Naked Lunch (1959) as a Critique of the Social Control Mechanisms Employed by 1950s American Government and Media by Nikhita

Mendis

An Extended Essay Submitted as a Candidate for the International Baccalaureate Diploma

Subject: Language A1 English Supervisor: Ms. Sonalee Abeyawardene

Overseas School of Colombo IB World School 000245 Session: May 2013 24 September 2012

Word Count: 3,683

Overseas School of Colombo: IB World School 000245 Colombo, Sri Lanka

Supervisor: Session:

Abstract: Naked Lunch by William Burroughs initiated a literary revolution against 1950's ethical conservatism. The novel broke barriers of normality by rejecting the pre-determined morality of society and recognizing its subtle control mechanisms. Burroughs develops Naked Lunch as a critique of the control mechanisms employed by 1950's American society by drawing an exaggerated parallel between the real-life location of America and the fictitious Annexia. The two primary control institutions in both societies are the media and the government, and occasionally, a conjunction of the two. These two institutions employ methods of indoctrination to puppet their people with the strings of supposed freedom and rationality. By discussing the forms of media indoctrination and government control prevalent in Naked Lunch, this essay aims to analyse the question: How does William
Burroughs develop Naked Lunch (1959) as a Critique of the Social Control Mechanisms Employed by 1950s American Government and Media?

Various aspects of media indoctrination are addressed in this essay; ranging from the subtlety of language distortion and consumerism to the development of technology to control society. Significant allusions to government control are also investigated. This essay predominantly contains my own analysis of the novel along with interpretations by Burroughs from various sources such as Reality Studio a database of material related to Burroughs, including an interview by Allen Ginsberg and a transcript of The Boston Trial of Naked Lunch. In Naked Lunch, Burroughs uses a distinct narrative cut-up style, along with an exaggerated and satirical parallel to aid him in critiquing 1950s social control mechanisms such as consumerism and mass indoctrination through language manipulation. Subsequently, emphasizing the hypocrisy of 1950s government, media and culture. Words: 272

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Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, Ms. Abeyawardene, for her diligent advice, suggestions and support.

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Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................i Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................ii Contents................................................................................................................iii Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Language as Indoctrination............................................................................................2 Consumerism and Government Control.........................................................................6 Conclusion....................................................................................................................11 Works Cited..................................................................................................................13

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Introduction The atmosphere of 1950s American society was clouded with moral conservatism. Racism, segregation, gender inequality and hysteria regarding communism flourished as societal norms. Out of this era of social, physical and psychological suppression manifested a counter-culture determined to defy the barriers of conformity. The Beat Generation was a, criticism of American complacency, an expression of new forms of prose, and poetry and an exploration of consciousness (Beat). During the 1950s, America reached a post-war economic climax with progressive inventions ranging from the construction of the nations first nuclear power plant in 1958 to enhancements in the automobile agency. Consumerism thrived within the nation, while previously war-centered ideas such as media rerouted their focus onto menial everyday matters. In order to alleviate the impact of the First and Second World Wars, American society straight-jacketed into a stringent code of conduct with the sole ambition of economic and financial rehabilitation. Instilling a single objective into all members of society requires various techniques of indoctrination, brainwash and control. The American government, as a promoter of democracy, has an obligation to stand by its freedom of expression policy. It is due to this obligation that the methods of indoctrination utilized had to be subtle yet potent. Burroughs sees through this subtlety and condemns the American government as hypocritical. Through the creation of Naked Lunch, Burroughs is retaliating against society. He shuns all forms of control, ranging from sexual and sociopolitical control to literary control by eschewing typical structure and prose and using a cut-up narrative style. He also asserts that human need in fact establishes the conditions that enable humanity to be controlled. The media caters to desire and desire to satisfaction. Therefore, in humanity's need for satisfaction, it allows itself to be manipulated.

