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Exploration 3-2a: Exact Value of a Derivative

Objective: Use the denition of derivative to nd the exact value of the derivative of a function at a given point.
The figure shows the graph of f(x) H x D 4x D 9x C 46
3 2

In this Exploration you will use the definition of derivative to find the exact value of fQ(4).
60 f(x)

4. Plot a line on the graph at (4, f(4)) that has slope fQ(4). Observe the different scales on the two axes. Tell how the line confirms that the derivative is correct.

x 4

1. Find f(4). Show that your answer agrees with the graph.

5. Find the exact value of fQ(2) using the same procedure you used for fQ(4). How can you tell quickly that your answer is reasonable?

2. Write the definition of derivative as it applies to f at x H 4.

3. Substitute the values of f(x) and f(4) into the definition in Problem 2. Then simplify the resulting rational expression, and take the limit.

6. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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Exploration 3-3a: Numerical Derivative by Grapher

Objective: Plot the numerical derivative of a function and make connections between the derivative graph and the function graph.
In Section 1-1, you explored the function d(t) H 200t 2
Dt

5. Plot the numerical derivative, dQ(t), as y2. Have your instructor check your graph. 6. What is true about the graph of d at the point where dQ(t) H 0? What is happening to the doors motion at this time?

where t is the number of seconds since you pushed open a door and d(t) is the number of degrees the door is from its rest position. The figure below is an accurate graph of function d. In this Exploration you will use the numerical derivative feature of your grapher to calculate values of dQ(t), the instantaneous rate at which the door is opening.
d(t)

100

7. Use the SOLVE feature of your grapher to calculate precisely the value of t at which dQ(t) H 0.

t 10

1. Confirm that the graph shown is correct by plotting the equation as y1 on your grapher. Use a friendly x-window of about [0, 10]. 2. Use a symmetric difference quotient with t H 0.001 to find an estimate of dQ(1).

8. Use the MINIMUM feature of your grapher to find precisely the value of t at which dQ(t) is a minimum. What does d(t) equal at this value of t? Put a dot at this point on the graph on this sheet.

9. The point in Problem 8 is called a point of inflection. Why do you suppose this name is used? 3. Use the numerical derivative feature of your grapher to find an estimate of dQ(1). Does the answer agree with that in Problem 2?

4. Estimate dQ(2) numerically. In what way do the values of dQ(1) and dQ(2) correspond to the graph? What do the signs of dQ(1) and dQ(2) tell you about the motion of the door?

10. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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Exploration 3-3b: Derivative Graphs from Function Graphs

Objective: Given the graph of a function, sketch the graph of the derivative function.
For each function given, sketch the graph of the derivative function. Locate x-intercepts on the derivative graph by recalling that the derivative is zero if the tangent line is horizontal and has a high point or a low point where the derivative is steepest. Show the behavior of the derivative graph where the given function graph has a cusp or a discontinuity. 1.
10 f (x)

3.
10 f(x)

x 10 5 5 10

5 5

x 10 5 5 10 10

4.
5 10 f(x)

10 5

2.
10 f (x) x 10 5 5 10

5 5

10

x 10

10

5. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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Exploration 3-4a: Algebraic Derivative of a Power Function

Objective: Find an equation for the derivative of a power function.
The graph below shows the power function f(x) H x
5

3. Use the formula in Problem 2 to find the exact value of fQ(3). Confirm the answer by estimating fQ(3) numerically on your grapher.

In this Exploration you will find a formula for fQ(c), the derivative at x H c, and from the answer figure out a way to find a formula for fQ(x) for any power function.
f(x)

f(x) f(c) x c x

4. By observing the pattern for the derivative of f(x) H x 5, make a conjecture about a formula for fQ(c) if f(x) H x 10 Test your conjecture by finding the numerical derivative for a particular value of x H c.

1. By the definition of derivative, fQ(c) H lim

xc

f(x) D f(c) xDc

Substitute for f(x) and for f(c).

2. The numerator of the fraction in Problem 1 is x 5 D c 5. Use what you have learned in previous courses about a difference of two like powers to factor this expression. Then use the result to simplify the equation for fQ(c) in Problem 1, and take the limit.

5. Based on your work in this Exploration, what seems to be a formula for fQ(x) if f(x) H x n, where n is any positive integer?

6. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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Exploration 3-5a: Velocity and Acceleration Reading

Objective: Learn about velocity and acceleration by reading Section 3-5.
1. What is the difference between displacement of an object from a given point and the distance it travels while it is in motion?

6. True or false: If the acceleration of a moving object is negative, then the object is slowing down. Justify your answer.

2. What is the difference between the velocity of a moving object and the speed at which it is going?

7. A particle moves along the x-axis with a displacement x feet from the origin given as a function of t seconds by x H t 3 D 9t 2 C 23t D 15 What is meant by a particle?

