7

Exponential functions

7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 7G

Index laws Negative indices Fractional indices Combining index laws Exponential functions and their graphs Further exponential graphs Modelling exponential growth and decay

Fiona is investing $20 000 in a fixed term deposit paying 6% p.a. compound interest. When Fiona has $30 000, she intends to put a deposit on a home. How long will it take for Fionas $20 000 to grow to $30 000? The investment that Fiona has made is an example of an exponential function. In this chapter, you will learn how to use an exponential function to model the growth of such an investment and other similar problems.

ArE you rEAdy?

Try the questions below. If you have difficulty with any of them, extra help can be obtained by completing the matching SkillSHEET. Either search for the SkillSHEET in your eBookPLUS or ask your teacher for a copy.
eBook plus

Addition of fractions

Digital doc

SkillSHEET 7.1
Addition of fractions

1 Calculate the following, expressing the answer in simplest form. 1 3 1 1 c b 4+3 a 3+

2

3 8

4 5

eBook plus

Subtraction of fractions

Digital doc

SkillSHEET 7.2
Subtraction of fractions

2 Calculate the following, expressing the answer in simplest form. a

3 8

5 8

b 12 - 3

1 4

1 2

eBook plus

Multiplication of fractions

Digital doc

SkillSHEET 7.3
Multiplication of fractions

3 Perform each of the following multiplications, expressing the answer in simplest form. a
1 2

b 12 3

c 14 15

eBook plus

Converting a percentage to a decimal

Digital doc

SkillSHEET 7.6
Converting a percentage to a decimal

4 Convert each of the following percentages to a decimal. a 25% b 2.5%

c 102.5%

eBook plus

Digital doc

Decreasing a quantity by a percentage

SkillSHEET 7.7
Decreasing a quantity by a percentage

5 Find the price of each of the following items after the specified percentage reduction. a $25 item; 10% reduction b $24 item; 12.5% reduction c $39 item; 33 1% reduction 3

290

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

7A

Index laws
In Year 9, we looked at indices and the index laws. These laws are the basis for exponential functions, which we will cover later in the chapter. Lets first revise this work. A number in index form has two parts; the base and the index, and is written as: base ax index (power or exponent)

Another name for an index is an exponent or a power. The first two index laws relate to multiplication and division of index expressions. First Index Law: When terms with the same base are multiplied, the indices are added. am an = am + n Second Index Law: When terms with the same base are divided, the indices are subtracted. am an = am - n Note: Constants or normal numbers should be treated normally when solving equations. Only apply the index laws to the indices themselves. This will become clearer in the following worked examples.

WorkEd ExAmplE 1

Simplify each of the following. a m4n3p m2n5p3 b 2 a2b3 3 a b4

ThInk a
1 2

c WrITE

2 x 5 y4 10 x 2 y3

Write the expression.

Multiply the terms with the same base by adding the indices. Note: p = p1. Write the expression. Simplify by multiplying the coefficients, then multiply the terms with the same base by adding the indices. Write the expression. Simplify by dividing both of the coefficients by the same factor, then divide terms with the same base by subtracting the indices.

a m4n3p m2n5p3

= m4 + 2 n3 + 5 p1 + 3 = m6n8p4
b 2a2b3 3ab4

1 2

= 2 3 a2 + 1 b3 + 4 = 6a3b7 2x5 y4 10 x 2 y 3 1x 5 - 2 y 4 - 3 5 x3 y = 5 =

1 2

The Third Index Law is used in calculations when a zero index is involved. Third Index Law: Any term (excluding 0) with an index of 0, is equal to 1. a0 = 1
291

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

WorkEd ExAmplE 2

Simplify each of the following. a (2 b3)0

ThInk a
1 2

-4(a2b5)0

WrITE

Write the expression.

Apply the Third Index Law, which states that any term (excluding 0) with an index of 0, is equal to 1. Write the expression. The term inside the brackets has an index of 0 so the bracket is equal to 1. Simplify.

a (2b3)0

=1

1 2 3

-4(a2b5)0

= -4 1 = -4

The Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Index Laws involve removing brackets from an index expression. Fourth Index Law: To remove brackets, multiply the indices inside the brackets by the index outside the brackets. Where no index is shown, assume that it is 1. (am)n = amn Fifth Index Law: To remove brackets containing a product, raise every part of the product to the index outside the brackets. (ab)m = ambm Sixth Index Law: To remove brackets containing a fraction, multiply the indices of both the numerator and denominator by the index outside the brackets. am a = m b b Note: Dont forget to raise constants to the correct power as well.
WorkEd ExAmplE 3
m

Simplify each of the following. a (2n4)3 b (3 a2b7)3

ThInk a
1 2

2 x3 c y4

d (-4)3 WrITE

Write the expression.

Apply the Fourth Index Law by multiplying the indices inside the brackets by the index outside the brackets. Simplify any constants raised to a power. Note: 2 = 21. Write the expression. Apply the Fifth Index Law by multiplying the indices inside the brackets by the index outside the brackets. Note: 3 = 31 Simplify.

a (2n4)3

= 21 3n4 3 = 23n12 = 8n12

b (3a2b7)3

1 2

= 31 3 a2 3 b7 3 = 33a6b21 = 27a6b21

292

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

1 2

Write the expression. Apply the Sixth Index Law by multiplying the indices of both the numerator and denominator by the index outside the brackets. Simplify. Write the expression. Expand the brackets. Simplify, taking careful note of the sign.

2x3 y4

21 4 x 3 4 y4 4 16 x12 y16

1 2 3

d (-4)3

= -4 -4 -4 = -64

Hint: A negative number raised to an odd power will always remain negative; a negative number raised to an even power will always become positive. Why?

rEmEmBEr

To simplify expressions with constants and/or pronumerals in index form, the following index laws are used. 1. am an = am + n 2. am an = am - n 3. a0 = 1 (when a 0) 4. (am)n = amn 5. (ab)m = ambm am a 6. = b bm ExErCIsE
m

7A

Index laws
1 WE 1a, b Simplify each of the following. a a3 a4 b a2 a3 a 2 a3b5 d ab e m2n6 m3n7 5n3p4 g mnp m h 2a 3ab j 3m3 2mn2 6m4n5 k 4x2 1 xy3 6x3y3 2 2 WE 1c Simplify each of the following. a a4 a3 b a7 a2 7 4a 21b6 d e 3a3 7b 2 g m 7 n3 m n
4 2

c b b5 b2 f a2b5c a3b2c2 i 4a2b3 5a2b 1 b5 2 l 2x3y2 4x 1 x4y4 2 c b6 b3 48m8 f 12m3 i 6x7y 8x4 l 14 x 3 y 4 z 2 28 x 2 y 2 z 2

h k

2x 4 y3 4x y 20 m 5 n3 p4 16m3 n3 p2
4

j 7ab5c4 ab2c4

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

293

3 WE2 Simplify each of the following. b (2b)0 a a0 0 d 3x e 4b0 a g 4a0 - 4 a (a2)3 2 n4 d 3 g

2 0

c (3m2)0 f -3 (2n)0 i 5x0 - (5xy2)0

4

h 5y0 - 12

4 WE3 Simplify each of the following. b (2a5)4 e (a2b)3 3m 2 n h 4 7x k 5 2y n (7)2

3 3

m2 c 3

f (3a3b2)2 a2 i b3
2

(2m3n5)4
4

5m3 j n2 m (3)5

3a l 3 5b o (2)5

5 mC a 2m10n5 is the simplified form of: 6m10 n4 A m5n3 2m4n2 B 3n D 2n(m5)2 n4 2m 5 E 3 n B 9 E 5

2

C (2m5n2)2

b The value of 4 - (5a)0 is: A -1 D 3

C 1

6 mC a 4a3b b4 5a2b3 simplifies to: A 9a5b8 B 20a5b7 D 9a5b7 E 21a5b8 b 15 x 9 3 x 6 9 x10 x 4 A 5x9 D 9x9 3 p7 8q 9 12 p3 4 q 4 A 2q4 p4 q 4 24 5 3 7a b 7b 3 a 2 5 4 simplifies to: d 5a6 b 2 5b a D A 49a3 b 25 simplifies to: B 9x E 5x simplifies to: p4 2 q4 E 24 B

C 20a5b8

C 5x29

q4 2

D ab3

25a3 b 49 25ab3 E 49 B

C a3b

294

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

7 Evaluate each of the following. b 2 32 22 a 23 22 2 5 6 3 4 e (23 5)2 d 4 4 3 4 4 4 56 g 3 h (33 24)0 4 55 8 Simplify each of the following. a (xy)3z c ma nb (mn)0 e n3 m 2 n m
p q

c (52)2 3 f 5

i 4(52 35)0 b ab (pq)0 a2 d 3 b

x

f (am + n) p

9 Binary numbers (base 2 numbers) are used in computer operations. As the name implies, binary uses only two types of numbers, 0 and 1, to express all numbers. A binary number such as 101 (read one, zero, one) means (1 22) + (0 21) + (1 20) = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 (in base 10, the base we are most familiar with). The number 1010 (read one, zero, one, zero) means (1 23) + (0 22) + (1 21) + (0 20) = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 10. If reading the binary number from right to left, the index of 2 increases by one each time, beginning with a power of zero. Using this information, write out the numbers 1 to 10 in binary (base 2) form.

