 ( ) K 900 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
1
1 1
) (

,
_

,
_

T T
Q
no

Then the ratio of radiation heat transfer for the two cases becomes

,
,
,
Q
Q
12
12
1857
12 035
one shield
no shield
W
W

1
6
12-37
T
2
= 650 K

2
= 0.8
T
1
= 900 K

1
= 0.5
Radiation shield

3
= 0.15
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-52 "!PROBLEM 12-52"
"GIVEN"
"epsilon_3=0.15 parameter to be varied"
T_1=900 "[K]"
T_2=650 "[K]"
epsilon_1=0.5
epsilon_2=0.8
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
Q_dot_12_1shield=(sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/((1/epsilon_1+1/epsilon_2-
1)+(1/epsilon_3+1/epsilon_3-1))
3 Q12,1 shield [W/m
2
]
0.05 656.5
0.06 783
0.07 908.1
0.08 1032
0.09 1154
0.1 1274
0.11 1394
0.12 1511
0.13 1628
0.14 1743
0.15 1857
0.16 1969
0.17 2081
0.18 2191
0.19 2299
0.2 2407
0.21 2513
0.22 2619
0.23 2723
0.24 2826
0.25 2928
12-38
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000

3
Q
1
2
,
1
s
h
i
e
l
d


[
W
/
m
2
]

12-39
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-53 Two very large plates are maintained at uniform temperatures. The number of thin aluminum
sheets that will reduce the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates to one-fifth is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.2, 2 = 0.2, and 3 = 0.15.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates in the case of no shield is
2
4 4 4 2 8
2 1
4
2
4
1
shield , 12
W/m 3720
1
2 . 0
1
2 . 0
1
] ) K 800 ( ) K 1000 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
1
1 1
) (

,
_

,
_

T T
Q
no

The number of sheets that need to be inserted in order

to reduce the net rate of heat transfer between the two
plates to onefifth can be determined from

3

,
_

+ +
,
_

,
_

,
_

92 . 2
1
15 . 0
1
15 . 0
1
1
2 . 0
1
2 . 0
1
] ) K 800 ( ) K 1000 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
) W/m (3720
5
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
) (
shield
shield
4 4 4 2 8
2
2 , 3 1 , 3
shield
2 1
4
2
4
1
shields , 12
N
N
N
T T
Q

12-54 Five identical thin aluminum sheets are placed between two very large parallel plates which are
maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates is to be
determined and compared with that without the shield.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
1 = 2 = 0.1 and 3 = 0.1.
Analysis Since the plates and the sheets have the same
emissivity value, the net rate of radiation heat transfer
with 5 thin aluminum shield can be determined from
2
W/m 183

,
_

+

+

,
_

1
1 . 0
1
1 . 0
1
] ) K 450 ( ) K 800 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
1 5
1
1
1 1
) (
1
1
1
1
4 4 4 2 8
2 1
4
2
4
1
shield no , 12 shield 5 , 12

T T
N
Q
N
Q

The net rate of radiation heat transfer without the shield is
W 1098 +
+
W 183 6 ) 1 (
1
1
shield 5 , 12 shield no , 12 shield no , 12 shield 5 , 12
Q N Q Q
N
Q

12-40
T
2
= 800 K

2
= 0.2
T
1
= 1000 K

1
= 0.2
Radiation shields

3
= 0.15
T
2
= 450 K

2
= 0.1
T
1
= 800 K

1
= 0.1
Radiation shields

3
= 0.1
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-55 "!PROBLEM 12-55"
"GIVEN"
N=5 "parameter to be varied"
epsilon_3=0.1
"epsilon_1=0.1 parameter to be varied"
epsilon_2=epsilon_1
T_1=800 "[K]"
T_2=450 "[K]"
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
Q_dot_12_shields=1/(N+1)*Q_dot_12_NoShield
Q_dot_12_NoShield=(sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/(1/epsilon_1+1/epsilon_2-1)
N Q12,shields [W/m
2
]
1 550
2 366.7
3 275
4 220
5 183.3
6 157.1
7 137.5
8 122.2
9 110
10 100
1 Q12,shields [W/m
2
]
0.1 183.3
0.15 282.4
0.2 387
0.25 497.6
0.3 614.7
0.35 738.9
0.4 870.8
0.45 1011
0.5 1161
0.55 1321
0.6 1493
0.65 1677
0.7 1876
0.75 2090
0.8 2322
0.85 2575
0.9 2850
12-41
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
N
Q
1
2
,
s
h
i
e
l
d
s


