0th Physics Light - Reflection and Refraction NCERT Solutions Question 1: Define the principal focus of a concave mirror.

Light rays that are parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror converge at a specific point on its principal axis after reflecting from the mirror. This point is known as the principal focus of the concave mirror Question 2: The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length? Focal length =R/2=20cm /2 = 10cm Question 3: Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles? We prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because it gives a w ider field of view, which allows the driver to see most of the traffic behind hi m. Convex mirrors always form a virtual, erect, and diminished image of the obje cts placed in front of it. Question 4: A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real imag e of object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located? Solution: Here a concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real i mage So, m=-3 and u = -10cm -v/u = -3 -v/-10=-3 v = - 30cm Here, the negative sign indicates that an inverted image is formed in front of t he given concave mirror at a distance of 30 cm Question 5: A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does t he light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Why? The light ray bends towards the normal because water is optically denser than ai r. Question 6: Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 10 8 m/s. Speed of light in the glass = Speed of light in vacuums x refractive index of gl ass =3 10 8 m/s x 1.50=2x108m/s Question 7: Find out, from Table (see NCERT Book), the medium having highest opt ical density. Also find the medium with lowest optical density. As we know that Optical density of any medium is directly proportional to the re fractive index of that medium. Therefore, diamond has the highest optical density and air has the lowest optica l density. Question 8: You are given kerosene, turpentine and water. In which of these does the light travel fastest? Use the information given in Table (see NCERT Book) As we know that velocity of light is inversely proportional to the refractive in dex of that medium. It can be observed that water has the lowest refractive index Therefore; light t ravels the fastest in water.

Question 9: The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement? The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. This suggests that the speed of light i n diamond will decreases 2.42 times to the speed of light in air. Question 10: Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens. 1 dioptre is the power of a lens having focal length 1 meter Hence, 1 D = 1 m-1 Question 11: A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a dist ance of 50 cm From it. Where is the needle placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of the object? Also, find the power of the lens. We know that the convex lens form a real image of equal the size of the object i f object placed at 2F in front of Lense. Distance of object u = - 50cm As Distance image = 50 cm Using the lens formula you can find Focal length =25cm= 0.25m Then, the power of the given lens = 1/f=1/0.25= +4 D Question 12: Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m. The power of the given lens = 1/f=1/-2= -0.5 D Question 13: The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, ere ct and larger than the object. Where should be the position of the object? Ans: When an object is placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror vir tual, erect, and larger than the object image is formed. Question 14: Where should an object is placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the object? An object is placed at the centre of curvature in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the equal size of the object at the centre of curvature. Question 15: A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal leng th of -15 cm. The mirror and the lens are likely to be-----------Concave in nature because the focal length of a concave mirror and a concave len s are taken as negative.

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS CARRYING 1 MARK EACH. 1. Out of convex mirror and concave mirror, whose focus is situated behind the m irror? Ans: The focus of convex mirror is situated behind it. 2. For what position of an object, a concave mirror forms an enlarged virtual im age? Ans: Object between pole (P) and focus (F) of the concave mirror.

3. If the focal length of a concave mirror is 25cm. What is its radius of curvat ure? Ans: Focal length = Radius of curvature / 2 25 = R / 2 R = 25 X 2 = 50cm. 4. A ray of light falls on a mirror normally. What are the values of angle of in cidence and the angle of reflection? Ans: Both angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are zero. 5. What is the focal length of a plane mirror? Ans: Infinite. 6. Which spherical mirror is called a divergent mirror? Ans: A convex mirror is called a divergent mirror. 7. What is the angle of incidence, when a ray of light falls on the spherical mi rror from its centre of curvature? Ans: The angle of incidence is zero, when a ray of light falls on the spherical mirror from its centre of curvature. 8. Name the type of mirror that always forms a virtual image for a real object? Ans: Convex Mirror. 9. State the relation between radius of curvature and focal length of spherical mirrors. Ans: Radius of curvature = 2 X focal length. R = 2f. 10. Which of the two is a diverging lens? Convex lens (or) Concave lens. Ans: Concave lens. 11. If an object is placed at a distance of 10cm in front of a plane mirror, how far would it be from its image? Ans: The object would be at a distance of 20cm from its image. 12. Name the physical quantity which remains the same when light goes from one m edium to another?Ans: Frequency of light. 13. Define power of a lens. Ans: The reciprocal of the focal length of the lens is called power of a lens. P = 1/f 14. Calculate the power of a convex lens of focal length 25cm? Ans: Focal length f = 25cm. Power = 1/.25 = 100/25 = +4D. 15. Name the phenomenon responsible for the following affect. When we sit in front of a plane mirror and write with our right hand, it appears in the mirror that we are writing with the left hand. Ans: Lateral Inversion. 16. Define Refractive Index: Ans: It is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in medium is called Refractive index. 17. Why is the convex lens also known as a converging lens? Ans: A convex lens is also known as a converging lens because it converges a par allel beam of light raying passing through it. 18. Give the ratio of velocities of two light waves travelling is vacuum and hav ing wave lengths 4000A0 and 8000A0. Ans: In Vacuum, light of all the wave lengths travel with the same velocity i.e. 3 X 108 m/sec. 19. For what angle of incidence, the lateral shift produced by parallel sided gl ass plate is zero? Ans: For i = 0. 20. What are the factors on which the lateral shift depends? Ans: Thickness of the refracting medium, angle of incidence and its refractive i ndex. 21. What is the power of a plane glass plate? Ans: Zero. 22. An object is placed at the focus of a concave lens. Where will its image be formed? Ans: The rays will appear to come from infinity. Therefore, a virtual image will

