Modern Systems Analysis and Design

Third Edition

Jeffrey A. Hoffer Joey F. George Joseph S. Valacich

Chapter 8 Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling

8.1

Copyright 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Learning Objectives
Understand the logical modeling of
processes through studying data flow diagrams How to draw data flow diagrams using rules and guidelines How to decompose data flow diagrams into lower-level diagrams Balancing of data flow diagrams
8.2

Learning Objectives
Explain the differences among four types of
DFDs: current physical, current logical, new physical and new logical Discuss the use of data flow diagrams as analysis tools Compare and contrast data flow diagrams with Oracles process modeling tool and with functional hierarchy diagrams Discuss process modeling for Internet applications
8.3

Process Modeling
Graphically represent the processes that capture, manipulate, store and distribute data between a system and its environment and among system components Data flow diagrams (DFD)

Graphically illustrate movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system

8.4

Process Modeling
Modeling a systems process

Utilize information gathered during requirements determination Structure of the data is also modeled in addition to the processes

Deliverables and Outcomes

Set of coherent, interrelated data flow diagrams

8.5

Process Modeling
Deliverables and outcomes (continued)

Context data flow diagram (DFD)

Scope of system

DFDs of current system

Enables analysts to understand current system

DFDs of new logical system

Technology independent Show data flows, structure and functional

requirements of new system

8.6

Process Modeling
Deliverables and outcomes (continued)

Project dictionary and CASE repository

8.7

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics

Four symbols are used

See Figure 8-2 Two different standard sets can be used

DeMarco and Yourdan
Gane and Sarson

8.8

Figure 8-2 Comparison of DeMarco & Yourdan and Gane & Sarson DFD symbol sets

8.9

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics

Data Flow

Depicts data that are in motion and moving as a unit from one place to another in the system. Drawn as an arrow Select a meaningful name to represent the data

8.10

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics

Data Store

Depicts data at rest May represent data in

File folder
Computer-based file Notebook

The name of the store as well as the number are recorded in between lines

8.11

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics

Process

Depicts work or action performed on data so that they are transformed, stored or distributed Number of process as well as name are recorded

8.12

Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics

Source/Sink

Depicts the origin and/or destination of the data Sometimes referred to as an external entity Drawn as a square symbol Name states what the external agent is Because they are external, many characteristics are not of interest to us

8.13

Data Flow Diagramming Definitions

Context Diagram

A data flow diagram (DFD) of the scope of an organizational system that shows the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system and the major information flows between the entities and the system

Level-O Diagram

A data flow diagram (DFD) that represents a systems major processes, data flows and data stores at a high level of detail

8.14

Developing DFDs: An Example

Hoosier Burgers automated food ordering system Context Diagram (Figure 8-4) contains no data stores Next step is to expand the context diagram to show the breakdown of processes (Figure 8-5)
8.15

Figure 8-4 Context diagram of Hoosier Burgers food ordering system

8.16

Figure 8-5 Level-0 DFD of Hoosier Burgers food ordering system

8.17

Data Flow Diagramming Rules

Basic rules that apply to all DFDs

Inputs to a process are always different than outputs Objects always have a unique name
In order to keep the diagram uncluttered, you

can repeat data stores and sources/sinks on a diagram

8.18

Data Flow Diagramming Rules

Process

Data Store

No process can have only outputs (a miracle) No process can have only inputs (black hole) A process has a verb phrase label

Data cannot be moved directly from one store to another Data cannot move directly from an outside source to a data store Data cannot move directly from a data store to a data sink Data store has a noun phrase label

8.19

Data Flow Diagramming Rules

Source/Sink

Data Flow

Data cannot move directly from a source to a sink A source/sink has a noun phrase label

A data flow has only one direction of flow between symbols A fork means that exactly the same data goes from a common location to two or more processes, data stores or sources/sinks

8.20

Data Flow Diagramming Rules

Data Flow (Continued)
L. A join means that exactly the same data comes
from any two or more different processes, data stores or sources/sinks to a common location M. A data flow cannot go directly back to the same process it leaves N. A data flow to a data store means update O. A data flow from a data store means retrieve or use P. A data flow has a noun phrase label
8.21