[
W
/
m
2
]

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000

1
Q
1
2
,
s
h
i
e
l
d
s


[
W
/
m
2
]

12-42
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-56E A radiation shield is placed between two
parallel disks which are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer
through the shields is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are black. 3 Convection heat transfer is not
considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
1 = 2 = 1 and 3 = 0.15.
Analysis From Fig. 12-44 we have 52 . 0
13 32
F F .
Then 48 . 0 52 . 0 1
34
F . The disk in the middle is
surrounded by black surfaces on both sides. Therefore,
heat transfer between the top surface of the middle disk
and its black surroundings can expressed as
]} ) K 540 ( [ 48 . 0 ] ) R 1200 ( [( 52 . 0 ){ R Btu/h.ft 10 1714 . 0 ( ) ft 069 . 7 ( 15 . 0
)] ( [ )] ( [
4 4
3
4 4
3
4 2 8 2
4
2
4
3 32 3
4
1
4
3 31 3 3
+
+

T T
T T F A T T F A Q

Similarly, for the bottom surface of the middle disk, we have

]} ) K 540 ( [ 52 . 0 ] ) R 700 ( [( 48 . 0 ){ R Btu/h.ft 10 1714 . 0 ( ) ft 069 . 7 ( 15 . 0
)] ( [ )] ( [
4 4
3
4 4
3
4 2 8 2
4
5
4
3 35 3
4
4
4
3 34 3 3
+
+

T T
T T F A T T F A Q

Combining the equations above, the rate of heat transfer between the disks through the radiation shield
(the middle disk) is determined to be
Btu/h 866 Q

and T3 = 895 K
12-43
T
1
= 1200 R,
1
= 1

3
= 0.15
T
2
= 700 R,
2
= 1
1 ft
1 ft
T

= 540 K

3
= 1
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-57 A radiation shield is placed between two large parallel plates which are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The emissivity of the radiation shield is to be determined if the radiation heat transfer
between the plates is reduced to 15% of that without the radiation shield.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.6 and 2 = 0.9.
Analysis First, the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two large parallel plates per unit area
without a shield is
2
4 4 4 2 8
2 1
4
2
4
1
shield no , 12
W/m 4877
1
9 . 0
1
6 . 0
1
] ) K 400 ( ) K 650 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
1
1 1
) (

T T
Q

The radiation heat transfer in the case of one shield is

2 2
shield no , 12 shield one , 12
W/m 6 . 731 W/m 4877 15 . 0
15 . 0

Q Q

Then the emissivity of the radiation shield becomes

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

+ +

,
_

1
2
1
9 . 0
1
6 . 0
1
] ) K 400 ( ) K 650 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
W/m 731.6

1
1 1
1
1 1
) (

3
4 4 4 2 8
2
2 , 3 1 , 3 2 1
4
2
4
1
shield one , 12

T T
Q

which gives 0.18

3

12-44
T
2
= 400 K

2
= 0.9
T
1
= 650 K

1
= 0.6
Radiation shield

3
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-58 "!PROBLEM 12-58"
"GIVEN"
T_1=650 "[K]"
T_2=400 "[K]"
epsilon_1=0.6
epsilon_2=0.9
"PercentReduction=85 [%], parameter to be varied"
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
Q_dot_12_NoShield=(sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/(1/epsilon_1+1/epsilon_2-1)
Q_dot_12_1shield=(sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/((1/epsilon_1+1/epsilon_2-
1)+(1/epsilon_3+1/epsilon_3-1))
Q_dot_12_1shield=(1-PercentReduction/100)*Q_dot_12_NoShield
Percent
Reduction [%]
3
40 0.9153
45 0.8148
50 0.72
55 0.6304
60 0.5455
65 0.4649
70 0.3885
75 0.3158
80 0.2466
85 0.1806
90 0.1176
95 0.05751
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
PercentReduction [%]