be formed at infinity. 23. What is the unit of power of a lens? Ans: Dioptre. 24. Refractive index of media A,B,C and D are A 1.54 B 1.33 C 1.46 D 1.62 In which of the four media is the speed of light (i) Minimum (ii) Maximum. Ans: (i) Speed of light is minimum in medium D (n = 1.62). (ii) Speed of light is maximum is medium B (n = 1.33). 25. Why the stars appear to twinkle? Ans: The twinkling of a star is due to the atmospheric refraction of star s light.

questions: Q1 Name the type of mirror used in: Support your answer with reason. (a) Solar furnaces (b) Rear view mirror of a vehicle (c) Headlights of a car. Q2 Draw the ray diagram to show (i) the position (ii) nature of the image formed when an object is placed between focus F and pole P of a concave mirror. Q3 A concave mirror and a convex lens are held separately in water. What changes (if any) do you expect in the focal length of either? Q4 A convex mirror used on an automobile has a focal length of 3m. If a vehicle behind is at a distance of 5m, find the location of the image. Q5 (i) Distinguish between a real and virtual image. (ii)Distinguish between a convex and concave mirror. Q6 We have to form an erect image of an object placed in front of a concave mirr or of focal length 15cm. Draw the ray diagram. Q7 Why does a ray falling normally on a plane mirror, retrace its path? Q8 How do we locate the position of an image in a plane mirror? Show with an exa mple. Q9 Whatever may be the position of object, the image appears to be erect. Give t he nature of mirror with reason. Q10. From which surface of a mirror, the polished surface or the silvered surfac e, does most of the light reflect? Q11. Draw a diagram showing the pole, focus, centre of curvature and principal s a xis of a concave mirror.

Q12. Q10. An object is placed at a distance of 12cmfrom a concave mirror of radi us of curvature 16cm.Find the position of the image. Q13 What is the radius of plane mirror? Q14 Why do we use convex surface for side view mirror? Q15 Relate the focal length f and the radius of curvature R .

Q16 Which kind of mirror is used in the headlights of a motor car and why? Q17 What is focal length of a plane mirror? Q18 A concave mirror is placed in water. Will there be any change in the focal l ength? Give reasons. Q19 Name the type of mirror which always forms a virtual and diminished image. Q20 Explain why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a conc ave mirror gets reflected along the same path? 1.An object 5.0 cm in length is placed at a distance of 10cm from a convex mirro r of radius of curvature 150cm. Find the position, nature and size of the image. 2.Find the position, nature and size of image of an object 4cm high placed at a distance of 10 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. 3.An object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from the pole of a spherical mirror which forms a real, inverted image on the same side of object at 37.5 cm from t he pole. Calculate the focal length of mirror and find nature of the mirror. 4.An object 2.0 cm in size is placed 20.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of foc al length 10.0 cm. Find the distance from the mirror at which a screen should be placed in order to obtain a sharp image. What will be the size and nature of th e image formed? 5.Find the position of an object which when placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm produces a virtual image, which is twice the size of the o bject. 6.A concave lens has a focal length of 15cm. At what distance should an object 1 0 cm long be placed so that it forms an image of 10 cm from the lens? Find the n ature and size of the image formed. 7.A convex lens has a focal length of 30 cm. Calculate at what distance should t he object be placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 60 cm on the othe r side of the lens. Find the magnification produced by the lens in this case. 8.A concave lens has focal length 20cm. At what distance from the lens a 5 cm ta ll object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calcu late the size of the image formed. 9.A Calculate the focal length of convex lens which produces a virtual image at a distance of 25 cm of an object placed 10cm in front of it. 10.A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image of 10 cm from the lens. H ow far is object from the lens? What are its characteristics?

