Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

2-68 A compressed air pipe is subjected to uniform heat flux on the outer surface and convection on the
inner surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the surface
temperatures are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center line. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation in the pipe.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 14 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Noting that the 85% of the 300 W generated by the strip heater is transferred to the pipe, the
heat flux through the outer surface is determined to be

2
2 2
W/m 1 . 169
m) m)(6 (0.04 2
W 300 85 . 0
2

L r
Q
A
Q
q
s s
s

Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
0
,
_

dr
dT
r
dr
d

and

k
dT r
dr
h T T r
( )
[ ( )]
1
1
k
dT r
dr
q
s
( )

2

(b) Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives
r
dT
dr
C
1

Dividing both sides of the equation above by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and then integrating,

dT
dr
C
r

1


T r C r C ( ) ln +
1 2

where C
1
and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r = r2:
k
C
r
q C
q r
k
s
s 1
2
1
2



r = r1:
k
r q
hr
k
r T C
hr
k
r T C C r C T h
r
C
k
s 2
1
1 1
1
1 2 2 1 1
1
1
ln = ln )] ln ( [

,
_

,
_

+

Substituting C C
1 2
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+

61 . 12 ln 483 . 0 10
C W/m 14
m) 04 . 0 )( W/m 1 . 169 (
m) C)(0.037 W/m 30 (
C W/m 14
ln C 10
ln ln ln ln ln ) (
1
2
2
1
2
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
r
r
r
r
k
r q
hr
k
r
r
T C
hr
k
r r T C
hr
k
r T r C r T
s

2-34
Heater
L=6 m
Air, -10C
r
r
1
r
2
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
(c) The inner and outer surface temperatures are determined by direct substitution to be
Inner surface (r = r1): ( ) C 3.91 + +

,
_

+ + 61 . 12 0 483 . 0 10 61 . 12 ln 483 . 0 10 ) (
1
1
1
r
r
r T
Outer surface (r = r2): C 3.87
,
_

+ +

,
_

+ + 61 . 12
037 . 0
04 . 0
ln 483 . 0 10 61 . 12 ln 483 . 0 10 ) (
1
2
1
r
r
r T
Note that the pipe is essentially isothermal at a temperature of about -3.9C.
2-35
r
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-69
"GIVEN"
L=6 "[m]"
r_1=0.037 "[m]"
r_2=0.04 "[m]"
k=14 "[W/m-C]"
Q_dot=300 "[W]"
T_infinity=-10 "[C]"
h=30 "[W/m^2-C]"
f_loss=0.15
"ANALYSIS"
q_dot_s=((1-f_loss)*Q_dot)/A
A=2*pi*r_2*L
T=T_infinity+(ln(r/r_1)+k/(h*r_1))*(q_dot_s*r_2)/k "Variation of temperature"
"r is the parameter to be varied"
r [m] T [C]
0.037 3.906
0.03733 3.902
0.03767 3.898
0.038 3.893
0.03833 3.889
0.03867 3.885
0.039 3.881
0.03933 3.877
0.03967 3.873
0.04 3.869
0.037 0.0375 0.038 0.0385 0.039 0.0395 0.04
-3.906
-3.897
-3.888
-3.879
-3.87
r [m]
T


[
C
]

2-70 A spherical container is subjected to uniform heat flux on the outer surface and specified temperature
on the inner surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the
outer surface temperature, and the maximum rate of hot water supply are to be determined for steady one-
dimensional heat transfer.
2-36
r
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since there is no change with time and
there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There is no heat
generation in the container.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 1.5 W/m C. The specific heat of water at the
average temperature of (100+20)/2 = 60C is 4.185 kJ/kg C (Table A-9).
Analysis (a) Noting that the 90% of the 500 W generated by the strip heater is transferred to the
container, the heat flux through the outer surface is determined to be

2
2 2
2 2
W/m 0 . 213
m) (0.41 4
W 500 90 . 0
4

r
Q
A
Q
q
s s
s

Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
0
2

,
_

dr
dT
r
dr
d

and
T r T ( )
1 1
100 C
k
dT r
dr
q
s
( )

2

(b) Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives
r
dT
dr
C
2
1

Dividing both sides of the equation above by r
2
and then integrating,

dT
dr
C
r

1
2

T r
C
r
C ( ) +
1
2

where C
1
and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r = r2: k
C
r
q C
q r
k
s
s 1
2
2
1
2
2



r = r1: T r T
C
r
C C T
C
r
T
q r
kr
s
( )