7B

negative indices
So far we have dealt only with indices that are positive whole numbers or zero. To extend this, we need to consider the meaning of an index that is a negative whole number. Consider the a3 a3 expression 5 . Using the Second Index Law, 5 = a3 - 5 a a =a2 aaa aaaaa a 1 = aa 1 = 2 a 1 By equating the results of simplification, using the two methods, we have: a 2 = 2 . a Writing terms in the expanded notation we have:
5

a3

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

295

In general terms,

1 a
n

a = a0 - n (using the Second Index Law) =an 1 Seventh Index Law: a n = n a The convention is that an expression should be written using positive indices and so we use the Seventh Index Law to do this.
WorkEd ExAmplE 4

a0
n

(1 = a0)

Express each of the following with positive indices. a x3 b 2m 4n2

ThInk a
1 2

c WrITE

4 a3
-

Write the expression. Apply the Seventh Index Law. Write the expression. Apply the Seventh Index Law to write the expression with positive indices. Copy the expression and rewrite the fraction, using a division sign. Apply the Seventh Index Law to write the expression with positive indices. To divide the fraction, use the multiply and flip method.

a x3

1 x3
-

1 2

b 2m 4n2

=
c

2 n2 m4
-

4 a
3

=4a3 =4 =4 = 4a3 1 a3 a3 1

1 Part c from Worked example 4 demonstrates the converse of the Seventh Index Law - = an. an Try this as an exercise for yourself. All laws discussed in the previous section are applicable to the terms with negative indices.
WorkEd ExAmplE 5

Simplify each of the following, expressing the answers with positive indices. 2 2 m3 2 x 4 y2 2b-3 a-5b a a b c -2 n 3 xy5
ThInk a
1 2

WrITE

Write the expression. Apply the First Index Law. Multiply terms with the same base by adding the indices. Express the answer with positive indices.

a a2 b 3 a 5b

= a2 + 5b 3 + 1 = a 3b 2 1 = 3 2 a b

296

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

Write the expression. Apply the Second Index Law. Divide terms with the same base by subtracting the indices.

4 2 b 2x y

3 xy 5

2x 4 - 1y 2 - 5 3
-

3 3 = 2x y 3

Express the answer with positive indices.

2x3 3y3
-

Write the expression.

2m3 c - n2
-

Apply the Sixth Index Law. Multiply the indices of both the numerator and denominator by the index outside the brackets. Remember that 2 = 21. Express all terms with positive indices.

22m n4

1 2 m6 n 4 1 4 m6 n 4
2

Simplify.

Numbers in index form can be easily evaluated if they are expressed with positive indices first. Consider the following example.
WorkEd ExAmplE 6

Evaluate 6 3 3 without using a calculator.

ThInk
1 2

WrITE

Write the multiplication. Express 3 3 with a positive index.

-

633 =6 = 6 33 6 27 2 9 1 33

Multiply the numerator of the fraction by the whole number. Evaluate the denominator.

= =

Cancel by dividing both the numerator and denominator by the same number.

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

297

A CAS calculator can be used to evaluate numbers with a negative index. The base is always entered before the index. If the base or the index is negative, it is good practice to place it within brackets; otherwise your answer may have the wrong sign.

WorkEd ExAmplE 7

Use a CAS calculator to evaluate:

a 25 b
-

4 b
-

.
WrITE/dIsplAy

ThInk a
1

On the Main screen, complete the entry line as: 25 Then press E.

Write your answer. On the Main screen, first insert a fraction template by using the soft keyboard to select N from the 2D tab. Complete the entry line as: 4 b 2 Then press E.
-

1 2 5 = 32
-

Write your answer.

4 b
-

= 4b2

Remember that with most CAS calculators, xy is considered a single term and not a multiplication of two terms. Although we write 2xy, it should be entered on the CAS calculator as 2 x y.
298

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

rEmEmBEr

1. A term with a negative index can be expressed with a positive index using the Seventh Index Law. 1 (a) a n = n a 1 (b) - = an an 2. All index laws apply to terms with negative indices. 3. Always express answers with positive indices unless otherwise instructed. 4. Numbers and pronumerals without an index are understood to have an index of 1. ExErCIsE

7B

negative indices
1 WE4 Express each of the following with positive indices. a x5 b y4 4 -3 d a e 3x2y 3 5 1 g 6a3b 1c 5 h a 6 7a 4 j 6a k 2b 3 3b 2
-

c 2a 9 f 2 2m 3n 4 2 i 3a 4 2m3 n 5 l 3a 2 b 4

2 WE5 Simplify each of the following, expressing the answers with positive indices. a a3b 2 a 5b 1 b 2x 2y 3x 4y 2 c 3m2n 5 m 2n 3 d 4a3b2 a5b7 e 2xy6 3x2y5 f 5x 2y3 6xy2
4 g 6m n 2 n3 m 6

h
-

4x2 y9 x7 y
-

3
-

2m 2 n

j (2a3m4) 5 2 p2 m 3q3 3 WE6 a 2 d 3 2 23 g 6 2

-

k 4(p7q 4) 2 a -4 n - 2b 3 b 62 e 4 3 22 h k 43 2
-

6m 5 n 1 l 3(a 2b 3)4 6a 2 o -2 3b c 34 f 562 i l

1 3
-

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.

34

0 4 j 16 2 82 2 4

53 250 252 5
-

34 4 2 123 150
-

4 WE7 Evaluate each of the following, using a calculator. a 36 b 12 4 d

1 2
-8

c 75 f (0.045) 5 C 5x
-

e
-

3 4

-7

5 mC a x 5 is the same as: A -x5 1 D 5 x

B E

-5x

1
-

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

299

is the same as: a4 A 4a 1 D 4 a

1 8

B E

-4a -a4

C a4

is the same as: B 23 E 1 2

-

A 23 D 32
-

C 32

6 mC a Which of the following, when simplified, gives 3m 4 n 2 A 4 22 n 2 D - 3 1m 4

-

3m 4 4 n2
2

? C 3n 2 2 2m
-

B 32

m n
-

E 3m 4 22 n

3 b When simplified, 3a 2b 7 a 4b6 is equal to: 4 9b 4 A 6 13 B 4 a6 a b

9a 2 4b

4a2 b13
-

4a2 b y12 8 x18

c When (2x6y 4) 3 is simplified, it is equal to: 2 x18 x18 B A 12 y 8 y12 D 8 y12 x18
3

x18 6 y12

2a x 8b 9 d If y is equal to 6 , then x and y (in that order) are: a b A -3 and -6 D -3 and -2 B E

-6 -2

and -3 and -3

C -3 and 2

7 Simplify, expressing your answer with positive indices. m3n2 a m 5 n6 b c (m3 n 2 )

-

( m 5 n3 ) 4 5(a3 b 3 )2 (ab 4 ) 1
-

(5a 2 b) 1 ( a 4 b )3
-

8 Simplify, expanding any expressions in brackets. b (m5 + n5)2 a (r3 + s3) (r3 - s3) c ( x a + 1 )b x a + b x a ( b + 1) x 2 b px + 1 d px - 1
-

p8( x + 1) ( p2 x )4

p2 ( p12 x )0

300

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

7C

Fractional indices
Terms with fractional indices can be written as surds, using the following laws: 1. 1 = n a an 2.
m an n = am

To understand how these laws are formed, consider the following numerical examples. Using
1 1

( a)
n

the First Index Law 4 2 4 2 = 41 4 4 = 16 =4

If these two identities are true then 4 2 = 4 . Similarly:

1 1 1

Using the First Index Law 8 3 8 3 8 3 = 81 therefore

3

8 3 8 3 8 = 3 512 =8
1 1

If these two identities are true then 8 3 = 3 8 . This can be generalised to a n = n a .

m m 1 n m 1 m

Now consider:

an = a

or

= (a m ) n =
m n

a n = an m 1 n = a = ( n a )m

am

Eighth Index Law:

a n = n a m = ( n a )m .

As can be seen from the above identities, the denominator of a fraction (n) indicates the power or type of root. That is, n = 3 implies cube root, n = 4 implies fourth root, and so on. Note that when n = 2 (square root), it is the convention not to write 2 at the square root sign.
WorkEd ExAmplE 8

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.

a
1 92 3

b 16 2 WrITE
1

ThInk a
1 2

Rewrite the number using the Eighth Index Law. Evaluate. Rewrite the number using a n = ( n a )m. Evaluate the square root. Evaluate the result.
m

a 92 =

=3
b
3 16 2 3 = ( 16 )

1 2 3

= 43 = 64

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

301

WorkEd ExAmplE 9

Simplify each of the following.

1 2

a m5 m5

1 ( a 2 b3 ) 6

2 2 x3 c 3 y4
WrITE
1 2

ThInk a
1

Write the expression. Apply the First Index Law to multiply terms with the same base by adding the indices. Write the expression. Use the Fourth Index Law to multiply each index inside the brackets by the index outside the brackets. Simplify the fractions.

a m5 m5
3

= m5
1

1 2

b (a 2 b 3 ) 6
2 3

= a6 b6
1 1

= a3b2 22 3 c x 3 y4
1 1

Write the expression.