11.Light enters from air into glass plate which has a refractive index of 1.5. C alculate the speed of light in glass. (Given, speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 10 8ms-1 12.A person cannot see distinctly any object placed beyond 40 cm from his eye. C alculate the power of the lens which will help him to see distant object clearly . 13. The near point of a hypermetropic person is 75 cm from the eye. What is the power of lens required to enable him to read clearly a book held at 25 cm from t he eye? 14.A person with a myopic eye is not able to see beyond 3 m distinctly. Determin e the nature, focal length and power of the lens required. 15.The near point of a hypermetropic person is 1m. What is the power of lens req uired to correct this defect? Assume that near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.

notes: Properties of Light: Under normal circumstances - i.e. traveling through a uniform medium in a straight line. This properties is called rectilinear properties of light. Such p ath along with light pass are called rays. A bunch of rays constitute a beam of light. 1. However, the following phenomena can change the path or nature of the light. (a) Absorption : Light falling on an object may be absorbed, transmitted, or re flected. (b) Reflection : Those surfaces which reflect the most light appear white, or si lver. A highly polished, smooth and flat silver surface acts as a mirror, reflec ting a perfect image of the world around it. (c) Refraction : Light that is transmitted through a medium will usually be devi ated somewhat from the straight path it was previously following. Refraction is an important characteristic of lenses that allows them to focus a beam of light onto a single point. Refraction occurs as light passes from a one medium to another when there is a difference in the optical density between the two materials. 2. Wave/Particle Duality : Light may be regarded as a flood of particles, calle d photons, or as a wave. In either case, it carries energy through a vacuum at a velocity which is a universal physical constant, and is the same for all obse rvers and for all colors. Light frequently behaves as a particle. 3. Speed of light. : The speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant (3 x 10 8 m s-1). It is the same for all frequencies of light. The colour of light de pends on the frequency of light. Different colours of light travel with different speeds in all other mediums exc ept vacuum. The wavelength of visible light lies in the range of 4m - 7m.

The Reflection of Light: Incident Ray: A ray of light falling on a reflecting surface is called incident ray. Reflected ray: A ray of light reflected by the reflecting surface is called refl ected ray.

Point of Incidence: It is a point on the reflecting surface where a reflected ra y and incident ray meet. Normal: A perpendicular drawn on reflecting surface at the point of incidence is called normal. Incident angle: The angle drawn in between incident ray and normal. Reflected angle: The angle drawn in between reflected ray and normal Laws of reflection: 1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection 2. The incident ray, reflected ray and Normal are coplanar. Image: A point where an object appears to be, because the rays from any given po int on the object have been bent so that they come back together and then spread out again from the image point, or spread apart as if they had originated from the image Real image: A point where an object appears to be, because the rays from any giv en point on the object have been bent so that they come back together and then spread out again from the new point. Virtual Image: A point where an point object appears to be, because the rays fro m any given point on the object have been bent so that they spread apart as if t hey had originated from the point. An extended object contains many points and the image of the extended object con tains the images (real or virtual) of all the object points. Image characteristics Plane mirrors: Images formed by plane mirrors are

virtual (for real object) upright left-right reversed the same distance from the mirror as the object's distance, and the same size as the object. Lateral Inversion: The exchange of right and left side of an object and its imag e is called lateral inversion.

