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Introduction To Java Programming

Basic Concepts of Java Programming

Classes, Polymorphism and Inheritance

Exception handling

Declare and manipulate data of char type.

Explain String references as parameters

Differentiate between the String and StringBuffer class.

Construct programme using method in class String

Introduction
A string is a sequence of characters.

String Declaration
Example 1 char str [ ] = {'a','e','i','o','u'};

String Declaration
Example 2 char text[ ] = {'I','','C','A','N','','W','R','I','T', 'E','A','','G','O','O','D','','P','R','O','G','R','A','M','I','N','',' J','A','V','A'}; Example 3 String text = "I CAN WRITE A GOOD PROGRAM IN JAVA";

java.lang Package

class String

class StringBuffer

method

method

 String class is present in java.lang package. The methods in this class are used to manipulate strings. The string objects created in a String class cannot be changed. Example:
String obj = new String("Welcome"); obj.append("_World"); System.out.println(obj);
wrong

Creating String Object

Example 1: Syntax String stringobject = new String( ); Example: String s=new String(Java);

Creating String Object

Example 2 Syntax String stringobject = <string value>; Example: String s = "I have to study for my exams";

Creating String Object

Example 3
Syntax String stringobject = new String(array_name); Example:

char arr[ ] = {'H','E','L','L','O'}; String s = new String(arr);

Creating String Object

Example 4 Syntax String stringobject = new String(stringobject); Example: char arr[ ] = {'H','E','L','L','O'}; String s = new String(arr); String s1 = new String(s);

String Methods
The String class has several methods that can be used to manipulate the string values. Each method has its own characteristic.

length() method
Is used to find the number of characters in a string.

length() method
Example 1 String s = "I am going to school"; int numchar = s.length( ); System.out.println(numchar); Output 20

length() method
Example 2 String s = " "; int numchar = s.length( ); System.out.println(numchar); Output 2

length() method
Syntax int variable_name = stringobject.length( );

concat() method
Example 1 String firststring = "The Twin Tower"; String secondstring = " looks beautiful"; String thirdstring = firststring.concat(secondstring); @ firststring+secondstring Output The Twin Tower looks beautiful

concat() method
Syntax String Stringvariable3 = stringvariable1.concat (stringvariable2);

concat() method
Example 2 String s1 = "Result: "+5+1; System.out.println(s1); Output Result: 51

concat() method
Example 3 String s2 = "Result: "+(5+1); System.out.println(s2); Output Result: 6

charAt() method
Extracts a single character from a string

charAt() method
Example String s = "Malaysia" char ch = s.charAt(4); System.out.println(ch); Output y

charAt() method
Syntax char variablename = stringobject.charAt(int where);

equals() method
Compares two strings for equality.

equals() method
Example String s1="Both are equal"; String s2="Both are equal"; String s3="Both are not equal"; System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); System.out.println(s1.equals(s3));
Output true false

equals() method
Syntax boolean variablename = stringobject.equals(stringobject);

indexOf() method
Will search the first occurrence of a character or set of characters inside a string.

indexOf() method

Example 1 int val1 = s.indexOf('s'); System.out.println(val1);

Output 3

indexOf() method
Example 2 int val2 = s.indexOf("is"); System.out.println(val2); Output 2

indexOf() method
Syntax int variablename = stringobject.indexOf(character); int variablename = stringobject.indexOf(string);

lastIndexOf() method
Will search the last occurrence of a character or a set of characters inside a string.

lastIndexOf() method

Example 1 int val1 = s.lastIndexOf('s'); System.out.println(val1);

Output 12

lastIndexOf() method
Example 2 int val2 = s.lastIndexOf("is"); System.out.println(val1); Output 5

lastIndexOf() method
Syntax int variablename = stringobject.lastIndexOf(character); int variablename = stringobject.lastIndexOf(string);

replace() method
Will replace all occurrences of a character in a string with another character.

replace() method
Example String s="Hewwo"; String s1 = s.replace('w','l'); System.out.println(Old string= + s); System.out.println(New string= + s1); Output Hewwo Hello

replace() method
Syntax String stringvariable = stringobject.replace(original,replacement);

trim() method
Will trim the leading and trailing white spaces in a string.

trim() method
Example String s=" Hello Malaysia "; String s1 = s.trim( ); System.out.println(s1); Output Hello Malaysia

trim() method
Syntax String stringvariable = stringobject.trim( );

toLowerCase() method
Converts all the characters in a string from uppercase to lowercase.

toLowerCase() method
Example String s1="LOWER"; String s2 = s1.toLowerCase( ); System.out.println(s2); Output lower

toLowerCase() method
Syntax String stringvariable = stringobject.toLowerCase( );

toUpperCase() method
Converts all the characters in a string from lowercase to uppercase.

toUpperCase() method
Example String s1="upper"; String s2 = s1.toUpperCase( ); System.out.println(s2); Output UPPER

toUpperCase() method
Syntax String stringvariable = stringobject.toUpperCase( );

substring() method
Extracts a part of the string.

substring() method
Example String s1="I do shopping in Mega Mall"; String s2 = s1.substring(5,12); System.out.println(s2);
Akrasa ke (5) sehingga aksara ke(12-1)

Output shoppin

 Is a special class supported by Java to handle strings. StringBuffer creates strings of flexible length whereas String class creates strings of fixed length.

Creating StringBuffer Objects

Example 1 StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer(); Syntax
StringBuffer StringBufferobject = new StringBuffer();

Creating StringBuffer Objects

Example 2 StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer(6); Syntax
StringBuffer StringBufferobject = new StringBuffer(integervariable);

Creating StringBuffer Objects

Example 3 StringBuffer sb3 = new StringBuffer ("Java"); Syntax
StringBuffer StringBufferobject = new StringBuffer(stringvariable);

length() method
Finds the current length of a StringBuffer object.

length() method
Example StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer(Java); System.out.println (sb1.length()); Output 4

capacity() method
Returns the amount of memory allocated for the StringBuffer object.

capacity() method
Example
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Capacity of sb"); System.out.println (sb.capacity());
* Capacity of sb = 14 + 16(free storage) = 30 (amount of storage)

Output 30

capacity() method
Example
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer(""); System.out.println (sb1.capacity());
* Capacity of sb = 16(free storage) = 16 (amount of storage)

Output 16

append() method
Allows data to be added to the end of a StringBuffer object.

append() method
Example StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("Welcome to beautiful"); sb1.append("_World"); System.out.println(sb1);

Output Welcome to beautiful_World

setCharAt() method
Sets the character at any position within a StringBuffer.

setCharAt() method
Example StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("Hello World"); sb1.setCharAt(5,'_'); System.out.println(sb1);

Output Hello_World

insert() method
Allows data to be added at a specified position in the StringBuffer object.

insert() method
Example StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("Hello World"); sb1.insert(6,"Java "); System.out.println(sb1);

Output Hello Java World

reverse() method
Example StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("roweT"); sb.reverse( ); System.out.println(sb);
Output Tower

delete() method
Example StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(Program"); sb.delete(2, 5 ); //(2,(5-1)) System.out.print(sb);
Output Pram

deleteCharAt() method
Example StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer(Java"); sb.deleteCharAt(1 ); System.out.print(sb);
Output Jva