3

12-45
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-59 A coaxial radiation shield is placed between two coaxial cylinders which are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders is to be determined and
compared with that without the shield.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.7, 2 = 0.4. and 3 = 0.2.
Analysis The surface areas of the cylinders and the shield per unit length are
2
3 3 shield
2
2 2 outer pipe,
2
1 1 inner pipe,
m 942 . 0 ) m 1 )( m 3 . 0 (
m 314 . 0 ) m 1 )( m 1 . 0 (
m 628 . 0 ) m 1 )( m 2 . 0 (






L D A A
L D A A
L D A A
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders with a shield per unit length is
W 703

+ +

+ +

+ +

+ +

) 4 . 0 )( 942 . 0 (
4 . 0 1
) 1 )( 628 . 0 (
1
) 2 . 0 )( 628 . 0 (
2 . 0 1
2
) 1 )( 314 . 0 (
1
) 7 . 0 )( 314 . 0 (
7 . 0 1
] ) K 500 ( ) K 750 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
1 1
1 1
1 1
) (
4 4 4 2 8
2 2
2
2 , 3 3 2 , 3 3
2 , 3
1 , 3 3
1 , 3
13 1 1 1
1
4
2
4
1
shield one , 12

A F A A A F A A
T T
Q

If there was no shield,

W 7465

,
_

,
_

3 . 0
1 . 0
4 . 0
4 . 0 1
7 . 0
1
] ) K 500 ( ) K 750 )[( K W/m 10 67 . 5 (
1 1
) (
4 4 4 2 8
2
1
2
2
1
4
2
4
1
shield no , 12
D
D
T T
Q

Then their ratio becomes

,
,
Q
Q
12
12
703
7465
one shield
no shield
W
W
0.094
12-46
D
2
= 0.3 m
T
2
= 500 K

2
= 0.4
D
1
= 0.1 m
T
1
= 750 K

1
= 0.7
Radiation shield
D
3
= 0.2 m

3
= 0.2
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-60 "!PROBLEM 12-60"
"GIVEN"
D_1=0.10 "[m]"
D_2=0.30 "[m], parameter to be varied"
D_3=0.20 "[m]"
epsilon_1=0.7
epsilon_2=0.4
epsilon_3=0.2 "parameter to be varied"
T_1=750 "[K]"
T_2=500 "[K]"
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
L=1 "[m], a unit length of the cylinders is considered"
A_1=pi*D_1*L
A_2=pi*D_2*L
A_3=pi*D_3*L
F_13=1
F_32=1
Q_dot_12_1shield=(sigma*(T_1^4-T_2^4))/((1-epsilon_1)/(A_1*epsilon_1)+1/
(A_1*F_13)+(1-epsilon_3)/(A_3*epsilon_3)+(1-epsilon_3)/(A_3*epsilon_3)+1/
(A_3*F_32)+(1-epsilon_2)/(A_2*epsilon_2))
D2 [m] Q12,1 shield [W]
0.25 692.8
0.275 698.6
0.3 703.5
0.325 707.8
0.35 711.4
0.375 714.7
0.4 717.5
0.425 720
0.45 722.3
0.475 724.3
0.5 726.1
3 Q12,1 shield [W]
0.05 211.1
0.07 287.8
0.09 360.7
0.11 429.9
0.13 495.9
0.15 558.7
0.17 618.6
0.19 675.9
0.21 730.6
0.23 783
0.25 833.1
0.27 881.2
0.29 927.4
0.31 971.7
0.33 1014
0.35 1055
12-47
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
690
695
700
705
710
715
720
725
730
D
2
[m]
Q
1
2
,
1
s
h
i
e
l
d


[
W
]

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100

3
Q
1
2
,
1
s
h
i
e
l
d


[
W
]

12-48
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
Radiation Exchange with Absorbing and Emitting Gases
12-61C A nonparticipating medium is completely transparent to thermal radiation, and thus it does not
emit, absorb, or scatter radiation. A participating medium, on the other hand, emits and absorbs radiation
throughout its entire volume.