Spherical mirrors: A spherical mirror is one whose reflecting surface is a part of a hollow sphere. The spherical mirrors are of two types : concave mirror and convex mirror. Concave mirror: is silvered from outer side and the reflection takes place at th e inner (concave) surface. Convex mirror: is silvered from inner side and the reflection takes place from o uter (convex) surface. SPHERICAL MIRRORS DEFINITIONS

Center of curvature (C): is the center of the sphere whose curvature would be id entical to that of the mirror; therefore the center of curvature would be at the center of the sphere that the mirror would form if the mirror curved all the wa y around. Focal point (f): The point through which all light rays coming into the mirror p arallel to the axis would reflect through, or appear to have reflected from. The mirror (principal) axis: The line which passes through the pole (vertex), th e center of curvature, and the focal point. It is normal to the mirror at its po le (vertex). Pole (vertex): The physical center of the mirror surface. Aperture: The width of the reflecting surface is called aperture. Focal length: The distance of separation between the pole and the focus is calle d focal length. Rules for drawing ray diagrams: 1. Light incident parallel to the axis will be reflected through the focal point 2.The reverse of this is true, also. Light passing through the focal point will be reflected parallel to the axis 3. Finally, light striking the vertex will be reflected at an equal angle to the axis. Position of object at 8 :Nature of the image: Image is real point sized at focus . Position of object; Beyond C: Nature of image: Image is inverted, small and in b etween C and F. Position of object at C Nature of image: Image is inverted, same sized at C Position of object in between C and F : Nature of image: Large in size, inverted , beyond C Position of object; At F : Nature of image: Image is at infinity. Highly enlarge d and real

q&a:

1. Why carbon forms strong bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitr

ogen or sulphur? 2. Name the part of eye responsible for conversion of light into electrical impu lses. 3. a. How does valency vary in a group on going from top to bottom? b. How does atomic size vary in a period on going from left to right? 4. Write one property of hydrogen which makes it resemble with (a) Alkali metals (b) Halogens. 5. a Arrange the following common substances in the increasing order of refracti ve indices. Ice, Kerosene, Glass, Diamond, Alcohol, Water b. Is it necessary that optically dense medium possesses greater mass density? G ive an example. 6. On reaction with sodium hydroxide, X yielded Ethanoic acid and ethanol. (a) Give the IUPAC name of X? (b) Name the reaction. (c) Give a chemical reac tion for the above reaction. 7. (a) How does the electronic configuration of an atom related to its position in the Modern periodic table? Give one example. (b) Why nitrogen is more electronegative than phosphorus? 8. A concave length has focal length of 25 cm. At what distance should the objec t from the lens be placed so that if it forms an image at 20 cm distance from th e lens? Also find the magnification produced by the lens. 9. Give an explanation for the formation of a rainbow. 10. How are we able to see distant and near by objects clearly? Which part of ey e helps in changing curvature of lens? Why no image is formed at blind spot? 11.(a) Why magnification is taken negative for real images and positive for virt ual images? (2) (b) Why convex mirror is used in rear view mirrors and not concave mirror? (2) (c) Power of concave lens is 4.5 D. Find its focal length. (1) 12.(a) Find the size, nature and position of image formed when an object of 1 cm is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. ( 3) (b) Why does light travels faster in water in comparison to kerosene. (Refractiv e index of water and kerosene are 1.33 and 1.44 respectively) (2) 13 . a. Which property of carbon leads to formation of large number of compounds ? Define it b. What is the functional group in the following molecules? i. CH3CH2CH2OH ii. CH3COOH c. Which of the following formula represents a saturated hydrocarbon? CnH 2n, C nH2n+1 Cn H2n+2 Cn H2n-2 d. What happens when methane is burnt in oxygen? e. Why is the conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction? 14. a. Give three points to distinguish between alkenes and alkynes. b. Explain the mechanism of cleaning action of detergents CLASS X SCIENCE (Physics & Chemistry) SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT TERM II 2012 SAMPLE P APER- I (solution) 1. Due to small size and presence of four valence electrons, carbon forms strong bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur. 2. Retina. 3. a. Valency remains same on moving from top to bottom in a particular group. T his is because the outermost electronic configuration of all the elements in a g roup remains same. b. Atomic size decreases on moving from left to right in a period. This is becau se the number of shells remains same but the nuclear charge increases. Due to th is, electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus and decrease the atomic size. 4. Resemblance with alkali metals: Hydrogen has the same outermost electronic configuration as that of alkali metal s. Resemblance with halogens:

