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Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology: AE-311 Aerodynamics

This document contains the code for a numerical lifting-line method to predict lift distribution over a finite wing. The code uses an elliptical lift distribution assumption to calculate the induced angle of attack and coefficient of lift for a NACA 2408 airfoil at various angles of attack. The code iteratively solves for the lift distribution until convergence within 0.0001 is reached. Results are presented showing the lift distribution graphs for angles of attack from 5 to 15 degrees.

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Swarupendra Bhattacharyya
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58 views

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology: AE-311 Aerodynamics

This document contains the code for a numerical lifting-line method to predict lift distribution over a finite wing. The code uses an elliptical lift distribution assumption to calculate the induced angle of attack and coefficient of lift for a NACA 2408 airfoil at various angles of attack. The code iteratively solves for the lift distribution until convergence within 0.0001 is reached. Results are presented showing the lift distribution graphs for angles of attack from 5 to 15 degrees.

Uploaded by

Swarupendra Bhattacharyya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Thiruvananthapuram

AE-311
AERODYNAMICS
Project-Report
on
NUMERICAL NONLINEAR LIFTING-LINE METHOD
(NACA 2408 AIRFOIL)

Submitted To:
PANKAJ PRIYADARSHI SIR

Submitted By:
Paragjyoti Garg
(SC10B019)

AIM:Using the numerical lifting method by non-linear method programming in MATLAB, we are to predict
the G distribution over a finite wing. We are to also verify it over a rectangular wing of NACA 2408 at
different angle of attacks.

Assumption:Elliptical lift distribution

Parameters of wing and flow condition


Free Stream Velocity(V) = 10
Span Length(b) = 10
Geometric Angle of attack(alf) = 5, 7, 9, 13, 15
Angle of attack for zero lift(alf0)
Aspect Ratio = AR
Max Value of gamma(gamma0) = 1

METHODOLOGY:-

The Programming Code


clear all
clc
V=10;
% freestream velocity
b=10 ;
% span
alf=input('Actual angle of attack=');
alf=alf*pi/180;
alf0=-2.68;
% angle of attack for 0 lift
alf0=alf0*pi/180;
AR=8;
a=2*pi;

% aspect ratio

y1=linspace(-b/2,0,100);
y2=linspace(0,b/2,100);
gamma0=1;

% value of Gamma0

gamma1=gamma0*sqrt(1-((2*y1./b).^2));
gamma2=gamma0*sqrt(1-((2*y2./b).^2));
for i=1:(length(gamma1)-1)
dgdy1(i)=(gamma1(i+1)-gamma1(i))/(y1(i+1)-y1(i));
end
for i=1:(length(gamma2)-1)
dgdy2(i)=(gamma2(i+1)-gamma2(i))/(y2(i+1)-y2(i));
end
y=[y1 y2];
y(length(y1))=[];
ym=y;
gamma=gamma0*sqrt(1-((2*ym./b).^2));
dgdy=[dgdy1 0 dgdy2];
for i=1:length(ym)
for j=2:2:length(ym)-1
if ym(i)==ym(j-1)
I(i,j)=(0.5*((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+(dgdy(j1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+0.5*(4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)(ym(j)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)-(ym(j)-(ym(2)ym(1))))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j+1)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+0.5*((dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j+1)+(ym(2)-ym(1))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)(ym(j+1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))));
else
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
end

end
alfi(i)=((ym(2)-ym(1))/(4*pi*V*3))*sum(I(i,:));
alfeff(i)=alf-alfi(i);
cl(i)=a*(alfeff(i)-alf0);
end
gammanew=V*cl/2;
gammanew(1)=0;
gammanew(end)=0;
gammaold=gamma;
yyy=abs(gammanew-gammaold)>abs(0.0001*gammaold);
iteration = 1;
while sum(yyy)>0
%for k=1:50
y1;
y2;
gamma=gammaold + .05*(gammanew - gammaold);
dgdy1=[];
dgdy2=[];
for i=1:(length(gamma)-1)/2
dgdy1(i)=(gamma(i+1)-gamma(i))/(y(i+1)-y(i));
end
for i=1:(length(gamma)-1)/2
dgdy2(i)=(gamma(99+i+1)-gamma(99+i))/(y(i+1)-y(i));
end
y=[y1 y2];
y(length(y1))=[];
ym=y;
dgdy=[dgdy1 0 dgdy2];

for i=1:length(ym)
for j=2:2:length(ym)-1
if ym(i)==ym(j-1)
I(i,j)=(0.5*((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+(dgdy(j1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+0.5*(4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)(ym(j)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)-(ym(j)-(ym(2)ym(1))))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j+1)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+0.5*((dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j+1)+(ym(2)-ym(1))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)(ym(j+1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))));
else
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
end
end
alfi(i)=((ym(2)-ym(1))/(4*pi*V*3))*sum(I(i,:));
alfeff(i)=alf-alfi(i);
cl(i)=a*(alfeff(i)-alf0);
end
gammanew=V*cl/2;

gammanew(1)=0;
gammanew(end)=0;
gammaold=gamma;
yyy=abs(gammanew-gammaold)>abs(0.0001*gammaold);
iteration = iteration + 1;
end
plot(ym,gammanew,'r')
xlabel('distance from root')
ylabel('gamma')
fprintf('iteration required is %d',iteration)

Results
For NACA 2408: alf0=-2.5deg, span length=10, AR=8, gamma0=10. Divisions given for
numerical programming is 199.
1. Geometrical Angle of Attack = 5 degree.

2. Geometric Angle of attack = 7 degree

3. Geometric Angle of attack = 9 degree

4. Geometric Angle of attack = 13 degree

5. Geometric Angle of attack = 15 degree

The graph above is of 5o, 70, 90, 130, 150 from bottom to top respectively.

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