1 1
1
1
2 2 1
1
1
1
2
2
1
+ + +
Substituting C C
1 2
and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ + + +
r r
k
r q
r r
T C
r r
T
r
C
T
r
C
C
r
C
r T
s
1
5 . 2 87 . 23 100
C W/m 5 . 1
m) 41 . 0 )( W/m 213 ( 1
m 40 . 0
1
C 100
1 1 1 1
) (
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1

(c) The outer surface temperature is determined by direct substitution to be
Outer surface (r = r2): C 101.5
,
_

,
_

+
41 . 0
1
5 . 2 87 . 23 100
1
5 . 2 87 . 23 100 ) (
2
2
r
r T
Noting that the maximum rate of heat supply to the water is 0 9 500 . W = 450 W, water can be heated
from 20 to 100C at a rate of
2-37
r
1
r
2
T
1 k
Heater
r
Insulation
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

.
. Q mC T m
Q
C T
p
p

kJ / s
(4.185 kJ / kg C)(100 20) C
kg / s =
0 450
0 00134 4.84 kg / h
2-38
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-71
"GIVEN"
r_1=0.40 "[m]"
r_2=0.41 "[m]"
k=1.5 "[W/m-C]"
T_1=100 "[C]"
Q_dot=500 "[W]"
f_loss=0.10
"ANALYSIS"
q_dot_s=((1-f_loss)*Q_dot)/A
A=4*pi*r_2^2
T=T_1+(1/r_1-1/r)*(q_dot_s*r_2^2)/k "Variation of temperature"
"r is the parameter to be varied"
r [m] T [C]
0.4 100
0.4011 100.2
0.4022 100.3
0.4033 100.5
0.4044 100.7
0.4056 100.8
0.4067 101
0.4078 101.1
0.4089 101.3
0.41 101.5
0.4 0.402 0.404 0.406 0.408 0.41
100
100.2
100.4
100.6
100.8
101
101.2
101.4
101.6
r [m]
T


[
C
]

2-39
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
Heat Generation in Solids
2-72C No. Heat generation in a solid is simply the conversion of some form of energy into sensible heat
energy. For example resistance heating in wires is conversion of electrical energy to heat.
2-73C Heat generation in a solid is simply conversion of some form of energy into sensible heat energy.
Some examples of heat generations are resistance heating in wires, exothermic chemical reactions in a
solid, and nuclear reactions in nuclear fuel rods.
2-74C The rate of heat generation inside an iron becomes equal to the rate of heat loss from the iron
when steady operating conditions are reached and the temperature of the iron stabilizes.
2-75C No, it is not possible since the highest temperature in the plate will occur at its center, and heat
cannot flow uphill.
2-76C The cylinder will have a higher center temperature since the cylinder has less surface area to lose
heat from per unit volume than the sphere.
2-77 A 2-kW resistance heater wire with a specified surface temperature is used to boil water. The center
temperature of the wire is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-
dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial direction. 3
Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 20 W/m C.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a
rate of 2 kW. The rate of heat generation per unit volume of the wire
is
3 8
2 2
wire
W/m 10 455 . 1
m) (0.7 m) 0025 . 0 (
W 2000

L r
Q
V
Q
g
o
gen gen

The center temperature of the wire is then determined from Eq. 2-71 to be
C 121.4

+ +
C) W/m. 20 ( 4
m) 0025 . 0 )( W/m 10 455 . 1 (
C 110
4
2 3 8 2
k
r g
T T
o
s o

2-40
110C
r
D
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-78 Heat is generated in a long solid cylinder with a specified surface
temperature. The variation of temperature in the cylinder is given by
s
T
r
r
k
r g
r T +
1
1
]
1

,
_

2
0
2
0
1 ) (

(a) Heat conduction is steady since there is no time t variable involved.
(b) Heat conduction is a one-dimensional.
(c) Using Eq. (1), the heat flux on the surface of the cylinder at r = r
0
is
determined from its definition to be

2
W/cm 280 = cm) 4 )( W/cm 35 ( 2 2
2 2 ) (
3
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
0 0
0

1
1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

r g
r
r
k
r g
k
r
r
k
r g
k
dr
r dT
k q
r r
s

2-41
80C
r
D
k
g
o
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-79
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.04 "[m]"
k=25 "[W/m-C]"
g_dot_0=35E+6 "[W/m^3]"
T_s=80 "[C]"
"ANALYSIS"
T=(g_dot_0*r_0^2)/k*(1-(r/r_0)^2)+T_s "Variation of temperature"
"r is the parameter to be varied"
r [m] T [C]
0 2320
0.004444 2292
0.008889 2209
0.01333 2071
0.01778 1878
0.02222 1629
0.02667 1324
0.03111 964.9
0.03556 550.1
0.04 80
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
r [m]
T