Use the Sixth Index Law to multiply the index in both the numerator and denominator by the index outside the brackets.

x3
3 8 y

rEmEmBEr

1. Fractional indices are those which are expressed as fractions. 2. Terms with fractional indices can be written as surds, using the following identities:
1

an = n a a n = n a m = ( n a )m. 3. All index laws are applicable to fractional indices. ExErCIsE

m

7C

Fractional indices
1 WE8
1

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.

1 1 1 1 1

a 16 2
1

b 25 2
3

c 812
3

d 83
7

e 64 3
3

f 814
2

g 16 4

h 25 2

i 36 2

j 100 2

k 16 4

l 27 3

302

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

2 Using a calculator, evaluate each of the following. Give the answer correct to 2 decimal places.
1 1 1

a 33 d g
eBook plus
Digital doc 1 89 3 2 2 3

b 52 e h
1 2 3 12 8 3 3 4 4

c 75 f i
3 1 1 4 (0.6) 5 2 4 3 5 1 3 1 7 b 2 1 2

3 WE9a Simplify each of the following.

3 3 1

a 45 45 d x4 x5 g
2

b 28 28 e 5m 3 2m 5 h
3 1 2 3 2 8 a 5 3

c a2 a3 f 4b 7
1

SkillSHEET 7.1
Addition of fractions

4y2 y 9
2 3 3 1

0.05a 4
1 1 1 1 1

i 5x3 x 2
1 2 3 1 3 4 3 3

4 Simplify each of the following.

3 2 1 1

a a3b4 a3b4

b x5 y9 x5 y3

c 2ab 3 3a 5 b 5 f 2a 5 b 8 c 4 4 b 4 c 4
3

eBook plus
Digital doc

1 d 6m 7 m 4 n 5 e x3 y 2 z 3 x 6 y 3 z 2 3 5 Simplify each of the following.

1 1 2 1

a 3 2 33 d
6 a7

b 53 54 e
3 x2

c 122 12 2
4

SkillSHEET 7.2
Subtraction of fractions

3 a7

1 x4

m5
5

m9
3

2x 4
3 4x 5

7 n2
4 21n 3

25b 5
1

20 b 4
2 2 3 4 7 1 8q4 p 2 1 3

6 Simplify each of the following.

4 3

a x3 y 2 x 3 y 5 d
4 10 x 5 y

5 2 3 3 5a 4 b 5 1 1 20 a 5 b 4

b a9b3 a5b5 e

c m 8 n 7 3n 8 f

2 1 5x 3 y 4

7 p3 q6

eBook plus
Digital doc

7 Simplify each of the following. 35 a 24 d

1 (a3 )10 3

SkillSHEET 7.3
Multiplication of fractions

24 b 53 48 e m9
14 n 3

1 c 75 f

13 2b 2 a c 3m b
b

3 15 g 4 p7

m p h xn

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

303

8 WE9b, c Simplify each of the following. 1 12 a a2b3

1 1 3 33 3a 3 b 5 c 4 1

b (a

3 b) 4

3 7 c x5y8 33 a4 b
2

1 1 2 22 5 x2y3z5

4 5 g m 7 n8 9
mC a

33 b5 h 4 c9
2

72 4x 3 2y 4

y 5 is equal to:
5

1 A y2 b
2 k3

2 B y 5

1 (y5 ) 2

D 25 y

1 E y5

is not equal to:

2 3

1 B A k3 1 is equal to: 2 5g A
2 g5 m

k2

1 C k2

( )
3

1 2 E (k ) 3

B g

2 5

C g2

D g

5 2

E 2g 5

10 mC A C E

1 3 n a If a 4 is equal to a 4 , then m and n could not be: 1 and 3 B 2 and 6 3 and 8 D 4 and 9 both C and D p

mm an is equal to: b When simplified, n p b A

eBook plus
Digital doc

m p

n bm

p n a n bm

mp an n bm

a b

m2 np nm
2

bp c f i
4 4 3

11 Simplify each of the following. a d g

3

SkillSHEET 7.4
Writing roots as fractional indices

a8 16 x 4 27m 9 n15

b e h

3 3 5

b9 8y 9 32 p5 q10

m16 16 x8 y12 216a6 b18

304

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

 2r 8r ar + b. 12 Write 2r in the form 2 2 16 13 Write 2 m 3 m 62m 32m 22m as a power of 6. 14 The relationship between the length of a pendulum (L) in a grandfather clock and the time it takes to complete one swing (T) in seconds is given by the following rule. Note that g is the acceleration due to gravity and will be taken as 9.8.
eBook plus
Digital doc
-

L 2 T = 2 g a Calculate the time it takes the pendulum to complete one swing. b Calculate the time it takes the pendulum to complete 10 swings. c How many swings will be completed after 10 seconds?

WorkSHEET 7.1
Fractional indices

7d

Combining index laws

So far we have considered situations where one particular index law was used for simplifying expressions with indices. However, in most practical situations, more than one law is needed to simplify the expression. The following examples show simplification of expressions with indices, using several index laws. If using a CAS calculator, a number expressed as a fraction or with a fractional index can be evaluated using the fraction or nth root templates. It is worth noting that a CAS calculator will not always provide the answer in the preferred form; you should recognise such cases and simplify further by hand as necessary.

WorkEd ExAmplE 10

Use a CAS calculator to simplify the following.

a

( 2 a ) 4 b4 6 a 3 b2
ThInk

3n - 2 9 n + 1 81n - 1
WrITE/dIsplAy

On the Main screen, insert the fraction template N and then complete the entry line as: (2a) 4 b 4 6a 3 b 2 Then press E.

Write your answer.

8ab 2 3

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

305

On the Main screen, insert the fraction template N and then complete the entry line as: 3n - 2 9 n + 1 simplify 81n - 1 Then press E.

The expression can be simplified further. Apply the First and Seventh Index Laws. Note that
1 3 n

= 81 3

=3n

= 34 3 n 1 1 = - n 4 3 3 1 = - + 34 n = 1 3
n-4

Write your answer with the power expressed as a positive value.

WorkEd ExAmplE 11

Simplify each of the following. a (2a3b)4 4a2b3

ThInk a
1 2

7 xy3 ( 3 x 3 y2 ) 2
WrITE a (2a3b)4 4a2b3

2 m 5 n 3 m 7 n4 7 m3 n3 mn2

Write the expression. Apply the Fourth Index Law. Multiply each index inside the brackets by the index outside the brackets. Evaluate the number. Multiply coefficients and multiply pronumerals. Apply the First Index Law to multiply terms with the same base by adding the indices. Write the expression.

= 24a12b4 4a2b3

3 4

= 16a12b4 4a2b3 = 16 4 a12 + 2b4 + 3 = 64a14b7

7 xy 3 (3 x 3 y 2 )2 = 7 xy 3 9x6 y 4

Apply the Fourth Index Law in the denominator. Multiply each index inside the brackets by the index outside the brackets.

306

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

Apply the Second Index Law. Divide terms with the same base by subtracting the indices. 1 to express the answer am with positive indices. Use a
-

7x 5 y = 9 7 9x5 y

Write the expression.

2m 5 n 3m 7 n4 7m3 n3 mn2 = 6m12 n5 7m 4 n 5

Simplify each numerator and denominator by multiplying coefficients and then terms with the same base. Apply the Second Index Law. Divide terms with the same base by subtracting the indices. Simplify the numerator using a0 = 1.

6m8 n0 7

6m8 1 7 6m8 = 7

When more than one index law is used to simplify an expression, the following steps can be taken. 1. If an expression contains brackets, expand them first. 2. If an expression is a fraction, simplify each numerator and denominator, then divide (simplify across then down). 3. Express the final answer with positive indices. The following example illustrates the use of index laws for multiplication and division of fractions.
WorkEd ExAmplE 12

Simplify each of the following.

a

( 5 a 2 b3 ) 2 a10
ThInk

a 2 b5 ( a 3 b)7

8 m3 n

( 6 mn2 ) 3

4m 2 n
-

6m 5 n
WrITE

1 2

Write the expression. Remove the brackets in the numerator of the first fraction and in the denominator of the second fraction. Multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators of the fractions. (Simplify across.)

(5a 2 b3 )2 a =
10

a2b5 (a 3 b) 7 a2b5 a 21b 7

25a 4 b6 a10 25a6 b11 a31b 7

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

307

Divide terms with the same base by subtracting the indices. (Simplify down.) Express the answer with positive indices. Write the expression.

= 25a 25b4 = 25b 4 a 25

-

3 4 4m 2 n 4 b 8m n 2 3

(6mn )

6m 5 n 4m 2n 4 6m 5 n 6m 5 n 4m 2 n 4
-

Remove the brackets.

= =

8m3 n 4 216m3 n6 8m3 n 4 216m3 n6 48m 2 n 3 864 mn2 m 3n 18 1 18m3 n5

-

Change the division sign to multiplication and flip the second fraction (multiply and flip). Multiply the numerators and then multiply the denominators. (Simplify across.) Cancel common factors and divide pronumerals with the same base. (Simplify down.) Simplify and express the answer with positive indices.