8. Write an equation for the velocity of the particle in Problem 7 as a function of t. 3. If the displacement of a moving object from a fixed point is given by y H f(t), where t is time, write three different symbols for the velocity, v. 9. With your grapher in parametric mode, plot x as a function of t with y H 1. Use a t-domain of [0, 7] and a window with [D20, 20] for x and [0, 2] for y. Set the grapher for path style. Describe the motion you see.

4. If the velocity of a moving object is given by v H g(t), write three different symbols for the acceleration, a. 10. At t H 2, what are the velocity and acceleration of the particle? Is the particle speeding up or slowing down at this time? At what rate? Justify your answer.

5. The acceleration, a, is the second derivative of the displacement, y H f(t). Write three different symbols for the acceleration as a second derivative. 11. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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Exploration 3-5b: Deriving Velocity and Acceleration from Displacement Data

Objective: Find a regression equation from displacement data, and use the equation to nd velocity and acceleration.
A bullet is fired from a rifle. The table shows the bullets (horizontal) displacement from the rifle at various times after it was fired. ts 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 x(t ) ft 1000 1900 2700 3400 4000 4500 4900

5. Confirm your answer to Problem 4 by estimating the velocity directly from the data.

6. The acceleration of the bullet is the instantaneous rate of change of the velocity. Write an equation for the acceleration as a function of time.

1. Find the particular equation (the regression equation) for the best-fitting power function, x(t) H at b where a and b represent constants. What does the correlation coefficient equal? 7. The equations you have derived in this Exploration are advantageous because they can be used at values of t that are not in the data table. Calculate the displacement, velocity, and acceleration at t H 1.

2. On your grapher, make a scatter plot of the data. On the same screen, plot the regression equation from Problem 1. Does the equation seem to fit the data reasonably well?

3. The velocity of the bullet is the instantaneous rate of change of displacement. Write an equation for the velocity as a function of time.

8. Finding a value of displacement between two data points is called interpolation. Finding a value beyond the data is called extrapolation. Suppose you use the equation in Problem 1 to extrapolate to 1 minute. Do you think the answer would match the actual displacement reasonably well? Explain.

4. Use the equation in Problem 3 to calculate the velocity at t H 0.9 s.

9. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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Exploration 3-6a: Derivative of the Sine of a Function

Objective: Find the derivative of the sine function if the argument is a function of x.
The figure shows the graphs of y1 H sin x y2 H cos x y3 H numerical derivative of y1 (thick style) As you can see, there is strong graphical evidence that the derivative of sin x is cos x. Assuming that this is true, you are to investigate derivatives of composite functions of the form y H sin (function of x).
3 2 1 x 5 1 2 3 10 y y1 = sin x y 2 = cos x y3 = nDeriv y1

5. Enter y1 H h(x) H sin x 2 on your grapher. Deactivate y2 and y3. Change the window as shown here. Sketch the resulting graph.
3 2 1 x 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 y

6. Make a conjecture about what an equation for hQ(x) might be. Then verify (or refute!) your conjecture by appropriate graphing on your grapher. If your conjecture was wrong, figure out a correct equation for hQ(x). h(x) H sin x 2 Original conjecture: hQ(x) H Final answer: hQ(x) H 7. What operation could you perform on the original equation, h(x) H sin x 2, to get the actual derivative you found in Problem 6?

1. Duplicate this figure on your grapher. Use the window shown. Turn on the grid to help you see the critical points. Does the derivative of sin x really seem to be cos x? 2. Let g(x) H sin 3x. Change y1 to sin 3x. Deactivate y2 and y3. Plot the graph of y1 and sketch the result here.
3 2 1 5 1 2 3 x 10 y

8. Reset the window as in Problem 1. Plot the graph of y1 H t(x) H sin x 0.7. Sketch the result below. Make conjectures about the derivative function until you have found an equation for y2 that matches the derivative graph in y3. Write the result here. t(x) H sin x 0.7 tQ(x) H
3 2 1 5 1 2 3 x 10 y

3. Without actually plotting the graphs, make a conjecture about what function gQ(x) equals. Conjecture: gQ(x) H 4. Plot the three graphs y1 H sin 3x y2 H your conjecture in Problem 3 y3 H numerical derivative of y1 Was your conjecture correct? If so, indicate this fact. If not, change your conjecture and replot the graphs until your conjecture matches the numerical derivative graph. Write the final answer here. g(x) H sin 3x Actual gQ(x) H Was your original gQ(x) conjecture correct?
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9. Look up the chain rule in your text. On the back of this sheet, tell what you learned about how to find the derivative of a composite function using the chain rule.
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Exploration 3-7a: Rubber-Band Chain Rule Problem

Objective: Given data for a composite function, demonstrate that the chain rule gives correct answers.
Calvin pulls back a rubber band and shoots it at Phoebe. He figures that the force, F, with which he pulls is a function of x, the length of the rubber band, and x is a function of t, the number of seconds since he started pulling. The following are corresponding values of t, x, and F, with x measured in inches, and F in ounces. ts 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 x in. 3.0 4.8 6.1 6.9 7.3 7.7 7.9 8.0 8.0 3.0 F oz 0 4.4 8.2 11.2 13.7 14.4 15.6 16.0 16.0 0
t 2

5. Plot the graph of F versus t.

20 x

dF dF 6. The chain rule states that dt H dx

dx . dt

Find an estimate of dF/dt at t H 0.8 using the answers to Problems 2 and 3. Show how the units of dF/dx and dx/dt combine to give the units of dF/dt.

