By : Hussein abed hilal /MSC
What is the distributed data base
A distributed database system is a collection of
logically related databases that cooperate in a transparent manner.
Transparent implies that each user within the system may access all of the data within all of the databases as if they were a single database There should be location independence i.e.- as the user is unaware of where the data is located it is possible to move the data from one physical location to another without affecting the user.
Data and information
Data : the computer science define the data as unprocessed data.
Information: this is the data after processed data that meaning .
DISTRIBUTED DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
Ddb cont
CLIEN T#1
D/BASE
CLIEN T#2
CLIEN T#3
Homogenous Distributed Database Systems
All sites have identical software
They are aware of each other and agree to
cooperate in processing user requests It appears to user as a single system
Heterogeneous Distributed Database System
In a heterogeneous distributed database
system, at least one of the databases uses different schemas and software.
A database system having different schema
may cause a major problem for query processing. A database system having different software may cause a major problem for transaction processing.
Feature of ddb
Centralized control Data independence Reduction of redundancy Complex physical structure and efficient access Integrity , recovery , and concurrency control Privacy and security
Centralized control
It is a one of strongest motivation for introducing database. It is possibility to provide centralize control of information resource. In ddb the idea of centralized control is much less emphasized.
Cont
In ddb we can define administrator who has responsibility of control on ddb
GLOBAL SYSTEM ADMINSTRATOR Who has control of whole database
1.
2. LOCAL SYSTEM ADMINSTRATOR who has responsibility of their respective local database
Database 1
Example Of center control
database2
Local control
Local control
network
Ceterlazied control
network
Database 3
database4
Local control
Local control
2-Data independence
It is one of the main introducing of database. It is mean that actual organization of data is transparent to the application programmer. Also data independence have the same importance of traditional of database.
3-Reduction of Redundancy
In distributed database, however, there are several reasons for considering data redundancy as a desirable feature: first, the locality of applications can be increased if the data is replicated at all sites where applications need it, and second, the availability of the system can be increased, because a site failure does not stop execution of applications at other sites if the data is replicated.
Reduction of data
ddb2
ddb3
Center control
ddb1 Original data
ddb4
4- Complex physical structures and efficient access
The reason for providing complex accessing structures is to obtain efficient access to the data. In distributed database, complex accessing structures are not the right tool for efficient access because cannot be provided by using physical structures and it is very difficult to build and maintain such structures.
Complex structure
Site 2
data
Site 1
Original data
Distributed database
Part of data
Site 4
Site 3
Part of data
5- Integrity, recovery, and concurrency control
In ddb the integrity and recovery and concurrency to different problem Transaction and atomic : It is a sequence of operations which either are performed or not performed . For example funds transfer.
6- Privacy and security
In traditional database, the database administrator, having centralized control, can ensure that only authorized access to the data is performed . But in DDB , local administrators are faced with the same problem as database administrator in traditional database.
Advantage and disadvantage of ddb
Advantages of database distribution The primary advantage of DDB systems is the ability to share and access data in a reliable and efficient manner. The following is a list of the main advantages:
Advantage of DDB
1-Data Sharing and distributed control: If a number of different sites are connected , then a user at one site may be able to access data available at another site. 2-Reliability and Availability: If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites may be able to continue operating .
Cont
3-Speed of Query processing: If a query involves data at several sites, it may be possible to split the query into sub queries that can be executed in parallel.
4-Incremental growth:
If an organization grows by adding new, relatively autonomous organizational units then the distributed database approach supports a smooth incremental growth with a minimum degree of impact on the already existing units.
5-Reduced communication overhead
In a geographically distributed database, the fact that many applications are local reduce the communication overhead with respect to a centralized database. Therefore, the maximization of the locality of applications is one of primary objectives in distributed database design.
6. Performance considerations
The existence of several processors results in the increase of performance through a high degree of parallelism.
Disadvantage of DDB
The primary disadvantage of distributed database systems is the added complexity among the sites. This increased complexity takes the form of: 1.software development cost It is more difficult to implement a distributed database system and, thus, more costly.
Cont
2. Greater potential for bugs Since the sites that comprise the distributed system operate in parallel,it is harder to ensure the correctness of algorithms. The potential exist for extremely subtle bugs . 3. Increased processing overhead. The exchange of messages and the additional computation required.
Cont
Architectural complexity. Cost. Security. Integrity control more difficult. Lack of standards. Lack of experience. Database design more complex.
The End