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Naked Lunch, as a political allegory, exposes these control mechanisms through subtle literary techniques such as metaphor, diction and the parallel imaginary land of Annexia where people are brainwashed and face dehumanizing violence. Each example of indoctrination portrayed in Naked Lunch and examined in this essay will be discussed in its allegorical and historical context. It is vital to underline the specific elements of society criticized when analyzing Naked Lunch as a critique of the social control mechanisms employed by 1950s American government and media. Language as Indoctrination In 1968 Burroughs was asked, Do you think human beings are alive? (Fragment). He replied, They're not alive. They're talking tape recorders (Fragment). This idea recurs through Naked Lunch. According to Burroughs, society is controlled by mechanisms that infiltrate both the obvious and the obscure. The media is a fundamental control mechanism, though he also highlights the significance of language in controlling the masses. Burroughs' underlying theory states that language is a virus. He actively tries to cure this virus through deflating literary norms in Naked Lunch and writing the novel as a fragmented stream of consciousness. In his interviews, Burroughs refers to Brio Gysins statement, words are 15 years behind art (Corso), highlighting the lack of structure in art that allows it to prosper, unlike the limitations set by literature which keep it confined to literary norms. The literary norm referred to in this essay is a novel organized into chapters with structured continuity. The "cut-up" narrative technique utilized by William Burroughs uses neither structure nor continuity for life is a cut-up (William) - a perspective mirrored in the non-linear prose of Naked Lunch. Writing under the influence of heroin, Burroughs records his thoughts as he envisions them, with an immediacy lacking the post-experience coherence of typical literature. Burroughs explains his "cut-up" style as when:

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You walk down the street. You see it and you put it on canvas. That's what they did first. But that's not how you really see it or remember it. It's more jumbled. There are the street signs and the vendors and the houses and people walking. You don't see them like a photograph. You look at diverse images. Painting in that way is montage. I merely applied it to writing. So there's nothing very new there (William). One sources states that Burroughs uses his cut-up technique as a way of, breaking free of the pre-formed lines of narrative subjectivization in order to allow a proliferation of inhuman mutations that escape this linear coding (Land), however, Burroughs' mentality seems to argue that breaking free of the, free-formed lines of narrative subjecitivization (Land) is not necessary for the, proliferation of inhuman mutations (Land) but alternatively, to get in touch with an innate humanity and allow the alternative propagation of very human mutations. As the cut-up style aims to convey the most intimate perceptions of man, Burroughs writing incorporates graphic details. He draws a parallel exemplifying this detail between the anus and the mouth, asserting that the only difference is that the mouth can speak despite being born of, un DT Undifferentiated Tissue which can grow into any kind of flesh on the human body (Burroughs 133). The mouth, however, is armed with a, diarrhetic flow of words (Lyndenberg) reaffirming the idea of un-DT as both organs function in a similar manner. Burroughs "cut-up" style embodies un-DT, for it frees the novel of a designated structure or function. The meaning of the novels title too ties in with the idea of bare reality. Naked Lunch means, a frozen moment when everyone sees what is on the end of every fork (Burroughs 3). This is a moment that would never occur in reality, but would allow the viewer to perceive every minute aspect of their environment and experience the bare truth. Burroughs is able to relay his drug-addled version of reality with an authenticity unused by structured literature. Writing under the influence imbues Burroughs literature with rawness, as he conveys his imagination exactly as it is experienced, free of conscious censorship and political correctness. Although viewed as, predominantly prurient, hardcore