Hydrogen exists as diatomic molecule as halogens. 5. a. In the order of increasing refractive indices: Ice; Water; Alcohol; Kerosene; Glass; Diamond b. No, it is not always necessary. For e.g., kerosene and turpentine oil having high refractive index are optically dense than water. But its mass density is l ess than that of water. That is why oil floats on the surface of water. 6. (a) X is ethyl Ethanoate. (b) It is Saponification reaction. (c) CH3COOC2H5 + Na OH ----------- C2H5OH + CH3COOH 1 7. (a) By the electronic configuration of an atom we can identify the group and period to which the atom belongs. For example - Oxygen has atomic number 8. Its electronic configuration is 2,6. As it can gain two electrons to complete its octet, so it belongs to group 16 Al so, since the electrons are filled in two shells. So. Oxygen belongs to the seco nd period. (b) As we move down the group, electro negativity of elements decreases as the atomic size increases. Nitrogen is placed above phosphorus in group 15. So, nitr ogen is more electronegative than phosphorus. 8. A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect image on the same side of the ob ject. v = -20 cm, f = -25 cm, u = ? 1/v -1/u = 1/f 1/u = 1/(-20) 1/(-25) 1/u = -1/100 u= -100cm Thus object distance is 100 cm. Magnification= v/u = -20/ (-100) = + 0.5 1 Thus image is erect, virtual and is half of the size of object. 9. Formation of rainbow: The rainbow is formed in the sky when sun shines and it is raining at the same t ime. The raindrops in the atmosphere act like many small prisms. As white light enters and leaves these raindrops the various colours present in white light are refracted by different amount due to which an arch of seven colo urs called rainbow is formed in the sky. Diagram 10. (a) Accommodation (b) Ciliary muscles. (c) No image is formed at the blind spot because no nerve cells are presen t there to carry the information of image to the brain. 11. (a) Distance measured upward and perpendicular to the principal axis are ta ken as positive. Distances measured down ward and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as negative. So magnification for a real image is taken negative and for a virtual image it i s taken as positive. (b) A convex lens forms a virtual and small sized image of the object and concav e mirror forms real and inverted image. 1 Thus by using convex mirror we can get view of wider field which is not possible in case of a concave mirror. 1 (c) Power = 1/Focal length Or Focal length = 1/Power f= 1/4.5 f = 0.22 cm 1 12. (a) Object distance, u = -15 cm Image distance, v= ?

Focal length, f = -10 cm Mirror formula, 1/v + 1/u = 1/f 1/v + 1/ (-15) = 1/(-10) 1/v = -1/10 + -/15 1/v = -3+2/30 1/v = -(1/30) Thus the position of image is formed on left hand side in front of the concave m irror at a distance of 30 cm, its nature will be real and inverted. Size of image m= -v/u m= - [(-30)/(-15)] m= -2. Thus the size of image is 2 cm and image is real and inverted. (b) Refractive index of a medium= Speed of light in air/ Speed of light in mediu m. So, speed of light in medium= speed of light in air/ refractive index Thus speed of light will be maximum in medium having lowest refractive Therefore speed of light is more in water in comparison to kerosene. index.

13. (a) Catenation The property of carbon atom to link with other carbon atoms to form large molecu les is called as catenation. b. i. Functional group is OH group. ii. Functional group is COOH group. C. Cn H2n+ 2 represents a saturated hydrocarbon. d. Methane burns in oxygen with formation of carbon dioxide and water. CH4 + 2O2 ----------- CO2 + 2H2O e. Conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because oxyg en is added to ethanol and Ethanoic acid is formed. CH 3CH2 OH + O2 ----------- CH3 COOH + H2 O Ethanol Ethanoic acid 14. a. No. Alkene (1) Unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a double bond between two carbon atoms ar e known as alkenes. (2) General formula is CnH2n Example: Ethene, Propene Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a triple bond between two carbon at oms are known as alkynes. (2) General formula is CnH2n -2 (3) Example: Ethyne, Propyne b. A detergent molecule consists of two ends (a) hydrocarbon tail which is hydrophobic (water repelling) and (b) polar head which is hydrophilic (water attracting or loving). When a detergent is dissolved in water, the hydrocarbon tail aligns itself towar ds the dirt and ionic part aligns itself towards the water. The molecules gather together as clusters, called micelles. When water is agitated, the dirt suspended in the micelles is easily rinsed away . Thus, the cloth gets cleaned.