Decomposition of DFDs
Functional decomposition

Act of going from one single system to many component processes Repetitive procedure Lowest level is called a primitive DFD A DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions of a series of subprocesses from a process on a level-0 diagram

Level-N Diagrams

8.22

Balancing DFDs
When decomposing a DFD, you must conserve inputs to and outputs from a process at the next level of decomposition This is called balancing Example: Hoosier Burgers

In Figure 8-4, notice that there is one input to the system, the customer order Three outputs:
Customer receipt Food order Management reports

8.23

Balancing DFDs
Example (Continued)

Notice Figure 8-5. We have the same inputs and outputs No new inputs or outputs have been introduced We can say that the context diagram and level-0 DFD are balanced

8.24

Balancing DFDs
An unbalanced example

Figure 8-10 In context diagram, we have one input to the system, A and one output, B Level-0 diagram has one additional data flow, C These DFDs are not balanced

8.25

Figure 8-10 An unbalanced set of data flow diagrams (a) Context diagram (b) Level-0 diagram

8.26

Balancing DFDs
We can split a data flow into separate data flows on a lower level diagram (see Figure 8-11) Balancing leads to four additional advanced rules (See Table 8-3)

8.27

Four Different Types of DFDS

Current Physical

Process label includes an identification of the technology (people or systems) used to process the data Data flows and data stores are labeled with the actual name of the physical media on which data flow or in which data are stored

8.28

Four Different Types of DFDS

Current Logical

Physical aspects of system are removed as much as possible Current system is reduced to data and processes that transform them Includes additional functions Obsolete functions are removed Inefficient data flows are reorganized

New Logical

8.29

Four Different Types of DFDS

New Physical

Represents the physical implementation of the new system

8.30

Guidelines for Drawing DFDs

Completeness

DFD must include all components necessary for system Each component must be fully described in the project dictionary or CASE repository The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested DFDs is also included on other levels

Consistency

8.31

Guidelines for Drawing DFDs

Timing

Time is not represented well on DFDs Best to draw DFDs as if the system has never started and will never stop. Analyst should expect to redraw diagram several times before reaching the closest approximation to the system being modeled

Iterative Development

8.32

Guidelines for Drawing DFDs

Primitive DFDs

Lowest logical level of decomposition Decision has to be made when to stop decomposition

8.33

Guidelines for Drawing DFDs

Rules for stopping decomposition

When each process has been reduced to a single decision, calculation or database operation When each data store represents data about a single entity When the system user does not care to see any more detail

8.34

Guidelines for Drawing DFDs

Rules for stopping decomposition (continued)

When every data flow does not need to be split further to show that data are handled in various ways When you believe that you have shown each business form or transaction, on-line display and report as a single data flow When you believe that there is a separate process for each choice on all lowest-level menu options

8.35

Using DFDs as Analysis Tools

Gap Analysis

The process of discovering discrepancies between two or more sets of data flow diagrams or discrepancies within a single DFD

Inefficiencies in a system can often be identified through DFDs

8.36

Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering

Example: IBM Credit

See Figure 8-20 before reengineering Credit approval process required six days before BPR Figure 8-21 depicts DFD after reengineering IBM was able to process 100 times the number of transactions in the same amount of time

8.37

Oracles Process Modeler and Functional Hierarchy Diagrams

Process Modeler

Unique to Oracle Similar to DFDS but outputs and methods differ in several ways. Table 8-4 illustrates differences Picture of various tasks performed in a business and how they are related Tasks are broken down into their various parts Does not include data flows

Functional Hierarchy Diagrams

8.38

Summary
Data flow diagrams (DFD)

Symbols Rules for creating Decomposition Balancing Current Physical Current Logical New Logical New Physical

Four different kinds of DFDs

8.39

Summary
DFDs for Analysis DFDs for Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Oracles Process Modeler Functional Hierarchy Diagrams

8.40