12-62C Spectral transmissivity of a medium of thickness L is the ratio of the intensity of radiation leaving
the medium to that entering the medium, and is expressed as
L L
e
I
I

0 ,
,
and

=1 -

.
12-63C Using Kirchhoffs law, the spectral emissivity of a medium of thickness L in terms of the spectral
absorption coefficient is expressed as
L
e

1 .
12-64C Gases emit and absorb radiation at a number of narrow wavelength bands. The emissivity-
wavelength charts of gases typically involve various peaks and dips together with discontinuities, and
show clearly the band nature of absorption and the strong nongray characteristics. This is in contrast to
solids, which emit and absorb radiation over the entire spectrum.
12-65 An equimolar mixture of CO2 and O2 gases at 500 K and a total pressure of 0.5 atm is considered.
The emissivity of the gas is to be determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis Volumetric fractions are equal to pressure fractions. Therefore, the partial pressure of CO2 is
atm 25 . 0 atm) 5 . 0 ( 5 . 0
2
CO
P y P
c
Then,
atm ft 0.98 atm m 30 . 0 m) atm)(1.2 25 . 0 ( L P
c
The emissivity of CO2 corresponding to this value at the gas temperature of Tg = 500 K and 1 atm is, from
Fig. 12-36,
14 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
This is the base emissivity value at 1 atm, and it needs to be corrected for the 0.5 atm total pressure. The
pressure correction factor is, from Fig. 12-37,
Cc = 0.90
Then the effective emissivity of the gas becomes
0.126 14 . 0 90 . 0
atm 1 , c c g
C
12-66 The temperature, pressure, and composition of a gas mixture is given. The emissivity of the mixture
is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases. 2 The emissivity determined is the mean
emissivity for radiation emitted to all surfaces of the cubical enclosure.
12-49
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
Analysis The volumetric analysis of a gas mixture gives the mole fractions yi of the components, which
are equivalent to pressure fractions for an ideal gas mixture. Therefore, the partial pressures of CO2 and
H2O are
atm 09 . 0 atm) 1 ( 09 . 0
atm 10 . 0 atm) 1 ( 10 . 0
2
2
H
CO


P y P
P y P
O w
c
The mean beam length for a cube of side length 6 m for radiation
emitted to all surfaces is, from Table 12-4,
L = 0.66(6 m) = 3.96 m
Then,
atm ft 1.57 atm m 48 . 0 m) atm)(3.96 09 . 0 (
atm ft .30 1 atm m 396 . 0 m) atm)(3.96 10 . 0 (


L P
L P
w
c
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at the gas temperature of Tg = 1000 K and
1atm are, from Fig. 12-36,
17 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
26 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Both CO2 and H2O are present in the same mixture, and we need to correct for the overlap of emission
bands. The emissivity correction factor at T = Tg = 1000 K is, from Fig. 12-38,
039 . 0
474 . 0
10 . 0 09 . 0
09 . 0
87 . 2 57 . 1 30 . 1

+
+ +
c w
w
w c
P P
P
L P L P

Note that we obtained the average of the emissivity correction factors from the two figures for 800 K and
1200 K. Then the effective emissivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.391 + + 039 . 0 26 . 0 1 17 . 0 1
atm 1 , atm 1 , w w c c g
C C
Note that the pressure correction factor is 1 for both gases since the total pressure is 1 atm.
12-50
6 m
Combustion
gases
1000 K
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-67 A mixture of CO2 and N2 gases at 600 K and a total pressure of 1 atm are contained in a cylindrical
container. The rate of radiation heat transfer between the gas and the container walls is to be determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis The mean beam length is, from Table 12-4
L = 0.60D = 0.60(8 m) = 4.8 m
Then,
atm ft .36 2 atm m 72 . 0 m) atm)(4.8 15 . 0 ( L P
c
The emissivity of CO2 corresponding to this value at the gas
temperature of Tg = 600 K and 1 atm is, from Fig. 12-36,
24 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
For a source temperature of Ts = 450 K, the absorptivity of the gas is again determined using the
emissivity charts as follows:
atm ft 1.77 atm m 54 . 0
K 600
K 450
m) atm)(4.8 15 . 0 (
g
s
c
T
T
L P
The emissivity of CO2 corresponding to this value at a temperature of Ts = 450 K and 1atm are, from Fig.
12-36,
14 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
The absorptivity of CO2 is determined from
17 . 0 ) 14 . 0 (
K 450
K 600
) 1 (
65 . 0
atm 1 ,
65 . 0