[
C
]

2-42
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-80E A long homogeneous resistance heater wire with specified convection conditions at the surface is
used to boil water. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the wire, and the
temperature at the centerline of the wire are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the wire is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 8.6 Btu/h ft F.
Analysis Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
0
1
+
,
_

k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and

k
dT r
dr
h T r T
( )
[ ( ) ]
0
0
(convection at the outer surface)

dT
dr
( ) 0
0 (thermal symmetry about the centerline)
Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r
and rearranging gives
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_

Integrating with respect to r gives

2
1
2
(a)
It is convenient at this point to apply the second boundary condition since it is related to the first
derivative of the temperature by replacing all occurrences of r and dT/dr in the equation above by zero. It
yields
B.C. at r = 0: 0
0
2
0 0
1 1
+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
( )

Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
dr
g
k
r

2
and T r
g
k
r C ( )

+
4
2
2
(b)
Applying the second boundary condition at r r
0
,
B. C. at r r
0
:
2
0
0
2 2
2
0
0
4 2

4 2
r
k
g
h
r g
T C T C r
k
g
h
k
r g
k

+ +
,
_

+

Substituting this C
2
relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give
T r T
g
k
r r
gr
h
( )

( )

+ +

4 2
0
2 2 0
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r. Then the
temperature at the center line (r = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be
2-43
r
T

h
r
o
Water
Heater
0
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
F 290.8
,
_

+
,
_

+ +

2
2
3 2 3
0 2
0
ft 1
in 12
F) ft Btu/h 820 ( 2
) in 25 . 0 )( Btu/h.in (1800
ft 1
in 12
F) Btu/h.ft. 6 . 8 ( 4
in) 25 . 0 )( Btu/h.in (1800
+ F 212
2 4
) 0 (
h
r g
r
k
g
T T

Thus the centerline temperature will be about 80F above the temperature of the surface of the wire.
2-44
g
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-81E
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.25/12 "[ft]"
k=8.6 "[Btu/h-ft-F]"
"g_dot=1800 [Btu/h-in^3], parameter to be varied"
T_infinity=212 "[F]"
h=820 "[Btu/h-ft^2-F]"
"ANALYSIS"
T_0=T_infinity+(g_dot/Convert(in^3, ft^3))/(4*k)*(r_0^2-r^2)+
((g_dot/Convert(in^3, ft^3))*r_0)/(2*h) "Variation of temperature"
r=0 "for centerline temperature"
g [Btu/h.in
3
] T0 [F]
400 229.5
600 238.3
800 247
1000 255.8
1200 264.5
1400 273.3
1600 282
1800 290.8
2000 299.5
2200 308.3
2400 317
250 700 1150 1600 2050 2500
220
240
260
280
300
320
g [Btu/h-in
3
]
T
0


[
F
]

2-45
g
L=5 cm
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-82 A nuclear fuel rod with a specified surface temperature is used as the fuel in a nuclear reactor. The
center temperature of the rod is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication
of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since
there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in
the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the rod is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 29.5
W/m C.
Analysis The center temperature of the rod is determined from
C 545.8

+ +
C) W/m. 5 . 29 ( 4
m) 025 . 0 )( W/m 10 7 (
C 175
4
2 3 7 2
k
r g
T T
o
s o

2-46
g
175C
Uranium rod
L=5 cm
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-83 Both sides of a large stainless steel plate in which heat is generated uniformly are exposed to
convection with the environment. The location and values of the highest and the lowest temperatures in
the plate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about
the center plane 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =15.1 W/m C.
Analysis The lowest temperature will occur at surfaces of plate
while the highest temperature will occur at the midplane. Their
values are determined directly from
C 155

+ +

C . W/m 60
m) 015 . 0 )( W/m 10 5 (
C 30
2
3 5
h
L g
T T
s

C 158.7

+ +
C) W/m. 1 . 15 ( 2
m) 015 . 0 )( W/m 10 5 (
C 155
2
2 3 5 2
k
L g
T T
s o

2-84 Heat is generated uniformly in a large brass plate. One side of the plate is insulated while the other
side is subjected to convection. The location and values of the highest and the lowest temperatures in the
plate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about
the center plane 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =111 W/m C.
Analysis This insulated plate whose thickness is L is equivalent to
one-half of an uninsulated plate whose thickness is 2L since the
midplane of the uninsulated plate can be treated as insulated
surface. The highest temperature will occur at the insulated
surface while the lowest temperature will occur at the surface
which is exposed to the environment. Note that L in the following
relations is the full thickness of the given plate since the insulated
side represents the center surface of a plate whose thickness is
doubled. The desired values are determined directly from
C 252.3