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pornography without redeeming social importance (Boston) in its 1965 Boston Trial, Naked Lunch serves as an honest, though opinionated, depiction of 1950s American control mechanisms. Burroughs has two primary reasons for utilizing the "cut-up" method. Firstly, to defy literary norms and secondly, to eliminate the way in which words are strung together, twisted and used to manipulate society. A predominant idea that governed the creation of Naked Lunch was Burroughs' belief that words were utilized by authorities to maintain control, for word and image locks "lock" us into conventional patterns of perceiving, thinking, and speaking that determine our interactions with society (Skerl). Burroughs postulates that, the word itself is nothing but an agreed upon phonetic sound (Concerning). Regarding the nature of the word, Burroughs promotes the idea that language exists due to its symbiotic relationship with what is understood as the human being (Land). Burroughs focuses on, humanitys daily subvocalizations, the internal monologue that provides a narrative sense of personal, subjective continuity which we think of as ourself (Land). These subvocalizations comprise of elements from externalities such as the language and content acquired from conversations, books, radio, television and all forms of media. Burroughs acknowledges the use of language as a purpose-driven media to indoctrinate the population with information conveyed at the time. In Naked Lunch, he notices that governments and controlling institutions could change words to serve their purposes, since they have the tools to disseminate the ideas to the larger public (Concerning). Examples of word manipulation in 1950's society are discreetly evident in the popular phrases and names of the time. The phrase, "Are you writing a book?" was used when an individual asked too many questions. (Slang) The condescending tone of this phrase resonates with the condemnation an individual receives by society for wanting to know too much, or rather, wanting to know the truth, leading to a complacency that is condemned in
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Naked Lunch. An illustration of how certain words can become so engrained in society they become part of the culture and develop accordingly are the words "spaz. (Slang) This slang words originated in the 1950's and is now wholly associated with an uncoordinated person. Without delving into the history of the words, those who use it today would most probably be unaware of its 1950's origins. It is the usage of expressions such as "spaz" that breed discrimination and narrow-mindedness within society. The use of language in cultivating a societal mindset is also evident in the household names common to the 1950s. The popularity of Norman Pearle represents the importance of strict Christian values. The 1950's literary hit, "The Power of Positive Thinking" by Methodist minister Norman Pearle preached, "a message of self-improvement through religious faith, optimism and willed self-esteem" (Power). Promoting motivation and success through a Christian lens further embedded the values of Christianity within American society, allowing the word Christian to become almost synonymous with progress. One of the most prominent household names was that of Senator McCarthy. McCarthyism was an ideology that promoted the very religious conservatism, consumerism and anti-Red sentiments examined in Naked Lunch. In the midst of the Cold-War, hatred was bred toward the Communists and the Soviets became the stereotypical enemy in the American film industry, such as in the 1950s movies "The Red Danube" and "Destination Moon." The word "red" is usually associated with anger and the Communists also identified themselves with this colour. Subsequently, the colour red augmented in negative connotation due to its political ties. In the section Hassans Rumpus Room, Burroughs refers to the sexual abuse of a young child, stating, he ties the boys hands behind him with a red silk cord (Burroughs 63). This reference encourages the reader to think of the negative and Communist connotations of the word red in the context of sexual abuse. Promoting anti-red and pro-Capitalist sentiments through word manipulation also amplified social consumerism.
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The communist ideology opposed the free-market; therefore, to be a good Capitalist would be to consume goods provided by the free-market. Although Burroughs views the word virus as societys ultimate deception, this idea is largely obscure throughout Naked Lunch. Burroughs shines a more blatant light on the manner in which the media sinks its grip into the sociopolitical structures of society that strive to brainwash the American population. Consumerism and Government Control Naked Lunch was written at a critical time in American history when consumer culture became a central post-war force. Masses of new goods flooded the markets and the methods adopted to sell these goods, such as the television and radio, were critical in shaping American morality. This post-World War II, pre-Cold War period, required a sense of unity from America to hold the nation together against the Soviet Union. In order to achieve this sense of unity a unifying morality was dictated upon the American people to produce a common way of thinking. Living in the Tangiers, Burroughs was able to provide an outsider's perspective on the contradictions and puppetry occurring in America. In the nature of consumerism, the people of Naked Lunch use material goods to escape reality. Those who gain from this society do so primarily through deceit and exploitation. Burroughs stretches the consumerist vision to its maxim by blurring all distinctions between crime and business creating a world in which they are one. The quotation, "If civilized countries want to return to Druid Hanging Rites in the Sacred Grove or to drink blood with Aztecs and feed their Gods with the blood of human sacrifice, let them see what they actually eat and drink. Let them see what is on the end of that long newspaper spoon" (Burroughs 205), from the section "Deposition: Testimony