1. Plot the graphs of F versus x and x versus t. Connect the dots with smooth curves.
10 x 20 F

7. Find dF/dt at t H 0.8 directly from t and F data in the table. How does the answer compare with the one you got using the chain rule?
t 2 x 10

2. Estimate dx/dt at t H 0.8. What are the units of dx/dt?

8. How can you show graphically that your answers to Problems 6 and 7 are correct? 3. Estimate dF/dx at x H 7.3 (that is, when t H 0.8). What are the units of dF/dx?

9. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before? 4. Draw lines on the two graphs in Problem 1 to show graphically that the answers to Problems 2 and 3 are correct. Observe the different scales on the axes.

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Exploration 3-8a: Algebraic Derivative of Sine Problem

graphically.

Objective: Conrm algebraically that

y = (sin x)/x

d (sin dx

x) H cos x, a property that was discovered 4. The squeeze theorem states that if f(x) is between g(x) and h(x) for all x in a neighborhood of c, and g(x) and h(x) both approach L for a limit as x approaches c, then the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is also equal to L. Use the squeeze theorem to prove that (sin x)/x approaches 1 as x approaches 0 from the right.

x 1

1. The graph of y H (sin x)/x, shown above, seems to approach y H 1 at the discontinuity at x H 0. Give numerical evidence to confirm this observation.

2. The figure below shows an angle of x radians cutting off an arc x units long on a unit circle. From the figure it appears that sin x G x G tan x. Give numerical evidence to show that this is true if positive x is kept close to zero.
v

sin (x + x) D sin x d 5. dx (sin x) H lim x x0 Use the appropriate properties to show that the limit equals cos x.

1 sin x x radians x

tan x

6. The property you proved in Problem 4 can be called a lemma for proving the property in Problem 5. What is meant by a lemma? 3. Transform the inequality in Problem 2 to show that for small positive values of x, x 1 G sin x G sec x 7. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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Exploration 3-9a: Introduction to Exponential Function Calculus

Objective: Find a pattern that allows you to differentiate an exponential function.
Compound Interest Problem: When money is left in an account such as an IRA (individual retirement account), it earns interest at a certain annual percentage rate (abbreviated APR). Suppose that you invest $1000 in an IRA that pays 9% per year APR. From previous mathematics courses, you recall that the amount M(x) in the account after x years is given by the exponential function M(x) H 1000(1.09 x ) 1. Enter M(x) as y1 in your grapher. Use the to make a list containing three columns:
LIST

4. Your calculator has a built-in exponential function, e x, called the natural exponential function. Let f(x) H e x. Use the definition of derivative as you did in Problem 3 to write fQ(x) as e x times a limit involving h. What does the limit appear to equal? What is true about the natural exponential function that makes it important enough to deserve its own key on your calculator?

feature

L1 with integer values of x from 0 through 5 L2 with values of M(x) corresponding to L1 L3 with List(L2) The third list contains the amount of interest earned for the first through fifth years. How do you explain the fact that these amounts are increasing? 5. Find the value of e on your grapher. Write the answer to as many decimal places as your calculator gives you. 6. The natural logarithmic function, y H ln x, also appears on your calculator. This function uses e as the base. Find ln 1.09. Where have you seen this number recently? Based on your answer, write a conjecture for an algebraic formula for MQ(x), where M is the compound interest function in Problem 1.

2. Enter the numerical derivative of M(x) as y2. Enter the ratio y2/y1 as y3. Use the TABLE feature of your grapher to make a table of values of y1, y2, and y3. What do you notice about the ratio of the derivative to the function value? Make a conjecture about how you could calculate MQ(x) from M(x).

7. Based on your work on this Exploration, make a conjecture for the algebraic derivative of f(x) H b x, where b is a positive constant not equal to 1. Test your conjecture by plotting y4 H 2x 3. By the definition of derivative, MQ(x) H lim
h0

M(x C h) D M(x) h

y5 H your conjecture for the derivative y6 H numerical derivative of y4 (thick style) Does your conjecture agree with the numerical derivative?

Substitute for M, then use the properties of exponents and limits to show that MQ(x) equals M(x) times the limit of a fraction involving h. Show numerically that this fraction approaches the factor you found in Problem 2.

8. What did you learn as a result of doing this Exploration that you did not know before?

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