= =

Note that the whole numbers in part b of Worked example 12 could be cancelled in step 3.
rEmEmBEr

1. Simplification of expressions with indices often involves application of more than one index law. 2. If an expression contains brackets, they should be removed first. 3. If the expression contains fractions, simplify across then down. 4. When dividing fractions, change to and flip the second fraction (multiply and flip). 5. Express the final answer with positive indices. ExErCIsE

7d

Combining index laws

1 WE11a Simplify each of the following. 2 2 3 4 3 a (3a b ) 2a b c 2m3 n 5 (m 2 n 3 ) 6
-

5 2 3 6 b (4 ab ) 3a b 3 2 2 4 3 d (2 pq ) (5 p q )

e (2a 7 b 2 )2 (3a3 b3 )2 g
1 1 6x 2 y 3

1 3 42 4x 4 y 5

f 5(b 2 c 2 )3 3(bc 5 ) h
1 3 3 4

4 3

3 16m3 n4 4

1 1 m2 n4

2 1 2 p3 q3

3 4

1 3 p4 q

1 2 8p5q3

1 3

1 33 64 p 3 q 4

308

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

2 WE11b Simplify each of the following. a 5a 2 b3 (2a b)

3 3 6

4 x 5 y6 (2 xy ) 3a3 b
3 4
-

(3m 2 n3 )3 (2m 5 n 5 ) 7
3

4 x 3 y10 d 7 4 2x y g

5
-

1 5 p6 q 3

25

) ( )

(2a 7 b 4 ) 3
2 3
-

3g 2 h 5 f 2g4 h
4

2 1 1 3 p2 q4

3b c h - - 5b 3 c 4

1 1 1 x3 y4 z2

2 -1 1 x3 y 4z3

) )

-3

3 WE11c Simplify each of the following.

2 3 4 a 2a b 3a b 4 a3 b 5 3 2 6 d 6x y 4 x y 9 xy 5 2 x 3 y 6 6 3 5 b 4 m n 12mn 6 m 7 n6

c f

10 m6 n5 2m 2 n3 12m 4 n 5m 2 n3 5 x 2 y 3 2 xy 5 10 x 3 y 4 x 4 y 2
3 1 4 3

(6 x 3 y 2 )4 9 x 5 y 2 4 xy 7 ( p6 q 2 ) 3 3 pq 2p 4 q
-

a3 b 2 2(ab 5 )3 6(a b ) a b
2 3 3 4

(5 pq 4 ) 2

i 2

6x 2 y 2 x 5 y 5

( )
-

1 1 5 x2y

1 1 3x 2 y 5

4 WE12a Simplify each of the following. a a3 b 2 5a 4 b 7 2a 6 b a 9 b3

3

(2a 6 ) 2 10 a 7 b3

4 ab6 6a 3
2

( m 4 n3 ) 2 (m6 n)4 4x 5 y 3 (x2 y2 ) 2

2 1
-

( m 3 n3 )3 (2mn)2 3x 5 y 6 2 2 x 7y
1
-

2m3 n 2 6m 2 n 4 d 4 m3 n10 3mn5 5p q 3q

6 -5 -4

2 xy 2 x3 y 9 e 3 5 10 3x y 2y
1 1 2a 2 b 3 1 1 6a 3 b 2

5 p6 q 4 3 p5

-2

( )
1 b4a

1 1 2 4a 4 b

3x 3 y 5
1 1 9x 3 y 4

4x 2
3

x4 y

5 WE12b Simplify each of the following. a 5a 2 b3 6a 7 b 5

3

a9b4 3ab6
4

7a 2 b 4

3ab 6 4 6 7 2a b 3a b

4a9 3a 7 c 6 5 b 2b x5y 3 e 5 2 xy
-

(2x y )
4 5

5x 2 y6

(4x y)
6

10 xy 3

4 x 6 y 10 (3 x 2 y 2 ) 3
-

3m3 n4 2m 6 n 5
-

2 m 4 n6 - m 1n
1
-

1 3 4m 2 n 4

1 1 6m 3 n 4 3 1

8m 4 n 2

12 4 b3 c 3 h 2b 3 c 1 6c 5 b

3 1 2 5

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

309

6 Evaluate each of the following. - a (52 2)0 (5 3 20 )5 (56 2 1) 3

3 3 2 b (2 3 )
-

( 2 6 39 ) 0 26 (3 2 )
-

7 Evaluate the following for x = 8. (Hint: Simplify first.) (2 x )

-

2x x 3 4 2 (2 )

8 a Simplify the following fraction. a 2 y 9b y (5ab) y (a y )3 5(3b y )2 b Find the value of y if the fraction is equal to 125.
3

9 mC Which of the following is not the same as (4 xy ) 2 ?

3 3

A 8x 2 y 2
1

B ( 4 xy )3
1 1

64 x 3 y 3

(2 x 3 y 3 ) 2 ( 32 )
-

E 4 xy 2 (2 xy 2 ) 2 x2 y (2 xy 2 )3 xy 16 x 0 is equal to: B E 2x2 b6 1 128 xy 5

1 1

10 The expression A D 2 x 2 y6 2 xy
6

C 2x2y6

11 Simplify the following. a

3

m 2 n mn3
-

b
-

( )
-

1 2 g h 3 n
2 3
-

c
-

45 3
3 3 3 1

9 4 15 2
2

3 22

1 4

16

3 4

3 2 e a b- 3 3 b 3

3 3 a 2 b 4 -2 a b

(5 d 2 )2 (3 d 5 )5

12 In a controlled breeding program at the Melbourne Zoo, the population (P) of koalas at t years is modelled by P = P0 10kt. The initial number of koalas is 20 and the population of koalas after 1 year is 40. a Determine the value of P0 and k. b Calculate the number of koalas after 2 years. c When will the population be equal to 1000?
eBook plus
Digital doc

WorkSHEET 7.2
Combining index laws

13 The decay of uranium is modeled by D = D0 2 kt. If it takes 6 years for the mass of uranium to halve, find the percentage remaining after: a 2 years b 5 years c 10 years.

310

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

7E

Exponential functions and their graphs

Relationships of the form y = ax are called exponential functions with base a, where a is a real number not equal to 1, and x is the index power or exponent. The term exponential is used, as the independent variable x is the exponent (or index).

WorkEd ExAmplE 13

Complete the table of values below and use it to plot the graph of y = 2x.

x y
ThInk
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

WrITE/drAW

Substitute each value of x into the function y = 2x to obtain the corresponding y-value. Plot each point generated on a set of axes. Join with a smooth curve.

x y

-4 1 16

-3 1 8

-2 1 4

-1 1 2

0 1

1 2

2 4

3 8

4 16

2 3

y
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 3 2 10

2x

1 2 3 4

Label the graph. The graph in Worked example 13 has several important features. The graph passes through (0, 1). That is, the y-intercept is 1. The graph of any equation in the form y = ax will pass through this point. The graph passes through the point (1, 2). All graphs of the form y = ax will pass through the point (1, a). y > 0 for all values of x. You will notice that for negative values of x, the graph gets very close to but will never touch the x-axis. When this occurs, the line that the graph approaches is called an asymptote. The equation of the asymptote for y = ax is y = 0; i.e. the x-axis.

eBook plus
Interactivity

int-1149
Exponential graphs

WorkEd ExAmplE 14 a Plot the graph of y = 3 2x for -3 x 3. b State the y-intercept. c Write the equation of the horizontal asymptote. ThInk a
1

WrITE/drAW

Prepare a table of values taking x-values from -3 to 3. Fill in the table by substituting each value of x into the given equation.

x y

-3 3 8

-2 3 4

-1 1 12

0 3

1 6

2 12

3 24

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

311

Draw a set of axes on graph paper to plot the points from the table and join them with a smooth curve.

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 3 2 10

y y 3 2x

y
1 2 3

0 x

Label the graph.

b The y-intercept is 3. c The equation of the asymptote is y = 0.

b Locate where the curve cuts the y-axis.

Alternatively, find the y-value for x = 0 in the table. closer and closer but does not cross. As it is a horizontal asymptote, the equation will be of the form y = constant.

c Find an imaginary line to which the curve gets

Compare the graphs drawn in Worked examples 13 and 14. When 2x was multiplied by a constant, the graph was dilated; that is, its width changed. Since the constant was a positive number, the graph became narrower. If the constant had been a fraction between 0 and 1, the graph would have become wider. The following worked example considers the effect of a negative exponent.
WorkEd ExAmplE 15

Plot the graph of y = 3 x for -3 x 3, clearly showing the y-intercept and the horizontal asymptote.
ThInk WrITE/dIsplAy

Method 1: Technology-free
1

Draw up a table of values.

x y

-3

-2

-1

0 1

1
1 3

2
1 9

3
1 27

27

2 3

Substitute the values of x into the equation to find the corresponding y-values. Draw a set of axes, plot the points generated from the table and join with a smooth curve.
y y 3x
28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

0 x

3 2 10

1 2 3

Label the graph.

312

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

Method 2: Technology-enabled 1 On the Graph & Table screen, complete the function entry line as: 3x Then tap $.

Tap: Resize r ViewWindow 6 Adjust the window settings as shown in the screen and then tap OK.