+ +

C . W/m 44
m) 05 . 0 )( W/m 10 2 (
C 25
2
3 5
h
L g
T T
s

C 254.5

+ +
C) W/m. 111 ( 2
m) 05 . 0 )( W/m 10 2 (
C 3 . 252
2
2 3 5 2
k
L g
T T
s o

2-47
T

=30C
h=60 W/m
2
.C
2L=3 cm
k
g
T

=30C
h=60 W/m
2
.C
T

=25C
h=44 W/m
2
.C
L=5 cm
k
g
Insulated
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-85
"GIVEN"
L=0.05 "[m]"
k=111 "[W/m-C]"
g_dot=2E5 "[W/m^3]"
T_infinity=25 "[C]"
"h=44 [W/m^2-C], parameter to be varied"
"ANALYSIS"
T_min=T_infinity+(g_dot*L)/h
T_max=T_min+(g_dot*L^2)/(2*k)
h [W/m
2
.C] Tmin [C] Tmax [C]
20 525 527.3
25 425 427.3
30 358.3 360.6
35 310.7 313
40 275 277.3
45 247.2 249.5
50 225 227.3
55 206.8 209.1
60 191.7 193.9
65 178.8 181.1
70 167.9 170.1
75 158.3 160.6
80 150 152.3
85 142.6 144.9
90 136.1 138.4
95 130.3 132.5
100 125 127.3
2-48
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
h [W/m
2
-C]
T
m
i
n


[
C
]

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
h [W/m
2
-C]
T
m
a
x


[
C
]

2-49
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-86 A long resistance heater wire is subjected to convection at its outer surface. The surface temperature
of the wire is to be determined using the applicable relations directly and by solving the applicable
differential equation.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the wire is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15.1 W/m C.
Analysis (a) The heat generation per unit volume of the wire is

( .
. g
Q
V
Q
r L
gen gen
o

wire
2
3
W
m) (6 m)
W/ m

2
8
2000
0 001
1061 10
The surface temperature of the wire is then (Eq. 2-68)
T T
gr
h
s
o
+ +

( . )( .
( 2
30
1061 10 0 001
2 140
8
C
W/ m m)
W/ m . C)
3
2
409 C
(b) The mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
0
1
+
,
_

k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and

k
dT r
dr
h T r T
( )
[ ( ) ]
0
0
(convection at the outer surface)

dT
dr
( ) 0
0 (thermal symmetry about the centerline)
Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r and integrating gives
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_

r
dT
dr
g
k
r
C +

2
1
2
(a)
Applying the boundary condition at the center line,
B.C. at r = 0: 0
0
2
0 0
1 1
+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
( )

Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
dr
g
k
r

2
T r
g
k
r C ( )

+
4
2
2
(b)
Applying the boundary condition at r r
0
,
B. C. at r r
0
:
2
0
0
2 2
2
0
0
4 2

4 2
r
k
g
h
r g
T C T C r
k
g
h
k
r g
k

+ +
,
_

+

Substituting this C
2
relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give
T r T
g
k
r r
gr
h
( )

( )

+ +

4 2
0
2 2 0
which is the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r. Then the temperature of the wire at the
surface (r = r0 ) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be
T r T
g
k
r r
gr
h
T
gr
h
o
( )

( )
( . )( .
(
0 0
2
0
2 0
8
4 2 2
30
1061 10 0 001
2 140
+ + + +

C
W/ m m)
W/ m . C)
3
2
409 C
Note that both approaches give the same result.
2-87E Heat is generated uniformly in a resistance heater wire. The temperature difference between the
center and the surface of the wire is to be determined.
2-50
T

h
r
k
g
T

h
r
o
0
r
T
s
r
o
Heater
0
r
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change
with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is
thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the
axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 5.8
Btu/h ft F.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a rate of 3 kW. The rate of heat
generation per unit length of the wire is
3 8
2 2
wire
Btu/h.ft 10 933 . 2
ft) (1 ft) 12 / 04 . 0 (
Btu/h) 14 . 3412 3 (