,
_

,
_

c
s
g
c c
T
T
C
The surface area of the cylindrical surface is
2
2 2
m 6 . 301
4
m) 8 (
2 m) 8 ( m) 8 (
4
2

+
D
DH A
s
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the gas mixture to the walls of the furnace becomes
W 10 1.91
5

] ) K 450 ( 17 . 0 ) K 600 ( 14 . 0 )[ K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 6 . 301 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
net s g g g s
T T A Q

12-51
8 m
8 m T
g
= 600 K
T
s
= 450 K
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-68 A mixture of H2O and N2 gases at 600 K and a total pressure of 1 atm are contained in a
cylindrical container. The rate of radiation heat transfer between the gas and the container walls is to be
determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis The mean beam length is, from Table 12-4
L = 0.60D = 0.60(8 m) = 4.8 m
Then,
atm ft .36 2 atm m 72 . 0 m) atm)(4.8 15 . 0 ( L P
w
The emissivity of H2O corresponding to this value at the gas
temperature of Tg = 600 K and 1 atm is, from Fig. 12-36,
36 . 0
atm 1

w
For a source temperature of Ts = 450 K, the absorptivity of the gas is again determined using the
emissivity charts as follows:
atm ft 1.77 atm m 54 . 0
K 600
K 450
m) atm)(4.8 15 . 0 (
g
s
w
T
T
L P
The emissivity of H2O corresponding to this value at a temperature of Ts = 450 K and 1atm are, from Fig.
12-36,
34 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
The absorptivity of H2O is determined from
39 . 0 ) 34 . 0 (
K 450
K 600
) 1 (
45 . 0
atm 1 ,
65 . 0

,
_

,
_

w
s
g
w w
T
T
C
The surface area of the cylindrical surface is
2
2 2
m 6 . 301
4
m) 8 (
2 m) 8 ( m) 8 (
4
2

+
D
DH A
s
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the gas mixture to the walls of the furnace becomes
W 10 5.244
5

] ) K 450 ( 39 . 0 ) K 600 ( 36 . 0 )[ K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 6 . 301 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
net s g g g s
T T A Q

12-52
8 m
8 m T
g
= 600 K
T
s
= 450 K
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-69 A mixture of CO2 and N2 gases at 1200 K and a total pressure of 1 atm are contained in a spherical
furnace. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the gas mixture and furnace walls is to be
determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis The mean beam length is, from Table 12-4
L = 0.65D = 0.65(2 m) = 1.3 m
The mole fraction is equal to pressure fraction. Then,
atm ft .64 0 atm m 195 . 0 m) atm)(1.3 15 . 0 ( L P
c
The emissivity of CO2 corresponding to this value at the gas
temperature of Tg = 1200 K and 1 atm is, from Fig. 12-36,
14 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
For a source temperature of Ts = 600 K, the absorptivity of the gas is again determined using the
emissivity charts as follows:
atm ft .32 0 atm m 0975 . 0
K 1200
K 600
m) atm)(1.3 15 . 0 (
g
s
c
T
T
L P
The emissivity of CO2 corresponding to this value at a temperature of Ts = 600 K and 1atm are, from Fig.
12-36,
092 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
The absorptivity of CO2 is determined from
144 . 0 ) 092 . 0 (
K 600
K 1200
) 1 (
65 . 0
atm 1 ,
65 . 0

,
_

,
_

c
s
g
c c
T
T
C
The surface area of the sphere is
2 2 2
m 57 . 12 m) 2 ( D A
s
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the gas mixture to the walls of the furnace becomes
W 10 1.936
5

] ) K 600 ( 144 . 0 ) K 1200 ( 14 . 0 )[ K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 57 . 12 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
net s g g g s
T T A Q

12-53
T
g
= 1200 K
T
s
= 600 K
2 m
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-70 The temperature, pressure, and composition of combustion gases flowing inside long tubes are
given. The rate of heat transfer from combustion gases to tube wall is to be determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis The volumetric analysis of a gas mixture gives the mole fractions yi of the components, which
are equivalent to pressure fractions for an ideal gas mixture. Therefore, the partial pressures of CO2 and
H2O are
atm 09 . 0 atm) 1 ( 09 . 0
atm 06 . 0 atm) 1 ( 06 . 0
2
2
H
CO