The graph will be plotted as shown. To locate the y-intercept, tap: Analysis G-Solve y-Intercept The coordinates of the intercept will be displayed. Use the zoom function to investigate the horizontal asymptote.

rEmEmBEr

1. Relationships of the form y = ax, where a 1 are called exponential functions with base a. 2. To obtain the graph of an exponential function, construct a table of values first and then plot the points from the table and join them with a smooth curve. Alternatively use a CAS calculator or graphing software. 3. An asymptote is a line which the graph approaches but never cuts or touches. 4. Multiplying by a constant dilates the basic graph that is, makes it narrower or wider. 5. If x is a negative number, the graph is reflected across the y-axis.

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

313

ExErCIsE

7E
eBook plus
Digital doc

Exponential functions and their graphs

You may use a CAS calculator or graphing software to assist you in this exercise. 1 WE13 Complete the table below and use the table to plot the graph of y = 10x. x y 2 Plot the graph of each of the following exponential functions. a y = 4x b y = 5x c y = 6x 3 On the one set of axes, draw the graphs of y = 2x, y = 3x and y = 4x. 4 Use your answer to question 3 to describe the effect of increasing the value of a on the graph of y = ax. 5 WE14 a Plot the graph of y = 2 3x for -3 x 3. b State the y-intercept. c Write the equation of the horizontal asymptote. 6 Complete the following table of values and then plot the graph of y = 2x, y = 3 2x, and y = 1 2x on the same set of axes. 5 x 2x 3 2x
1 5 -3 -2 -1 -4 -3 -2 -1

SkillSHEET 7.5
Substitution into index expressions

2x

7 Study the graphs in question 6 and state the effect that the value of k has on graphs with equation y = k ax. 8 WE15 Plot the graph of y = 2 x for -3 x 3, clearly showing the y-intercept and the horizontal asymptote.
-

9 On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = 3x and y = 3 x. 10 Use your answer to question 9 to describe the effect of a negative index on the graph of y = ax. 11 a Complete the table of values below and use the points generated to sketch the graph of y= x y b By writing 1 with a negative index, show algebraically that the functions y = 2 y = 2 x are identical. 12 Draw the graphs of y = (1.2)x, y = (1.5)x and y = (1.8)x. 13 a Draw the graph of y = 10 (1.3)x. b State the y-intercept. c Write the equation of the horizontal asymptote.
-

( ).
1 2 x

-3

-2

-1

()
1 2

and

314

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

14 Match each of the graphs (ad) with the correct equation below (iiv). y y b a
10 8 6 4 2 (1, 0 12 10 8 6 4 2

(1, 12)

) 5 10 x 4 2

10

0 y 10 8 6 4 2

y 20 16 12 8 4 4 2 0

d
(1, 16)

(1, 0.75) 2 4 x

i y = 3 4x ii y = 2 8x 15 mC The equation for the graph at right is: A y = 2x B y = 3x C y = 2 3x D y = 3 2x E y=2x 16 mC The graph of y = y A
3

iii y = 3 0.25x

y 10 8 6 4 2 2

iv y = 2 0.8x

(1, 3) 2 4 x

4 y 0

4x

is best represented by: B

x (0, 3)

(0, 1) 0 x

(0, 3) 0 (0, 1) 0 x x

x (0, 1)

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

315

17 Myung-Hye invests $1000 at 10% p.a. interest compounded annually. This investment can be represented by the function A = 1000 (1.1)n, where A is the amount to which the investment grows and n is the number of years of the investment. a Prepare a table of values for 0 n 6. Substitute integer values of n into the equation and use a calculator to determine corresponding values of A. b Plot the points generated by the table, clearly labelling the axes. Join the points with a smooth curve. c Use the table of values or the graph to find the value of the investment after 3 years. 18 Kevin buys a car for $40 000. The car depreciates at the rate of 15% p.a. The value, $V, of the car after n years can be given by the equation V = 40 000 (0.85)n. a Prepare a table of values for 0 n 5. Substitute integer values of n into the equation and use a calculator to find corresponding values of V. Round answers to the nearest whole number as required. b Plot the points generated by the table, clearly labelling the axes. Join the points with a smooth curve. c Describe what is happening to the value of the car as n increases. d Find the value of the car after 5 years. Give the answer to the nearest dollar. 19 The graph shows the growth rate of two different bacteria. a Determine when each bacteria reaches a population of 500 000. b Estimate the starting population of each bacteria. c Which bacteria grows at a faster rate? d When are the populations equal?
1400 1000) 1200 1000 800 600 B A

20 The rat population in Hamlin is very prolific; the rats 400 double their population every 2 days. An initial count 200 of rats in the town shows 2048 rats. a What is the rat population 10 days after the initial 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 count? Time (s) b Predict the population after 100 days. c Write an equation that enables you to predict the rat population. d Predict when the rat population will reach: i 1 million ii 10 million iii 1 billion (1000 million).

7F

Further exponential graphs

In the previous exercise we saw the effect of changing the value of a in y = ax and changing the value of k in y = kax. Now we will consider the effect of changing some of the other factors in an exponential equation. Recall the dilation, reflection and translation rules for quadratic graphs. These rules also apply to exponential graphs. Adding to or subtracting from the basic function shifts the graph up or down the y-axis. Adding to or subtracting from x shifts the graph left or right along the x-axis.

ExErCIsE

7F

Further exponential graphs

1 Use a CAS calculator to draw the graph of y = 3x. 2 Now use the calculator to draw the graphs of each of the following on the one set of axes. a y = 3x b y = 3x + 2 c y = 3x - 3

316

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

Bacteria population (

3 For the graphs drawn in question 2, state the equation of the horizontal asymptote. 4 Use your answers to questions 2 and 3 to state the effect that changing the value of c has on the graph of y = 3x + c. 5 On the same set of axes draw the graphs of: b y = 4x + 1 a y = 4x c y = 4x - 3.

6 Use your answer to question 5 to state the effect that changing the value of b has on the graph of y = 4x - b. 7 Sketch graphs of each of the following on the one set of axes, showing the y-intercept and the horizontal asymptote. (Remember that a sketch graph shows the basic shape of the relationship and its key features. A sketch graph is not drawn by plotting points from a table of values.) a y = 2x and y = 2x + 4 b y = 2x and y = 2x - 1 x and y = 2x + 4 c y=2 d y = 2x and y = 2x - 1 Check your answers with a CAS calculator or graphing software.

7G
eBook plus
eLesson

modelling exponential growth and decay

Exponential functions can be used to model many real situations involving natural growth and decay. Exponential growth is when a quantity grows by a constant percentage in each fixed period of time. Examples of exponential growth include growth of investment at a certain rate of compound interest and growth in the number of cells in a bacterial colony.
Exponential growth y y 10 8 6 4 2
4 2 0 2 4 ax

eles-0176
Exponential growth

Exponential decay is when a quantity decreases by a constant percentage in each fixed period of time. Examples of exponential decay include yearly loss of value of an item y a x or 1 (called depreciation) and radioactive decay. y ax Both exponential growth and decay can be modelled by exponential functions of the type y = kax (y = k a x). The x difference is in the value of the base a. When a > 1, there is 4 2 0 2 4 exponential growth and when 0 < a < 1 there is exponential decay. The value of k corresponds to the initial quantity that is growing or decaying. For example, an initial number of bacteria in a culture dish, the population of a city at the beginning of a certain time interval, or the original value of an investment.
WorkEd ExAmplE 16

Exponential decay y 10 8 6 4 2

The number of bacteria, N, in a Petri dish after x hours is given by the equation N = 50 2 x. a Determine the initial number of bacteria in the Petri dish. b Determine the number of bacteria in the Petri dish after 3 hours. c Draw the graph of the function of N against x. d Use the graph to estimate the length of time it will take for the initial number of bacteria to treble.

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

317

ThInk a
1 2

WrITE/drAW

Write the equation. Substitute x = 0 into the given formula and evaluate. (Notice that this is the value of k for equations of the form y = k a x.) Write the answer in a sentence. Substitute x = 3 into the formula and evaluate. Write the answer in a sentence. Draw a set of axes, labelling the horizontal axis as x and the vertical axis as N. Plot the points generated by the answers to parts a and b . Calculate the value of N when x = 1 and x = 2 and plot the points generated. Join the points plotted with a smooth curve.

a N = 50 2x

When x = 0, N = 50 20 = 50 1 = 50 The initial number of bacteria in the Petri dish is 50.

b When x = 3, N = 50 23

= 50 8 = 400 After 3 hours there are 400 bacteria in the Petri dish.

1 2 3

At x = 1, N = 50 21 = 50 2 = 100
N 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 N 50 2x

At x = 2, N = 50 22 = 50 4 = 200

Label the graph. Determine the number of bacteria required. Draw a horizontal line from N = 150 to the curve and from this point draw a vertical line to the x-axis.
d Number of bacteria = 3 50

1 2

= 150
2x

N 500 400 300 200 100 0

N = 50

The point on the x-axis will be the estimate of the time taken for the number of bacteria to treble. Write the answer in a sentence. The time taken will be approximately 1.6 hours.

