Wireless Sensor Networks

By Eric Anderson

Introduction

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): An autonomous, ad hoc system consisting of a collective of networked sensor nodes designed to intercommunicate via wireless radio.

Introduction

Wireless Communication via radio waves Autonomous Independent; self-directed Ad hoc network A network without a fixed, well-defined infrastructure Sensor node Device that produces a measurable response to a change in physical condition

Node Classification

Individually addressable

Each node is uniquely identified, facilitates object-based organization Ex: Parking lot spaces Messages broadcast, reduction in network bandwidth Ex: Temperature in room corner
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Network data is aggregated

Node Examples

WSN Goals

Tracking Detect and track objects Classification Classify objects Estimation Estimate parameters and events of interest pertaining to objects Determination Determine the value of some parameter at a given location

WSN Requirements

Stationary or Mobile use Low energy consumption Self-organization and autonomy (locality) Robust and scalable Collaborative signal processing (emergent behavior through data fusion) Querying ability (possible message routing via cluster head promotion)
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Types of WSNs

Environmental Medical Military Urban

Civic Industrial Residential

Environmental Usages

Search and rescue Disaster relief Climate monitoring (weather prediction) Seismic detection (earthquakes, volcanos) Pollution tracking (patterns, density) Habitat monitoring (endangered species, www.greatduckisland.net) Geophysical monitoring (forest fires, river currents, contaminants, global warming, farms, marine microorganisms)
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Environmental Requirements

Energy efficiency (long battery life)

Intermittent connectivity Schedule sleep mode for redundant sensors

Inexpensive nodes (large quantity needed) Reduced size of nodes (small, microscopic) Auto-configuration of sensors Scalable network Robust nodes to handle harsh environments (heat, water, snow, humidity, wind)
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Medical Usages

Health care (insurance cards) Patient monitors (pulse, heart rate, glucose levels, child tracking, eye implants, defibrillators) Cybernetic enhancements Information tags (allergies, severe reactions) Medication notification system
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Medical Requirements

Energy efficiency (long battery life, heat/kinetic/bio battery) Hidden device (not visually detectable) Biologically safe Fault-tolerant, reliable Encrypted bio information Interference-safe (RF noise, 900 MHz)
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Military Usages

Tactical surveillance (land, sea) Tracking troop movement (both sides) Ubiquitous, undetected smart mines Battlefield communication Detection of hazardous agents (explosive, nuclear, biological, poisonous, radioactive) Environmental awareness (terrain mapping)

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Military Requirements

Energy efficiency (long battery life)

Schedule sleep mode for redundant sensors

Ubiquitous and Undetectable Auto-deployment and self-organization Fault-tolerant, reliable Strong Encryption (low overhead) Auto-configuration of sensors Scalable network Robust nodes to handle harsh environments (heat, water, snow, humidity, wind)
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Urban Usages

Civic

Transportation systems (traffic) Auto-identification (drivers license) Parking lot availability sensors Security monitors (shopping malls, parking garages, city streets) Child abduction prevention Automated parking meter update
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Urban Usages

Industrial

Hotel room smart service Ubiquitous gambling cameras Product distribution (UPS) Inventory tracking/control Worker efficiency and daily routine (company badges) Quality assurance, process control
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Urban Usages

Residential Home security Digital canvas Smart appliances (lights, thermostat, television, stereo, etc.) Life alert system (elderly, children near pool) Pet tracking (angel alert proximity detector) Dirt sensors (alert home owner when specific quadrants exceed dust/dirt quota)

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Urban Requirements

Inexpensive nodes (large quantity needed) Reduced size of nodes (small, medium) Robust nodes to handle harsh environments (climate, people) Diverse range of sensor types (audible, visual, location, etc.) Interoperability (interface with home, commercial and government systems) Highly customizable (diverse user base) Scalable network (wide area of coverage)
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References

http://www.cs.uno.edu/~golden/MobileBook/ M. Kochhal, L. Schwiebert, Sandeep Gupta. Role-based Hierarchical Self Organization for Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networks J. Elson, K. Romer. Wireless Sensor Networks: A New Regime for Time Synchronization. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, volume 33, January 2003. Smart Sensor Networks. Advanced Network Technologies Division, Nation Institute of Standards and Technology. May 2001. D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann. Embedding the Internet. Communications of the ACM, volume 43, May 2000. A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, J. Anderson. Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring. WSNA 02, September 2002. K. Romer, O. Kasten, F. Mattern. Middleware Challenges for Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review, volume 6, July 2002.
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