P y P
P y P
O w
c
The mean beam length for an infinite cicrcular
cylinder is, from Table 12-4,
L = 0.95(0.15 m) = 0.1425 m
Then,
atm ft 0.042 atm m 0128 . 0 m) 5 atm)(0.142 09 . 0 (
atm ft .028 0 atm m 00855 . 0 m) 5 atm)(0.142 06 . 0 (


L P
L P
w
c
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at the gas temperature of Tg = 1500 K and
1atm are, from Fig. 12-36,
034 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
016 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Both CO2 and H2O are present in the same mixture, and we need to correct for the overlap of emission
bands. The emissivity correction factor at T = Tg = 1500 K is, from Fig. 12-38,
0 . 0
6 . 0
06 . 0 09 . 0
09 . 0
07 . 0 042 . 0 028 . 0

+
+ +
c w
w
w c
P P
P
L P L P

Then the effective emissivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.05 0 . 0 016 . 0 1 034 . 0 1
atm 1 , atm 1 ,
+ +
w w c c g
C C
Note that the pressure correction factor is 1 for both gases since the total pressure is 1 atm. For a source
temperature of Ts = 600 K, the absorptivity of the gas is again determined using the emissivity charts as
follows:
atm ft 0.017 atm m 00513 . 0
K 1500
K 600
m) 5 atm)(0.142 09 . 0 (
atm ft 0.011 atm m 00342 . 0
K 1500
K 600
m) 5 atm)(0.142 06 . 0 (


g
s
w
g
s
c
T
T
L P
T
T
L P
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at a temperature of Ts = 600 K and 1atm
are, from Fig. 12-36,

031 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
027 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Then the absorptivities of CO2 and H2O become
041 . 0 ) 027 . 0 (
K 600
K 1500
) 1 (
056 . 0 ) 031 . 0 (
K 600
K 1500
) 1 (
45 . 0
atm 1 ,
45 . 0
65 . 0
atm 1 ,
65 . 0

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

w
s
g
w w
c
s
g
c c
T
T
C
T
T
C
Also = , but the emissivity correction factor is to be evaluated from Fig. 12-38 at T = Ts = 600 K
instead of Tg = 1500 K. There is no chart for 600 K in the figure, but we can read values at 400 K and
12-54
T
s
= 600 K
D = 15 cm
Combustion
gases, 1 atm
T
g
= 1500 K
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
800 K, and take their average. At Pw/(Pw+ Pc) = 0.6 and PcL +PwL = 0.07 we read = 0.0. Then the
absorptivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.097 0 . 0 041 . 0 056 . 0 + +
w c g
The surface area of the pipe per m length of tube is
2
m 4712 . 0 m) 1 ( m) 15 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the combustion gases to the walls of the furnace becomes
W 6427

] ) K 600 ( 097 . 0 ) K 1500 ( 05 . 0 )[ K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 4712 . 0 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
net s g g g s
T T A Q

12-55
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-71 The temperature, pressure, and composition of combustion gases flowing inside long tubes
are given. The rate of heat transfer from combustion gases to tube wall is to be determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis The volumetric analysis of a gas mixture gives the mole fractions yi of the components, which
are equivalent to pressure fractions for an ideal gas mixture. Therefore, the partial pressures of CO2 and
H2O are
atm 09 . 0 atm) 1 ( 09 . 0
atm 06 . 0 atm) 1 ( 06 . 0
2
2
H
CO


P y P
P y P
O w
c
The mean beam length for an infinite cicrcular
cylinder is, from Table 12-4,
L = 0.95(0.15 m) = 0.1425 m
Then,
atm ft 0.042 atm m 0128 . 0 m) 5 atm)(0.142 09 . 0 (
atm ft .028 0 atm m 00855 . 0 m) 5 atm)(0.142 06 . 0 (


L P
L P
w
c
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at the gas temperature of Tg = 1500 K and
1atm are, from Fig. 12-36,
034 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
016 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
These are base emissivity values at 1 atm, and they need to be corrected for the 3 atm total pressure.
Noting that (Pw+P)/2 = (0.09+3)/2 = 1.545 atm, the pressure correction factors are, from Fig. 12-37,
Cc = 1.5 and Cw = 1.8
Both CO2 and H2O are present in the same mixture, and we need to correct for the overlap of emission
bands. The emissivity correction factor at T = Tg = 1500 K is, from Fig. 12-38,
0 . 0
6 . 0
06 . 0 09 . 0
09 . 0
07 . 0 042 . 0 028 . 0

