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Fluid Mechanics: DR Farid Khan

1. The document discusses Pascal's law, which states that pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. 2. It provides a proof of Pascal's law using a wedge-shaped differential element of fluid and calculating forces. 3. It also discusses how pressure increases with depth in a fluid, deriving an equation that pressure is directly proportional to depth below the surface.

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Shadmƛn Rƛzzƛq
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40 views10 pages

Fluid Mechanics: DR Farid Khan

1. The document discusses Pascal's law, which states that pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. 2. It provides a proof of Pascal's law using a wedge-shaped differential element of fluid and calculating forces. 3. It also discusses how pressure increases with depth in a fluid, deriving an equation that pressure is directly proportional to depth below the surface.

Uploaded by

Shadmƛn Rƛzzƛq
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics

1
Dr Farid Khan
Pascals Law
Statement: When a fluid is at rest, the pressure at a
point is same in all directions
Proof:
Assume
Wedge shaped differential element of fluid
Thickness of this differential element is unity dz = 1





2
2 2
dxdy dxdydz
dv = =
2
dxdy
dw

=
3 2 1
P P P = =
Pascals Law
3
0 sin
0
3 1
=
=

u ds P dy P
F
x
0
2
cos
0
3 2
=
=

dxdy
ds P dx P
F
y

u
P
3
P
1
P
2
ds

dy

dx

Y

X

C

B

A


dw

(a)
(b)
Pascals Law
4
0 sin
0
3 1
=
=

u ds P dy P
F
x
0
2
cos
0
3 2
=
=

dxdy
ds P dx P
F
y

u
P
3
P
1
P
2
ds

dy

dx

Y

X

C

B

A


dw

u sin ds dy =
3 1
P P =
u sin ds dy =
u cos ds dx =
Pascals Law
5
( )
0
2
cos sin
cos cos
2
3 2
=
u u
u u
ds
ds P ds P
The last term being of higher order can be neglected
3 2
P P =
3 2 1
P P P = =
Pressure variation with depth
6
Z
1
Z
2
Z

dZ

h

1

2

dZ
W=dZdA

P

P+(dP/dz)dz

Cylindrical liquid element
Area = dA
dA
Pressure variation with depth
0 =
|
.
|

\
|
+ dzdA dA dz
dz
dp
p pdA
dzdA dzdA
dz
dp
=
dz dp =
dz
dp
=

} }
=
2
1
2
1
Z
Z
P
P
dz
dp

dZ
W=dZdA

P

P+(dP/dz)dz

=

0
vertical
F
Z
1
Z
2
Z

dZ

h

1

2

Pressure variation with depth
) (
1 2
1 2
z z
P P
=

( )
1 2 2 1
z z P P =
h P P =
2 1
h P =
1
h P =
Z
1
Z
2
Z

dZ

h

1

2

If the liquid element is moved upward such that its upper face touches
the free surface then P
2
= 0 (Gauge pressure)
Generally
Pressure variation with depth
Pressure variation with depth
h P =
m
m N
m N P
h = = =
3
2
/
/

(m) head Pressure = h


P
atm
@ mean sea level = 101.3 kN/m
2
= 1.013 bar
= 760 mm of Hg
= 10.3 m of H
2
O

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