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Concerning a Sickness," embodies both Burroughs' disdain of the government and of consumerism. This quotation can be broken into several components. Firstly, the reference to "Druid Hanging Rites in the Sacred Grove" is a blatant condemnation of capitalist punishment. In the 1950s, with the rise of a post-World War fear of communism and the introduction of deathrow inmate Caryl Chessman's book "Cell 2455, Death Row," capital punishment became a controversial topic. (History) Burroughs was able to address this dispute in his novel through allusions to the political climate of the time. Through the word "return" in the quotation Burroughs suggests that he views such methods as outdated. The reference to the "Sacred Grove" is irrational, implying the irrationality of capitalist punishment. Burroughs proceeds to make a reference to war in the statement, "feed their Gods with the blood of human sacrifice" suggesting that the reasons humans are sent to their death in the 1950's, primarily war, are no more reasonable than the Aztec belief in sacrifice. The "long newspaper spoon," is a metaphor for newspapers, the media and the outlets employed by the government to 'spoon-feed' its population the information necessary to keep it ignorant. The "newspaper spoon" is used by the media to bend reality and prevent the people from perceiving capital punishment as inhumane. The economic boom of the 1950's was also critical in ensuring consumer control. By the time Naked Lunch was published, America had become the largest importer of consumer goods in the world. (Rise) "The good purchaser devoted to 'more, newer and better' was the good citizen since economic recovery after years of depression and war depended on a dynamic mass consumption economy" (Rise), stated historian Lizabeth Cohen, explaining the necessity for increased consumption. The focus of the market shifted from implementing efficient production to assuring effective consumption. In order to consume a large supply, it was necessary to secure a massive demand. Subsequently, mass media was used to create a
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consumer society. The mass media's role in enhancing economic growth is paralleled in Naked Lunch through the "Senders," one of the parties of Interzone. "Senders," similar to the mass media, do not appear as particularly good or evil. They appear neutral and are therefore trusted by society. In actuality, however, their function is to control, the inherent function of all the conflicting parties in Interzone. As stated by Burroughs, "control can never be a means to any practical end.. It can never be a means to anything but more control.." (Burroughs 137). Burroughs emphasizes the use of coercive forces in ostensibly harmless aspects of society as the most effective method of indoctrination employed by the media. Seemingly neutral organizations such as hospitals, schools, airports, phone companies, banks, and insurance companies were a normal part of daily life. When the very organizations that form the core of society are used to indoctrinate the population, the indoctrination becomes so embedded it is inseparable from societys very composition. The 1951 AT&T became the first American corporation with one million stockholders. A series of technological breakthroughs occurred as colour televisions were introduced to America in 1953. NBC and CBS promoted colour television broadcasts while IBM introduced new computers (Big vs. Small). A faster pace of life spurred consumerism. With the birth of birth control, the polio vaccine and developments in biomedical engineering, all underlined by the, "anti-Red sentiment that dollars spent for science were dollars spent for democracy" (Pharmaceutical) came a boom in the pharmaceutical industry. The increase in the need to immediately resort to medicines and pop a pill is clearly represented in Naked Lunch. Will, the protagonist, pops a pill or injects himself whenever he is feeling low, while there is also a mass general consumption of medication. For example, at the National Electronic Conference in Chicago, the "Senders" discuss, "biocontrol.. control of physical movement, mental processes, emotional reactions and apparent sensory impressions by means of bioelectric signals injected into the nervous system
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of the subject" (Burroughs 137). Biocontrol is a metaphor for American society's reliance on medication and consumer goods that control societal mentality. Physical movement was constantly supervised while mental processes were adapted to function purely for the generation of capital. As mentioned by Peale's "The Power of Positive Thinking," "the man who is out doing something isn't tired. The more you lose yourself in something big the more energy you will have" (Power). Society was encouraged to lose themselves in generating capital and buying products. The phrase "sensory impressions" in the quotation refers to the information seen, heard and available to the public through the media. It is utilizing such techniques that the "Senders" of Naked Lunch and the government of the 1950's were able to mould societal morality. In the "Benway" chapter, Burroughs addresses man's preoccupation with technology and gadgets through Dr. Benway's remark, "Western man is externalising himself in the form of gadgets" (Burroughs 22). This statement implies that man is giving himself an identity in external entities, instead of acknowledging his true identity. The true identity of man is lost to consumer culture and the media is able to swallow man's very being. The "American

Housewife" in the "Ordinary Men and Women" section constantly moans that her, "kitchen equipment is malfunctioning and attempting to get physical with her" (Burroughs 104) - a reference to how gadgets have penetrated even the most intimate levels of human nature. The "American Housewife" feels threatened and detached from reality due to the sinister forces of the kitchen equipment. Although this may seem absurd, Burroughs uses the most domestic environment to emphasize his point that media indoctrination has affected all aspects of daily life. KE, the, "hottest idea man in the gadget industry" (Burroughs 110) is venerated in Naked Lunch and given a distinct authority for he is a promoter of gadgets. The significance of gadgets is evident in the following dialogue:

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KE: Think of it! He snaps. A cream separator in your own kitchen! American Housewife: KE, my brain reels at the thought. KE: It's five, maybe twenty, yes, maybe twenty years away.. But it's coming. American Housewife: I'll wait, KE. No matter how long it is. I'll wait. When the priority numbers are called up yonder I'll be there (Burroughs 142).

