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Introduction To Nondestructive Testing

This document provides an introduction to nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. It defines NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without causing harm. The six most common NDT methods are described as visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic testing. Each method is briefly explained and examples of its applications are given.

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Vaibhav Shrivastava
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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57 views

Introduction To Nondestructive Testing

This document provides an introduction to nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. It defines NDT as using noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material or structure without causing harm. The six most common NDT methods are described as visual inspection, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic testing. Each method is briefly explained and examples of its applications are given.

Uploaded by

Vaibhav Shrivastava
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Nondestructive Testing

Outline
Introduction to NDT Overview of Six Most Common NDT Methods Selected Applications

Definition of NDT
The use of noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material, component or structure or quantitatively measure some characteristic of an object.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.

Methods of NDT
Visual

What are Some Uses of NDE Methods?


Flaw Detection and Evaluation

Leak Detection
Location Determination Dimensional Measurements
Fluorescent penetrant indication

Structure and Microstructure Characterization


Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response Measurements Material Sorting and Chemical Composition Determination

When are NDE Methods Used?


There are NDE application at almost any stage in the production or life cycle of a component. To assist in product development To screen or sort incoming materials To monitor, improve or control manufacturing processes To verify proper processing such as heat treating To verify proper assembly To inspect for in-service damage

Six Most Common NDT Methods


Visual Liquid Penetrant Magnetic Ultrasonic Eddy Current X-ray

Visual Inspection
Most basic and common inspection method. Tools include fiberscopes, borescopes, magnifying glasses and mirrors. Portable video inspection unit with zoom allows inspection of large tanks and vessels, railroad tank cars, sewer lines. Robotic crawlers permit observation in hazardous or tight areas, such as air ducts, reactors, pipelines.

Liquid Penetrant Inspection


A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects. The excess liquid is removed from the surface of the part. A developer (powder) is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it on the surface where it can be seen. Visual inspection is the final step in the process. The penetrant used is often loaded with a fluorescent dye and the inspection is done under UV light to increase test sensitivity.

Magnetic Particle Inspection


The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are then applied to the specimen. These particles are attracted to magnetic flux leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.

Magnetic Particle Crack Indications

Radiography
The radiation used in radiography testing is a higher energy (shorter wavelength) version of the electromagnetic waves that we see as visible light. The radiation can come from an X-ray generator or a radioactive source.
High Electrical Potential Electrons + -

X-ray Generator or Radioactive Source Creates Radiation

Radiation Penetrate the Sample


Exposure Recording Device

Film Radiography
The part is placed between the radiation source and a piece of film. The part will stop some of the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will stop more of the radiation. The film darkness (density) will vary with the amount of radiation reaching the film through the test object. = less exposure

X-ray film

= more exposure
Top view of developed film

Radiographic Images

Eddy Current Testing


Coil's magnetic field

Coil

Eddy current's magnetic field


Eddy currents Conductive material

Eddy Current Testing


Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting surface cracks but can also be used to make electrical conductivity and coating thickness measurements. Here a small surface probe is scanned over the part surface in an attempt to detect a crack.

Ultrasonic Inspection (Pulse-Echo)


High frequency sound waves are introduced into a material and they are reflected back from surfaces or flaws. Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen f showing the depth of features that reflect sound.
initial pulse

crack echo

back surface echo

crack
0 2 4 6 8 10

plate

Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen

Ultrasonic Imaging
High resolution images can be produced by plotting signal strength or time-of-flight using a computercontrolled scanning system.

Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the front surface of the coin

Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the back surface of the coin (inspected from heads side)

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