L r
Q
V
Q
g
o
gen gen

Then the temperature difference between the centerline and the surface becomes
F 140.4

F) Btu/h.ft. 8 . 5 ( 4
ft) 12 / 04 . 0 )( Btu/h.ft 10 933 . 2 (
4
2 3 8 2
max
k
r g
T
o

2-88E Heat is generated uniformly in a resistance heater wire. The temperature difference between the
center and the surface of the wire is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no change
with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is
thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the
axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat
generation in the heater is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 4.5
Btu/h ft F.
Analysis The resistance heater converts electric energy into heat at a rate of 3 kW. The rate of heat
generation per unit volume of the wire is
3 8
2 2
wire
Btu/h.ft 10 933 . 2
ft) (1 ft) 12 / 04 . 0 (
Btu/h) 14 . 3412 3 (

L r
Q
V
Q
g
o
gen gen

Then the temperature difference between the centerline and the surface becomes
F 181.0

F) Btu/h.ft. 5 . 4 ( 4
ft) 12 / 04 . 0 )( Btu/h.ft 10 933 . 2 (
4
2 3 8 2
max
k
r g
T
o

2-51
r
T
s
r
o
Heater
0
r
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-89 Heat is generated uniformly in a spherical radioactive material with specified surface temperature.
The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the sphere, and the center temperature are
to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any changes with time. 2 Heat
transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 3 Thermal conductivity
is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
constant with 0
1
2
2
+
,
_

g
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and T r T
s
( )
0
80C (specified surface temperature)

dT
dr
( ) 0
0 (thermal symmetry about the mid point)
(b) Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r
2
and rearranging gives
2 2
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_

Integrating with respect to r gives

(a)
Applying the boundary condition at the mid point,
B.C. at r = 0: 0
0
3
0 0
1 1
+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
( )

Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r
2
to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
dr
g
k
r

3
and T r
g
k
r C ( )

+
6
2
2
(b)
Applying the other boundary condition at r r
0
,
B. C. at r r
0
: T
g
k
r C C T
g
k
r
s s
+ +

6 6
0
2
2 2 0
2

Substituting this C
2
relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give
T r T
g
k
r r
s
( )

( ) +
6
0
2 2
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r.
(c) The temperature at the center of the sphere (r = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities
to be
C 791

+ +
C) m. W/ 15 ( 6
) m 04 . 0 )( W/m 10 (4
+ C 80
6
) 0 (
6
) 0 (
2 3 7 2
0 2 2
0
k
r g
T r
k
g
T T
s s

Thus the temperature at center will be about 711C above the temperature of the outer surface of the
sphere.
2-52
r
o
0
T
s
=80C
k
g
r
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-90
"GIVEN"
r_0=0.04 "[m]"
g_dot=4E7 "[W/m^3]"
T_s=80 "[C]"
k=15 "[W/m-C], Parameter to be varied"
"ANALYSIS"
T=T_s+g_dot/(6*k)*(r_0^2-r^2) "Temperature distribution as a function of r"
"r is the parameter to be varied"
T_0=T_s+g_dot/(6*k)*r_0^2 "Temperature at the center (r=0)"
r [m] T [C]
0 791.1
0.002105 789.1
0.004211 783.2
0.006316 773.4
0.008421 759.6
0.01053 741.9
0.01263 720.2
0.01474 694.6
0.01684 665
0.01895 631.6
0.02105 594.1
0.02316 552.8
0.02526 507.5
0.02737 458.2
0.02947 405
0.03158 347.9
0.03368 286.8
0.03579 221.8
0.03789 152.9
0.04 80
k [W/m.C] T0 [C]
10 1147
30.53 429.4
51.05 288.9
71.58 229
92.11 195.8
112.6 174.7
133.2 160.1
153.7 149.4
174.2 141.2
194.7 134.8
215.3 129.6
235.8 125.2
256.3 121.6
276.8 118.5
297.4 115.9
317.9 113.6
338.4 111.5
358.9 109.7
379.5 108.1
400 106.7
2-53
g
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
r [m]
T


[
C
]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
k [W/m-C]
T
0


[
C
]

2-54
g
L
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-91 A long homogeneous resistance heater wire with specified surface temperature is used to boil water.
The temperature of the wire 2 mm from the center is to be determined in steady operation.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the center line and no change in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation in the wire is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 8 W/m C.
Analysis Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
0
1
+
,
_

k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

and T r T
s
( )
0
180C (specified surface temperature)

dT
dr
( ) 0
0 (thermal symmetry about the centerline)
Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r and rearranging gives
r
k
g
dr
dT
r
dr
d