Through this exchange Burroughs ridicules the importance of menial gadgets in 1950's society. The Housewife KE has adopted a pathetic tone for she has submitted to the glory of gadgets. Clichs such as "no matter how long it is" and satirical diction such as "yonder" are used to further stress the absurdity of her statement. The expression "Keeping up with the Jones's" was applicable in 1950's society, as the goal of the typical housewife was to maintain the best house with the newest technologies the market could offer. The pompous tone of KE is typical to the modern salesman, boasting about his new product and persuading his customer. The manner in which he promotes his product emphasizes the absurd necessity of the cream separator in the Housewife's kitchen. A further example of consumerism in Naked Lunch is the routine of the talking asshole, which too appears in the "Ordinary Men and Women" section. Dr. Benway questions: Did I ever tell you about the man who taught his asshole to talk? His whole abdomen would move up and down you dig farting out the words. After a while the ass started talking on its own.. [it] would ad-lib and toss his gags back at him.. Finally it talked all the time day and night, you could hear him for blocks screaming at it to shut up. Nerve connections blocked, infiltrated and atrophied so the brain couldn't give orders any more.. For a while you could see the silent, helpless suffering of the brain behind the eyes, then finally the brain must have died, because the eyes went out.. (Burroughs 131) . The ass has overpowered the man and his mouth and brain have become dysfunctional. They are of no use and the man can no longer think nor speak. He is a mere puppet fit for only consumption - a product of the media. The "talking asshole" is a: Metaphor for modern man's slavery to the processes of service and consumption, and man is objectified as little more than a series of biological processes. The sealing

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over of the mouth is the result of the subsuming of the very essence of man to the formalised reason of his economic environment, as attempts are made to increase his efficiency (Parkinson). Man's sole purpose is as a puppet and he no longer needs his mouth. All personal opinions are eliminated. A man who does not ask questions and merely serves is most efficient. Burroughs represents this dehumanized state through the disorder of the, "simopath" (Burroughs 110) in which, "a citizen is convinced that he is an ape or other simian. It is a disorder peculiar to the army, and discharge cures it" (Burroughs 110) implying Burroughs' contempt for those he feels fight without reason. Through the simopath and the talking asshole, Burroughs is able to convey the view that as man is overpowered by control mechanisms, he loses his voice and ability to reason independently. Conclusion Naked Lunch, as a political allegory, critiques a range of control mechanisms employed by 1950's American government and media through subtle literary techniques such as metaphor and diction. It focuses on consumerism and language as fundamental methods of control. Burroughs portrays, "consumer culture as essentially degrading to man" (Parkinson) while language is decried through the usage of the cut-up style. His contempt for the 1950's American lifestyle is evident throughout the fragmented novel in its twisted descriptions of everyday war-time concerns such as warring political factions, the lives of the typical housewives and the prevalence of the television and radio in the typical bourgeoisie lifestyle. The majority of American citizens fall under the social category of 'middle-class,' the class most affected by new technologies, developments and consumerism. By emphasizing the control the government and media have over the majority of society, Burroughs is able to criticize the restrictions control places on independent thought. Naked Lunch is written under the influence of heroin and thus aims to characterize independent thought with its raw expression. Using the fragmented novel as an exaggerated parallel of American society,

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Burroughs is able to identify the roots of consumer culture and mass indoctrination. The exaggerated parallel enables him to highlight the inherent hypocrisy and absurdity of 1950's culture; a post-war culture desperately seeking rehabilitation and an outlet for fear, an ideal setting for indoctrination and exploitation by the government and media. Word count: 3,683

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Work Cited "Big vs. Small Businesses - 1950's Business and the Economy." eNotes - Literature Study Guides, Lesson Plans, and More.. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 June. 2012. <http://www.enotes.com/1950-business-economy-american-decades/big-vs-smallbusinesses>.
Burroughs, William S. Naked Lunch. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1959. Print.

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"The Pharmaceutical Century - 1950s." Servidor de Publicacion. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012.<http://www2.uah.es/farmamol/The%20Pharmaceutical%20Century/Ch4.html >. "The Power of Norman Vincent Peale. Tupperware! WGBH American Experience | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primaryresources/tupperware-peale/>. "The Rise of American Consumerism. Tupperware! WGBH American Experience | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Aug. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tupperwareconsumer/>. "William S. Burroughs and hypertext." Institutionen fr id- och lrdomshistoria. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 July. 2012. <http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/Ren/digitalburroughs.htm>.

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