318

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

WorkEd ExAmplE 17

A new computer costs $3000. It is estimated that each year it will be losing 12% of the previous years value. a Determine the value, $V, of the computer after the first year. b Determine the value of the computer after the second year. c Determine the equation which relates the value of the computer to the number of years, n, it has been used. d Use your equation to determine the value of the computer in 10 years time.
ThInk a
1 2

WrITE

State the original value of the computer. Since 12% of the value is being lost each year, the value of the computer will be 88% or (100 - 12)% of the previous years value. Therefore, the value after the first year (V1) is 88% of the original cost. Write the answer in a sentence. The value of the computer after the second year, V2, is 88% of the value after the first year. Write the answer in a sentence. The original value is V0. The value after the first year, V1, is obtained by multiplying the original value by 0.88. The value after the second year, V2, is obtained by multiplying V1 by 0.88, or by multiplying the original value, V0, by (0.88)2. The value after the third year, V3, is obtained by multiplying V2 by 0.88, or V0 by (0.88)3. By observing the pattern we can generalise as follows: the value after the nth year, Vn, can be obtained by multiplying the original value, V0, by 0.88 n times; that is, by (0.88)n. Substitute n = 10 into the equation obtained in part c to find the value of the computer after 10 years. Write the answer in a sentence.

a V0 = 3000

V1 = 88% of 3000 = 0.88 3000 = 2640

The value of the computer after 1 year is $2640.

b V2 = 88% of 2640

= 0.88 2640 = 2323.2

The value of the computer after the second year is $2323.20.

c V0 = 3000

1 2 3

V1 = 3000 0.88 V2 = (3000 0.88) 0.88 = 3000 (0.88)2

4 5

V3 = 3000 (0.88)2 0.88 = 3000 (0.88)3 Vn = 3000 (0.88)n

d When n = 10,

V10 = 3000 (0.88)10 = 835.50

The value of the computer after 10 years is $835.50.

Sometimes the relationship between the two variables closely resembles an exponential pattern, but cannot be described exactly by an exponential function. In such cases, part of the data are used to model the relationship with exponential growth or the decay function.

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

319

WorkEd ExAmplE 18

The population of a certain city is shown in the table below. Year Population ( 1000) 1980 128 1985 170 1990 232 1995 316 2000 412 2005 549

Assume that the relationship between the population, P, and the year, x, can be modelled by the function P = kax, where x is the number of years after 1980. The value of P must be multiplied by 1000 in order to find the actual population. a State the value of k, which is the population, in thousands, at the start of the period. b Use a middle point in the data set to find the value of a, correct to 2 decimal places. Hence, write the formula, connecting the population, P, with the number of years, x, since 1980. c For the years given, find the size of the population using the formula obtained in part b . Compare it with the actual size of the population in those years. d Predict the population of the city in the years 2010 and 2015. e Determine the equation of the data using a CAS calculator.
ThInk a WrITE/dIsplAy a k = 128

From the given table, state the value of k that corresponds to the population of the city in the year 1980.
1 2 3

Write the given formula for the population of the city. Replace the value of k with the value found in a . Using a middle point of the data, replace x with the number of years since 1980 and P with the corresponding value. Solve the equation for a.

b P = kax

P = 128 ax Middle point is (1990, 232). When x = 10, P = 232, so 232 = 128 a10 a10 = 232 128 = 1.8125

a = 10 1.8125 a = 1.0613. . .
5 6

Round the answer to 2 decimal places. Rewrite the formula with this value of a. Draw a table of values and enter the given years, the number of years since 1980, x, and the population for each year, P. Round values of P to the nearest whole number. Comment on the closeness of the fit. Find the value of x, the number of years after 1980. Substitute this value of x into the formula and evaluate.
c

a 1.06 So P = 128 (1.06)x Year x P 1980 0 128 1985 5 171 1990 10 229 1995 15 307 2000 20 411 2005 25 549

The values for the population obtained using the formula closely resemble the actual data.
d For the year 2010, x = 30.

1 2

P = 128 (1.06)30 = 735.166 87. . .

320

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

3 4 5

Round to the nearest whole number. Answer the question in a sentence. Repeat for the year 2015.

P 735 The predicted population for 2010 is 735 000. For the year 2010, x = 35. P = 128 (1.06)35 = 983.819 . . . P 984 The predicted population for 2015 is 984 000.
e

On the Statistics screen, enter the x-values into list1 and label it yearX. Enter the population values into list2 and label it pop.

Since we know the data can be modelled by the function P = kax, we can use exponential regression to determine the equation of the data. Tap: Calc abExponentialReg Complete the table as shown in the screen and then tap OK.

The results will be displayed in the form y = a bx, where a = 128.35 and b = 1.06 Note: The closer the value of r is to 1, the more accurate the equation.

Write the equation.

P = 128 (1.06)x

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

321

WorkEd ExAmplE 19

The growth of the population of a bacterial species is given by n(t) = 50 22t where t represents the time in minutes and n is the bacterial population. a Determine the initial number of bacteria. b Sketch the graph of n(t) against time. c Calculate the population at 2 minutes. d Calculate the time needed, to the nearest second, for the initial population to treble.
ThInk a
1

WrITE/dIsplAy

The initial population exists when t = 0. On the Main screen, tap: Action Equation/Inequality solve Complete the entry line as: solve(n = 50 22t, n) | t = 0 Then press E.

Write the answer. On the Graph & Table screen, complete the function entry line as: y1 = 50 22x Press E. Then tap: $ Resize r Note: On this screen, equations of graphs must be entered in the form y1 = x. In this case, y1 has replaced n and x has replaced t.
b

The initial bacterial population is 50.

To adjust the window settings, tap Viewwindow6. Set: xmin: 0 xmax: 3 scale: 1 dot: 0.1 ymin: 0 ymax: 500 scale: 1 Then tap OK.

322

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

To calculate when t = 2, open the Main screen and tap: Action Equation/Inequality solve Complete the entry line as: solve(n = 50 22t, n) | t = 2 Then press E.

Write the answer. If the initial population of bacteria is 50, calculate t when n = 150. On the Main screen, tap: Action Equation/Inequality solve Complete the entry line as: solve(150 = 50 22t, t) Then press E.
d

The population at 2 minutes is 800.

Write the answer correct to the nearest second.

0.792 48 60 = 47.549 = 48 seconds It will take the bacterial population 48 seconds to grow to 150, correct to the nearest second.

rEmEmBEr

In the function y = kax: 1. k represents the initial amount or quantity 2. a is the base. If a > 1, the function represents exponential growth. If 0 < a < 1, it represents exponential decay. 3. To find the value of a: (a) in the case of exponential growth, add the % increase to 100% and change the resulting percentage into a decimal (b) in the case of exponential decay, subtract the % decrease from 100% and change the resulting percentage into a decimal.

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

323

ExErCIsE

7G

modelling exponential growth and decay

1 WE 16 The number of micro-organisms, N, in a culture dish after x hours is given by the equation N = 2000 3x. a Determine the initial number of micro-organisms in the dish. b Determine the number of micro-organisms in a dish after 5 hours. c Draw the graph of N against x. d Use the graph to estimate the number of hours needed for the initial number of microorganisms to quadruple. 2 The value of an investment (in dollars) after n years is given by A = 5000 (1.075)n. a Determine the size of the initial investment. b Determine the value of the investment (to the nearest dollar) after 6 years. c Draw the graph of A against n. d Use the graph to estimate the number of years needed for the initial investment to double. 3 mC A B C D E a The function P = 300 (0.89)n represents an: exponential growth with the initial amount of 300 exponential growth with the initial amount of 0.89 exponential decay with the initial amount of 300 exponential decay with the initial amount of 0.89 exponential decay with the initial amount of 300 0.89

b The relationship between two variables, A and t, is described by the function A = 45 (1.095)t, where t is the time, in months, and A is the amount, in dollars. This function indicates: A a monthly growth of $45 B a monthly growth of 9.5 cents C a monthly growth of 1.095% D a monthly growth of 9.5% E a yearly growth of 9.5% 4 The graph of y = 2x + 1 - 1 is best represented by: A
y

1 0 1 0 x 1 1 x

1 0 1 x

y 2

0 1

x 1 0 x

324

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

eBook plus
Digital doc

5 mC The graph of y = 3x - 2 + 2 has an asymptote and y-intercept respectively at: 1 A y = 0, 2 9 B y = 2, 2 9 C y = 2, 2 D y = 2, 1 8 E y = 0, 2

9 1

SkillSHEET 7.6
Converting a percentage to a decimal

eBook plus
Digital doc

SkillSHEET 7.7
Decreasing a quantity by a percentage

6 WE 17 A new washing machine costs $950. It is estimated that each year it will be losing 7% of the previous years value. a Calculate the value of the machine after the first year. b Calculate the value of the machine after the second year. c Determine the equation that relates the value of the machine, $V, to the number of years, n, that it has been used. d Use your equation to find the value of the machine in 12 years time. 7 A certain radioactive element decays in such a way that every 50 years the amount present decreases by 15%. In 1900, 120 mg of the element was present. a Calculate the amount present in 1950. b Calculate the amount present in the year 2000. c Determine the rule that connects the amount of the element present, A, with the number of 50-year intervals, t, since 1900. d Calculate the amount present in the year 2010. Round your answer to 3 decimal places. e Graph the function of A against t. f Use the graph to estimate the half-life of this element (that is, the number of years needed for half the initial amount to decay). 8 When a shirt made of a certain fabric is washed, it loses 2% of its colour.

a Determine the percentage of colour that remains after: i two washes ii five washes. b Write a function for the percentage of colour, C, remaining after w washings. c Draw the graph of C against w. d Use the graph to estimate the number of washes after which there is only 85% of the original colour left.