,
_

Integrating with respect to r gives

2
1
2
(a)
It is convenient at this point to apply the boundary condition at the center since it is related to the first
derivative of the temperature. It yields
B.C. at r = 0: 0
0
2
0 0
1 1
+
dT
dr
g
k
C C
( )

Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
dr
g
k
r

2
and T r
g
k
r C ( )

+
4
2
2
(b)
Applying the other boundary condition at r r
0
,
B. C. at r r
0
: T
g
k
r C C T
g
k
r
s s
+ +

4 4
0
2
2 2 0
2

Substituting this C
2
relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give
T r T
g
k
r r
s
( )

( ) +
4
0
2 2
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r. The
temperature 2 mm from the center line (r = 0.002 m) is determined by substituting the known quantities
to be
T T
g
k
r r
s
( . )

( )
(
[( . ( . ) ] 0 002
4
180
8
0005 0 002
0
2 2 2
m C+
5 10 W/ m
4 W/ m. C)
m) m
7 3
2
+


212.8 C
Thus the temperature at that location will be about 33C above the temperature of the outer surface of the
wire.
2-55
g
180C
Resistance wire
r
r
o
L
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-92 Heat is generated in a large plane wall whose one side is insulated while the other side is maintained
at a specified temperature. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the wall, and
the temperature of the insulated surface are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since the wall is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about
the center plane. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation varies with location in the x
direction.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 30 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional
in x direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be
expressed as
d T
dx
g x
k
2
2
0 +
( )

where
. /
g g e
x L

0
0 5
and
g
0
= 8 10
6
W/m
3
and
dT
dx
( ) 0
0 (insulated surface at x = 0)
T L T ( )
2
30C (specified surface temperature)
(b) Rearranging the differential equation and integrating,
d T
dx
g
k
e
dT
dx
g
k
e
L
C
dT
dx
g L
k
e C
x L
x L
x L
2
2
0 0 5 0
0 5
1
0 0 5
1
05
2

+ +

. /

. /
. /
. /

Integrating one more time,
T x
g L
k
e
L
C x C T x
g L
k
e C x C
x L
x L
( )

. /
( )

. /
. /

+ + + +

2
05
4
0
0 5
1 2
0
2
0 5
1 2

(1)
Applying the boundary conditions:
B.C. at x = 0:
dT
dx
g L
k
e C
g L
k
C C
g L
k
L
( )
. /
0 2 2 2
0 0 5 0
1
0
1 1
0
+ +

0
B. C. at x = L:
T L T
g L
k
e C L C C T
g L
k
e
g L
k
L L
( )

. / .
+ + + +

2
0
2
0 5
1 2 2 2
0
2
0 5 0
2
4 4 2

Substituting the C1 and C
2
relations into Eq. (1) and rearranging give
)] / 2 ( ) ( 4 [ ) (
/ 5 . 0 5 . 0
2
0
2
L x e e
k
L g
T x T
L x
+ +

which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wall as a function of x.
(c) The temperature at the insulate surface (x = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be
C 314.1 +

+
+ +

)] 0 2 ( ) 1 ( 4 [
C) W/m 30 (
m) 05 . 0 )( W/m 10 (8
C 30
)] / 0 2 ( ) ( 4 [ ) 0 (
5 . 0
2 3 6
0 5 . 0
2
0
2
e
L e e
k
L g
T T

Therefore, there is a temperature difference of almost 300C between the two sides of the plate.
2-56
T
2
=30C
x
k
g
Insulated
L
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation
2-93
"GIVEN"
L=0.05 "[m]"
T_s=30 "[C]"
k=30 "[W/m-C]"
g_dot_0=8E6 "[W/m^3]"
"ANALYSIS"
g_dot=g_dot_0*exp((-0.5*x)/L) "Heat generation as a function of x"
"x is the parameter to be varied"
x [m] g [W/m
3
]
0 8.000E+06
0.005 7.610E+06
0.01 7.239E+06
0.015 6.886E+06
0.02 6.550E+06
0.025 6.230E+06
0.03 5.927E+06
0.035 5.638E+06
0.04 5.363E+06
0.045 5.101E+06
0.05 4.852E+06
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
4.5
x
10
6
5.0
x
10
6
5.5
x
10
6
6.0
x
10
6
6.5
x
10
6
7.0
x
10
6
7.5
x
10
6
8.0
x
10
6
x [m]
g


[
W
/
m
^
3
]

2-57