+
+ +
c w
w
w c
P P
P
L P L P

Then the effective emissivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.080 0 . 0 016 . 0 8 . 1 034 . 0 5 . 1
atm 1 , atm 1 ,
+ +
w w c c g
C C
For a source temperature of Ts = 600 K, the absorptivity of the gas is again determined using the
emissivity charts as follows:
atm ft 0.017 atm m 00513 . 0
K 1500
K 600
m) 5 atm)(0.142 09 . 0 (
atm ft 0.011 atm m 00342 . 0
K 1500
K 600
m) 5 atm)(0.142 06 . 0 (


g
s
w
g
s
c
T
T
L P
T
T
L P
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at a temperature of Ts = 600 K and 1atm
are, from Fig. 12-36,

031 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
027 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Then the absorptivities of CO2 and H2O become
073 . 0 ) 027 . 0 (
K 600
K 1500
) 8 . 1 (
084 . 0 ) 031 . 0 (
K 600
K 1500
) 5 . 1 (
45 . 0
atm 1 ,
45 . 0
65 . 0
atm 1 ,
65 . 0

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

w
s
g
w w
c
s
g
c c
T
T
C
T
T
C
12-56
T
s
= 600 K
D = 15 cm
Combustion
gases, 3 atm
T
g
= 1500 K
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
Also = , but the emissivity correction factor is to be evaluated from Fig. 12-38 at T = Ts = 600 K
instead of Tg = 1500 K. There is no chart for 600 K in the figure, but we can read values at 400 K and
800 K, and take their average. At Pw/(Pw+ Pc) = 0.6 and PcL +PwL = 0.07 we read = 0.0. Then the
absorptivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.157 0 . 0 073 . 0 084 . 0 + +
w c g
The surface area of the pipe per m length of tube is
2
m 4712 . 0 m) 1 ( m) 15 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the combustion gases to the walls of the furnace becomes
W 10,276

] ) K 600 ( 157 . 0 ) K 1500 ( 08 . 0 )[ K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 4712 . 0 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
net s g g g s
T T A Q

12-57
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-72 The temperature, pressure, and composition of combustion gases flowing inside long tubes are
given. The rate of heat transfer from combustion gases to tube wall is to be determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis The mean beam length for an infinite
cicrcular cylinder is, from Table 12-4,
L = 0.95(0.10 m) = 0.095 m
Then,

atm ft 0.056 atm m 0171 . 0 m) atm)(0.095 18 . 0 (
atm ft .037 0 atm m 0114 . 0 m) atm)(0.095 12 . 0 (


L P
L P
w
c
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at
the gas temperature of Tg = 800 K and 1atm are, from Fig. 12-36,
055 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
050 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Both CO2 and H2O are present in the same mixture, and we need to correct for the overlap of emission
bands. The emissivity correction factor at T = Tg = 800 K is, from Fig. 12-38,
0 . 0
6 . 0
12 . 0 18 . 0
18 . 0
093 . 0 056 . 0 037 . 0

+
+ +
c w
w
w c
P P
P
L P L P

Then the effective emissivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.105 0 . 0 050 . 0 1 055 . 0 1
atm 1 , atm 1 ,
+ +
w w c c g
C C
Note that the pressure correction factor is 1 for both gases since the total pressure is 1 atm. For a source
temperature of Ts = 500 K, the absorptivity of the gas is again determined using the emissivity charts as
follows:
atm ft 0.035 atm m 01069 . 0
K 800
K 500
m) atm)(0.095 18 . 0 (
atm ft 0.023 atm m 007125 . 0
K 800
K 500
m) atm)(0.095 12 . 0 (


g
s
w
g
s
c
T
T
L P
T
T
L P
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at a temperature of Ts = 500 K and 1atm
are, from Fig. 12-36,

042 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
050 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Then the absorptivities of CO2 and H2O become
062 . 0 ) 050 . 0 (
K 500
K 800
) 1 (
057 . 0 ) 042 . 0 (
K 500
K 800
) 1 (
45 . 0
atm 1 ,
45 . 0
65 . 0
atm 1 ,
65 . 0