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

325

9 WE 18 The population of a certain country is shown in the table below. Year Population (in millions) 1970 118 1975 130 1980 144 1985 160 1990 178

Assume that the relationship between the population, P, and the year, n, can be modelled by the formula P = kan, where n is the number of years since 1970. a State the value of k. b Use the middle point of the data set to find the value of a rounded to 2 decimal places. Hence, write the formula that connects the two variables, P and n. c For the years given in the table, find the size of the population, using your formula. Compare the numbers obtained with the actual size of the population. d Predict the population of the country in the year 2015. 10 The temperature in a room, recorded at 10-minute intervals after the air conditioner was turned on, is shown in the table below. Time (min) Temperature 0 32 10 26 20 21 30 18 40 17

Assume that the relationship between the temperature, T, and the time, t, can be modelled by the formula T = cat, where t is the time, in minutes, since the air conditioner was turned on. a State the value of c. b Use the middle point in the data set to find the value of a to 2 decimal places. c Write the rule connecting T and t. d Using the rule, find the temperature in the room 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes after the air conditioner was turned on and compare your numbers with the recorded temperature. Comment on your findings. (Give answers correct to 1 decimal place.) 11 The population of a species of dogs (D) increases exponentially and is described by the equation D = 60(1 - 0.6t) + 3, where t represents the time in years.

a Calculate the initial number of dogs. b Calculate the number of dogs after 1 year. c Determine the time taken for the population to reach 50 dogs.

326

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

12 Carbon-14 decomposes in such a way that the amount present can be calculated using the equation, Q = Q0(1 - 0.038)t, where Q is measured in milligrams and t in centuries. a If there is 40 mg present initially, how much is present in 10 years time and 2000 years time? b How many years will it take for there to be less than 10 mg? 13 At the start of the chapter we met Fiona, who was investing $20 000 in a fixed term deposit earning 6% p.a. interest. When Fiona has $30 000 she intends to put a deposit on a house. a Determine an exponential function that will model the growth of Fionas investment. b Use your CAS calculator to graph this function. c Determine the length of time (correct to the nearest year) that it will take for Fionas investment to grow to $30 000. d Suppose Fiona had been able to invest at 8% p.a. How much quicker would Fionas investment have grown to the $30 000 she needs? e Alvin has $15 000 to invest. Find the interest rate at which Alvin must invest his money, if his investment is to grow to $30 000 in less than 8 years.

eBook plus
Digital doc

WorkSHEET 7.3
Modelling

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

327

summAry
Index laws

To simplify expressions with constants and/or pronumerals in index form, the following index laws are used. 1. am an = am + n 2. am an = am - n 3. a0 = 1 (when a 0) m am a 4. (am)n = amn 5. (ab)m = ambm 6. = m b b
Negative indices

1. A term with a negative index can be expressed with a positive index using the Seventh Index Law. 1 1 (a) a n = n (b) - = an a an 2. All index laws apply to terms with negative indices. 3. Always express answers with positive indices unless otherwise instructed. 4. Numbers and pronumerals without an index are understood to have an index of 1.
Fractional indices

1. Fractional indices are those which are expressed as fractions. 2. Terms with fractional indices can be written as surds, using the following identities:
1

an = n a a n = n am = ( n a ) . 3. All index laws are applicable to fractional indices.

m m

Combining index laws

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Simplification of expressions with indices often involves application of more than one index law. If an expression contains brackets, they should be removed first. If the expression contains fractions, simplify across then down. When dividing fractions, change to and flip the second fraction (multiply and flip). Express the final answer with positive indices.

Exponential functions and their graphs

1. Relationships of the form y = ax, where a 1 are called exponential functions with base a. 2. To obtain the graph of an exponential function, construct a table of values first and then plot the points from the table and join them with a smooth curve. Alternatively use a CAS calculator or graphing software. 3. An asymptote is a line which the graph approaches but never cuts or touches. 4. Multiplying by a constant dilates the basic graph that is, makes it narrower or wider. 5. If x is a negative number, the graph is reflected across the y-axis.
Modelling exponential growth and decay

In the function y = kax: 1. k represents the initial amount or quantity 2. a is the base. If a > 1, the function represents exponential growth. If 0 < a < 1, it represents exponential decay. 3. To find the value of a: (a) in the case of exponential growth, add the % increase to 100% and change the resulting percentage into a decimal (b) in the case of exponential decay, subtract the % decrease from 100% and change the resulting percentage into a decimal.

eBook plus
Interactivities

int-1098
Word search Chapter 7

int-1111
Crossword Chapter 7

328

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

ChApTEr rEVIEW
mulTIplE ChoICE

1 3d10e4 is the simplified form of: A d 6e2 3d4e3 B 6d 10 e 5 2e 2 C (3d5e2)2 D 3e (d 5)2 e3

2

( p 2 q) 4 ( 2 p 5 q 2 )3 A B C D 1 4 p16 q 22 p16 q 1 4 p8 1 4 p16 q

-

( p5 q 2 )2 can be simplified to: 2 pq 5

d5 E 3 2 e

2 8m3n n4 2m2n3 simplifies to: A 10m5n8 B 16m5n7 C 16m5n8 D 10m5n7 E 17m5n8 3 8x3 4x 3 is equal to: A 2 B 2x0 C 2x6 D 2x 1 2 E x9 4 12 x 2 x 6x9 x5 A B C D E 4x5 8x 4x 8x5 4x29
8 7
-

E 22p16q 7 16 B C
3 4 3

9 2 can be simplified to:

A 2
1 216 8 27

3 D 38

1 2
-

simplifies to: 8

2 2l 9 m 1

- 1 8 lm 2 16

can be simplified to:

8m 7
11 l3

2 3 5 5 The expression (a b ) is equal to: (2a 2 b) 2 6 13 a b A 4 B 2a6b13

2m 7
7 l3

4m7
8 l3

a3 b6 2 6 13 a b D 2 3 6 a b E 4 C

16m 7
5 3 l

m7
7 2l 3

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

329

10 5 32i 7 j 11 k 2 2 1 2 32i 7 j 11 k 5

E can be simplified to:

y 10 5 3 4 2 0 5 10 2 4x

A B C D

5
2 1 2 2i 7 j 11 k 5 10 5 32i 7 j 11 k 2

5
50 25 2i 7 j 11 k10 2 1 2

2i 7 j 11 k 5 E 5 10 The graph of y = -3 2x is best represented by: A

y 10 5 3 4 2 0 5 10 2 4x

11 The concentration of a drug in a patients bloodstream is described below, where t represents time in hours and C represents the concentration in mg/L. The concentration is modelled by the equation C = C0 at. Time (t) 0 1 2 3 4

Concentration 3.0000 1.5000 0.7500 0.3750 0.1875 (mg/L) The decay factor and initial concentration respectively are: A 0.5 and 3 B 2 and 3 C 3 and 0.5 D 3 and 2 E 0.25 and 3
shorT AnsWEr 2 4x

y 10 5 4 2 0 3 5 10

1 Simplify each of the following. a 5x3 3x5y4 5 x2y6 b 26a 4 b6 c 5 12a3 b3 c3

3 3

y 10 5 3 4 2 5 10 y 10 5 4 2 1 0 5 10 2 4x 2 4x

20 m 5 n2 c 6 14 p7 d 21q3
4

2 Evaluate each of the following. a 5a0 - 2a + 12 3 b

-(3b)0 0

(4 b) 0 2

3 Simplify each of the following and express your answer with positive indices. a 2a 5b2 4a 6b 4 b 4x 5y 3 20x12y 5 c (2m 3n2) 4

330

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. a

1 2
-3

b 2 (3) 3 c 4
-

9 2

6 (3 3 )0 10 If m = 2, determine the value of: 6a3m 2b 2 m (3ab)

1
-

b (6 3 2 ) 1

1 1 2 63 3 - 2
-

5 8 2

-5
1 3 3 2

(4 b) m (9a 4 m ) 2 11 For the exponential function y = 5x: a complete the table of values below x y b plot the graph. 12 Draw the graph of y = 10 3x for -4 x 4. 13 Draw the graph of y = 10 x for -4 x 4. 14 a On the same axes draw the graphs of y = (1.2)x and y = (1.5)x. b Use your answer to part a to explain the effect of changing the value of a in the equation of y = a x. 15 a On the one set of axes draw the graphs of 1 y = 2 3x, y = 5 3x and y = 2 3x. b Use your answer to part a to explain the effect of changing the value of k in the equation y = kax. 16 a On the same set of axes sketch the graphs of y = (2.5)x and y = (2.5) x. b Use your answer to part a to explain the effect of a negative index on the equation y = ax. 64 x 3 y 6
-

5 Simplify each of the following.

4 1

a 2a 5 b 2 3a 2 b 4 5a 4 b 5 b
3 1 3 4 9 4 x y 4 1 16 x 5 y 3 1 12 4a 3

-3

-2

-1

c b3 6

Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator. Show all working.
3 1 1 4 4 a 16 81

6 16 2
2 22 b 125 3 - 27 3 1

7 Simplify. a b
3 5

a9 +

16a8 b 2 - 3( 5 a )15
3

32 x 5 y10 +
-

8 Simplify each of the following. (5a 2 b) 3 4 a6 b 2 a 2a 2 b 3 5 2 a 3 b 6

-

2x4 y 3y6 x

4 xy 2 3x 6 y3
1

17 A radioactive substance decays so that its mass, m, in grams after t days is given by m = 3.5 2 0.2t. a Calculate the initial mass of the substance. b Calculate the mass of the substance after 4 days. c Graph the function. d Use the graph to estimate the number of days needed for the mass of the substance to reduce 1 to 10 of the original mass. 18 A certain investment pays 6.5% p.a. a Construct the formula which gives the total value, A, of the investment after n years, if the original amount invested was A0. b If $5000 was invested, calculate the total value after 7 years. c Graph the function. d Use your graph to determine the number of years needed for the initial investment of $5000 to double in size.

