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Introduction to Analytics Geometry

Distance Formula Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be two points in a plane and d be a distance between A and B then
d = ( x2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2
A ( x1 , y1 ) O (0,0)

B( x2 , y2 )

or

d = ( x1 - x2 ) 2 + ( y1 - y2 ) 2
See proof on book at page181

Ratio Formula Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be two points in a plane. The coordinates of the point C dividing the line segment AB in the ratio k1 : k2 are k1 x2 + k2 x1 k1 y2 + k2 y1 , k1 + k2 k1 + k2 If C be the midpoint of AB i.e. k1 : k2 = 1:1 then coordinate of C becomes x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , . 2 2
See proof on book at page 182

k2

k1 A ( x1 , y1 )

B( x2 , y2 )

O (0,0)

Intersection of Median Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle. Intersection of median is called centroid of triangle and can be determined as x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 , See proof at page 184 3 3

Centre of In-Circle (In-Centre) Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of triangle. And AB = c , BC = a , CA = b ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 Then incentre of triangle = 1 , a+b+c a+b+c
See proof at page 184

Rotation of Axes Let ( x, y) be the coordinates of point P in xy-coordinate system. If the axes are rotated through at angle of q and ( X , Y ) are coordinate of P in new XY-coordinate system then X = x cosq + y sin q Y = y cosq - x sin q

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 Inclination of a Line: The angle a (0o a < 180o ) measure anticlockwise from positive x - axis to the straight line l is called inclination of a line l .
A ( x1 ,y1)

B( x2 , y2 )

Slope or Gradient of Line The slope m of the line l is defined by: m = tan a If A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be any two distinct points on the line l then y -y y - y2 m= 2 1 = 1 x2 - x1 x1 - x2 Note:
o

l is horizontal, iff m = 0 (Q a = 0 ) l is vertical, iff m = i.e. m is not defined. (Q a = 90o ) If slope of AB = slope of BC , then the points A, B and C are collinear i.e. lie on the same line.

See proof on book at page: 191

Theorem The two lines l1 and l2 with respective slopes m1 and m2 are (i) Parallel iff m1 = m2 1 (ii) Perpendicular iff m1m2 = -1 or m1 = m2 (with m1 and m2 non-zero)

Equation of Straight Line: (i) Slope-intercept form Equation of straight line with slope m and y - intercept c is given by:
y = mx + c
See proof on book at page 194

(ii) Point-slope form Let m be a slope of line and A( x1 , y1 ) be a point lies on a line then equation of line is given by: y - y1 = m ( x - x1 )
See proof on book at page 195

(iii) Symmetric form Let a be an inclination of line and A( x1 , y1 ) be a point lies on a line then equation of line is given by: y - y1 x - x1 = cosa sin a
See proof on book at page 195

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(iv) Two-points form Let A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be points lie on a line then its equation is given by: y -y y - y1 = 2 1 ( x - x1 ) x2 - x1 or y -y y - y2 = 2 1 ( x - x2 ) or x2 - x1 x x1 x2 y 1 y1 1 = 0 y2 1

See proof on book at page 196

(v) Two-intercept form When a line intersect x - axis at x = a and y - axis at y = b i.e. x - intercept = a and y - intercept = b , then equation of line is given by: x y + =1 a b
See proof on book at page 197

(vi) Normal form Let p denoted length of perpendicular from the origin to the line and a is the angle of the perpendicular from +ive x-axis then equation of line is given by: x cosa + y sin a = p

p
a

See proof on book at page 198

General equation of the straight line A general equation of straight line (General linear equation) in two variable x and y is given by: ax + by + c = 0 where a , b and c are constants and a and b are not simultaneously zero. See proof on book at page: 199. Note: Since ax + by + c = 0 by = - ax - c a c y=- xb b a c Which is an intercept form of equation of line with slope m = and c = - . b b
(Page 204)

Position of the point with respect to line Consider l : ax + by + c = 0 with b > 0 Then point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies i) above the line l if ax1 + by1 + c > 0 ii) below the line l if ax1 + by1 + c < 0

Corollary 1 (Page 205) The point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies above the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have the same sign and the point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies below the line if ax1 + by1 + c and b have opposite signs.

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 Point of intersection of lines Let l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be non-parallel lines. Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be the point of intersection of l1 and l2 . Then a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 = 0 .............(i ) a2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 = 0 .............(ii ) Solving (i ) and (ii ) simultaneously, we have x1 - y1 1 = = b1c2 - b2c1 a1c2 - a2c1 a1b2 - a2b1 bc -b c a c - a2c1 x1 = 1 2 2 1 and y1 = - 1 2 a1b2 - a2b1 a1b2 - a2b1 bc -b c a c - a2c1 Hence 1 2 2 1 , - 1 2 is the point of intersection of l1 and l2 . a1b2 - a2b1 a1b2 - a2b1

Equation of line passing through the point of intersection. Let l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 Then equation of line passing through the point of intersection of l1 and l2 is l1 + k l2 = 0 , where k is constant. i.e. a1 x + b1 y + c11 + k ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0 .

Angle between lines Let l1 and l2 be two lines. If a1 and a 2 be inclinations and m1 and m2 be slopes of lines l1 and l2 respectively, Let q be a angle from line l1 to l2 then q is given by m - m1 tanq = 2 1 + m1m2

l2
y a1 q

l1

a2
X

See proof on book at page 219

Homogenous 2nd Degree Equation Every homogenous second degree equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 represents product of straight lines through the origin. Let m1 and m2 be slopes of these lines. Then a 2h and m1 + m2 = b b Let q be the angles between the lines. Then m1m2 = 2 h2 - ab tan q = a+b
See proof on book at page 227.

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