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

w
s
g
w w
c
s
g
c c
T
T
C
T
T
C
Also = , but the emissivity correction factor is to be evaluated from Fig. 12-38 at T = Ts = 500 K
instead of Tg = 800 K. There is no chart for 500 K in the figure, but we can read values at 400 K and
800 K, and interpolate. At Pw/(Pw+ Pc) = 0.6 and PcL +PwL = 0.093 we read = 0.0. Then the
absorptivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.119 0 . 0 062 . 0 057 . 0 + +
w c g
The surface area of the pipe is
2
m 885 . 1 m) 6 ( m) 10 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the combustion gases to the walls of the tube becomes
W 3802

] ) K 500 ( 119 . 0 ) K 800 ( 105 . 0 )[ K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 885 . 1 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
net s g g g s
T T A Q

12-58
T
s
= 500 K
D = 10 cm
Combustion
gases, 1 atm
T
g
= 800 K
Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
12-73 The temperature, pressure, and composition of combustion gases flowing inside long tubes are
given. The rate of heat transfer from combustion gases to tube wall is to be determined.
Assumptions All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases.
Analysis The volumetric analysis of a gas mixture gives the mole fractions yi of the components, which
are equivalent to pressure fractions for an ideal gas mixture. Therefore, the partial pressures of CO2 and
H2O are
atm 10 . 0 atm) 1 ( 10 . 0
atm 10 . 0 atm) 1 ( 10 . 0
2
2
H
CO


P y P
P y P
O w
c
The mean beam length for this geometry is,
from Table 12-4,
L = 3.6V/As = 1.8D = 1.8(0.20 m) = 0.36 m
where D is the distance between the plates. Then,
atm ft .118 0 atm m 036 . 0 m) atm)(0.36 10 . 0 ( L P L P
w c
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at the gas temperature of Tg = 1200 K and
1atm are, from Fig. 12-36,
080 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
055 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Both CO2 and H2O are present in the same mixture, and we need to correct for the overlap of emission
bands. The emissivity correction factor at T = Tg = 1200 K is, from Fig. 12-38,
0025 . 0
5 . 0
10 . 0 10 . 0
10 . 0
236 . 0 118 . 0 118 . 0

+
+ +
c w
w
w c
P P
P
L P L P

Then the effective emissivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.1325 0025 . 0 055 . 0 1 080 . 0 1
atm 1 , atm 1 ,
+ +
w w c c g
C C
Note that the pressure correction factor is 1 for both gases since the total pressure is 1 atm. For a source
temperature of Ts = 600 K, the absorptivity of the gas is again determined using the emissivity charts as
follows:
atm ft 0.059 atm m 018 . 0
K 1200
K 600
m) atm)(0.36 10 . 0 (
g
s
w
g
s
c
T
T
L P
T
T
L P
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at a temperature of Ts = 600 K and 1atm
are, from Fig. 12-36,
065 . 0
atm 1 ,

c
and
067 . 0
atm 1 ,

w
Then the absorptivities of CO2 and H2O become
092 . 0 ) 067 . 0 (
K 600
K 1200
) 1 (
102 . 0 ) 065 . 0 (
K 600
K 1200
) 1 (
45 . 0
atm 1 ,
45 . 0
65 . 0
atm 1 ,
65 . 0

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

w
s
g
w w
c
s
g
c c
T
T
C
T
T
C
Also = , but the emissivity correction factor is to be evaluated from Fig. 12-38 at T = Ts = 600 K
instead of Tg = 1200 K. There is no chart for 600 K in the figure, but we can read values at 400 K and
800 K, and take their average. At Pw/(Pw+ Pc) = 0.5 and PcL +PwL = 0.236 we read = 0.00125. Then the
absorptivity of the combustion gases becomes
0.1928 00125 . 0 092 . 0 102 . 0 + +
w c g
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the gas to each plate per unit surface area becomes
W 10 1.42
4

] ) K 600 ( 1928 . 0 ) K 1200 ( 1325 . 0 )[ K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 1 (

) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
net s g g g s
T T A Q

12-59
T
s
= 600 K
20 cm
Combustion
gases, 1 atm
T
g
= 1200 K