1 3 43 2m n 4m 3 n c 1 2 5 3 5m 2 n
-

1 2

9 Simplify each of the following and then evaluate. a (3

1 56 ) 2

3 32

1 + 36 5 2
-

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

331

ExTEndEd rEsponsE

1 The concentration of alcohol (mg/L) in a bottle of champagne is modelled by C = C0 0.33kt where t represents the time in days after the bottle is opened. If the initial concentration is 80 mg/L and the concentration after 1 day is 70 mg/L, find the concentration remaining after: a 3 days b 1 week c 18 hours. 2 A hot plate used as a camping stove is cooling down. The formula which describes this cooling pattern is T = 500 0.5t where T is the temperature in degrees and t is the time in hours. a What is the initial temperature of the stove? b What is the temperature of the stove after 2 hours? c Decide when the stove will be cool enough to touch and give reasons. A second camp stove is set up and turned on. Its heating temperature is measured and listed below. Time (hours) Temperature (C) 0 50 1 100 2 200 3 400 4 800

d Using a CAS calculator, determine the rule for this increase in temperature. e If the stove is left on, what would the predicted temperature be in 6 hours? 3 The number of hyenas, H, in the zoo is given by H = 20(100.1t), where t is the number of years since counting started. At the same time, the number of dingoes, D, is given by D = 25(100.05t). a Calculate the number of: i hyenas ii dingoes when counting began. b Calculate the numbers of each after: i 1 year ii 18 months. c Which of the animals is the first to reach a population of 40 and by how long? d After how many months are the populations equal and what is this population? 4 The temperature in a greenhouse is monitored when the door is left open. The following measurements are taken. Time (min) Temperature (C) 0 45 5 35 10 27 15 23 20 16

a Determine an exponential equation to fit the collected data. b State the initial temperature of the greenhouse. c What will the temperature be after 30 minutes? It is discovered that one of the temperature readings is incorrect. d Recalculate all the temperatures using the exponential rule found in part a. e If the original incorrect temperature was omitted from the data, does this change the rule? f Will the temperature ever reach 0 C? Explain.

eBook plus
Interactivities

int-1124
Test Yourself Chapter 7

int-1136
Cumulative Test Yourself Chapters 17

332

maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

eBook plus

ACTIVITIEs

Are you ready?

(page 290) SkillSHEET 7.1: Addition of fractions SkillSHEET 7.2: Subtraction of fractions SkillSHEET 7.3: Multiplication of fractions SkillSHEET 7.6: Converting a percentage to a decimal SkillSHEET 7.7: Decreasing a quantity by a percentage
Digital docs

7C

Fractional indices

Digital docs

SkillSHEET 7.1: Addition of fractions (page 303) SkillSHEET 7.2: Subtraction of fractions (page 303) SkillSHEET 7.3: Multiplication of fractions (page 303) SkillSHEET 7.4: Writing roots as fractional indices (page 304) WorkSHEET 7.1: Fractional indices (page 305)
7D Combining index laws
Digital doc

Chapter summary

WorkSHEET 7.2: Combining index laws (page 310)

7E Exponential functions and their graphs
Interactivity int-1149 Digital doc

(page 328) Word search Chapter 7 (int-1098): An interactive word search involving words associated with the chapter. Crossword Chapter 7 (int-1111): An interactive crossword using the definitions associated with the chapter.
Interactivities

Chapter review

Exponential graphs (page 311) SkillSHEET 7.5: Substitution into index expressions (page 314)
7G Modelling exponential growth and decay
eLesson eles-0176 Digital docs

(page 332) Test Yourself Chapter 7 (int-1124): An interactive test covering the concepts from this chapter. Cumulative Test Yourself Chapters 17 (int-1136): A cumulative interactive test covering content from this chapter and all previous chapters.
Interactivities

To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to www.jacplus.com.au

Exponential growth (page 317) SkillSHEET 7.6: Converting a percentage to a decimal (page 325) SkillSHEET 7.7: Decreasing a quantity by a percentage (page 325) WorkSHEET 7.3: Modelling (page 327)

Chapter 7

Exponential functions

333

CumulATIVE rEVIsIon 2
mulTIplE ChoICE
Each question is worth 1 mark.

ChApTErs 1 To 7

12 minutes

6 For the straight-line graph below, the value of c is:

y (0, 8) (3, 4) (c, 0) x

1 Jim has 64% as many marbles as Mary. Ben has 50% as many marbles as Jim. Ben has x% as many marbles as Mary. What is the value of x? A 18 B 32 C 50 D 64 E 146 2 A tree casts a shadow 4.5 m long. At the same time, a 1-m ruler casts a shadow 80 cm long.

A 3 D 6

B 4 E 8

C 5

7 Peter makes rulers. He has a fixed cost of $66.60 per week plus a manufacturing cost of $0.15 per ruler. Last week Peter was able to break even by selling his rulers for $2 each. The number of rulers Peter sold last week was: A 24 B 36 C 48 D 60 E 72 8 The solution to the quadratic inequation x2 - 6x + 9 > 0 is: A -3 < x < 3 B x=3 C x < 3 and x > 3 D x<3 E There is no solution.
shorT AnsWEr

1m 4.5 m 80 cm

The height of the tree is approximately: A 3.6 m B 4m C 5m D 5.625 m E 6.125 m 3 At an army boot camp, 512 candidates are enrolled for week 1. Enrolments drop out at a rate of 12.5% per week. In week 4 the number of candidates will be: A 50 B 343 C 400 D 462 E 508 4 Robert wants to increase the price of his products by 5%. By mistake, he increases the price by 9%. Realising the mistake, he tries to correct his mistake by discounting the new prices by 4%. As a result, the products have had a price increase (from the original price) of: A 4% B 4.5% C 4.64% D 5% E 9% 5 In an audience of 360 adults, there are 225 men. The ratio of men to women in this audience is: A 5:8 B 5:3 C 3:8 D 3:5 E 1:1
334 maths Quest 10 for Victoria for the Casio Classpad

Total marks = 8 15 minutes

1 The cost of 2 cups of coffee and 3 cakes is $6.80; the cost of 5 cups of coffee and 7 cakes is $16.10. Find the cost of 3 cups of coffee and 2 cakes.
[2 marks]

2 A stone is thrown down from a high building; the formula d = 7t + 5t2 gives the distance, d m, that it has fallen after t seconds. How long does it take to reach a distance of 100 m? [2 marks] 3 A paddock is in the shape of a sector with a radius of 30 m and an angle of 48. a What is the perimeter of the paddock? [2 marks] b What is the area of the paddock to 2 decimal places? [2 marks] 4 The height and volume of a square-based pyramid are 12 cm and 100 cm3 respectively. Find the side length of the square base. [2 marks] 5 If a piece of string is 5 cm longer than a second piece, and 3 of the second piece is equal to 3 of the first, what is the length of the second piece?
4 5

[2 marks] Total marks = 12

ExTEndEd rEsponsE

20 minutes

1 The point B is 280 m due north of the point A. A man walks from A in the direction 050. Calculate how far he has to walk before he is: a equidistant from A and B [1 mark] b as close as possible to B [1 mark] c due east of B. [2 marks] 2 The height (h metres) of a cricket ball after it has been hit (t seconds) is described by the formula h = -5(t - 4)2 + 80. a Sketch a graph of the equation. b What is the maximum height of the cricket ball? c After how many seconds does the ball hit the ground?

[2 marks] [1 mark] [1 mark]

3 A company pays a salesman $C per month to sell insurance. The amount is made up of a salary of $600 plus $8 for each insurance policy (i) he sells each month. a Calculate the salesmans income when he sells 37 insurance policies. [1 mark] b If his wage for a particular month was $1296, how many insurance policies did he sell in that month?
[1 mark]

c Write a formula connecting C and i.

[1 mark]

4 A bookstore monitors sales and discovers that when the price of a magazine is $x, they will sell (85 - 6x) copies. a The total amount received from selling these magazines is $y. Express y in terms of x. [2 marks] b Draw the equation discovered in part a for the values 0 x 12. [3 marks] c Find the price that the bookstore should charge for the magazine if the total amount received is to be maximised. [1 mark] d If the bookshop charges $4.25 for the magazine, predict from the graph the total amount received.
[1 mark] Total marks = 18

eBook plus
Digital doc

doc-0170
Cumulative revision 2 solutions

Cumulative revision 2

335