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The first theory of light was put forward by Newton. This theory treats ligh t as a particle called corpuscle. We can say that light propagates as a wave and is emitted and absorbed as a particle. One may regard light as having dual nature. Maxwell proved that light has wave nature; it is an electromagnetic transver se wave, which does not require medium to propagate. The speed of light in air is a universal constant. It has a value of 3x108m/ s. Light gets reflected when it falls on polished surface; like mirror. Light suffers refraction when it travels from one medium to another. There is a change in the wavelength of light when it moves from one medium t o another. The image is unmagnified, virtual and erect in a plane mirror. Focal length of a plane mirror is infinity.Power of a plane mirror is zero.I t should be noted that, if the spherical lenses are surrounded by a material wit h a refractive index greater than that of the lens, the convex lens gets convert ed into a concave lens or vice-versa. 10th Light Reflection and Refraction Key concepts and terms X Physics Reflection and Refraction Solved questions-1 10th_physics_ch._light__reflection_and_refraction_ncert_solution_by_JSUNIL Download File 10th_physics_chapter__10.light-reflection_and_refraction_notes.pdf Download File 10th_physics_ch._light__reflection_and_refraction_test_paper-1.pdf Download File VERY SHORT QUESTIONS CARRYING 1 MARK EACH. 1. Out of convex mirror and concave mirror, whose focus is situated behind the m irror? Ans: The focus of convex mirror is situated behind it. 2. For what position of an object, a concave mirror forms an enlarged virtual im age? Ans: Object between pole (P) and focus (F) of the concave mirror. 3. If the focal length of a concave mirror is 25cm. What is its radius of curvat ure? Ans: Focal length = Radius of curvature / 2 25 = R / 2 R = 25 X 2 = 50cm. 4. A ray of light falls on a mirror normally. What are the values of angle of in cidence and the angle of reflection?

Ans: Both angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are zero. 5. What is the focal length of a plane mirror? Ans: Infinite. 6. Which spherical mirror is called a divergent mirror? Ans: A convex mirror is called a divergent mirror. 7. What is the angle of incidence, when a ray of light falls on the spherical mi rror from its centre of curvature? Ans: The angle of incidence is zero, when a ray of light falls on the spherical mirror from its centre of curvature. 8. Name the type of mirror that always forms a virtual image for a real object? Ans: Convex Mirror. 9. State the relation between radius of curvature and focal length of spherical mirrors. Ans: Radius of curvature = 2 X focal length. R = 2f. 10. Which of the two is a diverging lens? Convex lens (or) Concave lens. Ans: Concave lens. 11. If an object is placed at a distance of 10cm in front of a plane mirror, how far would it be from its image? Ans: The object would be at a distance of 20cm from its image. 12. Name the physical quantity which remains the same when light goes from one m edium to another? Ans: Frequency of light. 13. Define power of a lens. Ans: The reciprocal of the focal length of the lens is called power of a lens. P = 1/f 14. Calculate the power of a convex lens of focal length 25cm? Ans: Focal length f = 25cm. Power = 1/.25 = 100/25 = +4D. 15. Name the phenomenon responsible for the following affect. Ans: When we sit in front of a plane mirror and write with our right hand, it ap pears in the mirror that we are writing with the left hand.Ans: Lateral Inversio n 16. Define Refractive Index Ans: It is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in medium is called Refractive index. 17. Why is the convex lens also known as a converging lens? Ans: A convex lens is also known as a converging lens because it converges a par allel beam of light raying passing through it. 18. Give the ratio of velocities of two light waves travelling is vacuum and hav ing wave lengths 4000A and 8000A. Ans: In Vacuum, light of all the wave lengths travel with the same velocity i.e. 3 X 108 m/sec. 19. For what angle of incidence, the lateral shift produced by parallel sided gl ass plate is zero? Ans: For i = 0. 20. What are the factors on which the lateral shift depends? Ans: Thickness of the refracting medium, angle of incidence and its refractive i ndex. 21. What is the power of a plane glass plate? Ans: Zero. 22. An object is placed at the focus of a concave lens. Where will its image be formed? Ans: The rays will appear to come from infinity. Therefore, a virtual image will be formed at infinity. 23. What is the unit of power of a lens? Ans: Dioptre. 24. Why the stars appear to twinkle? Ans: The twinkling of a star is due to the atmospheric refraction of star s light. 25. What is the value of refractive index of air?

Ans: One

1. Out of convex mirror and concave mirror, whose focus is situated behind the m irror? Ans: The focus of convex mirror is situated behind it. 2. For what position of an object, a concave mirror forms an enlarged virtual im age? Ans: Object between pole (P) and focus (F) of the concave mirror. 3. If the focal length of a concave mirror is 25cm. What is its radius of curvat ure? Ans: Focal length = Radius of curvature / 2 25 = R / 2 R = 25 X 2 = 50cm. 4. A ray of light falls on a mirror normally. What are the values of angle of in cidence and the angle of reflection? Ans: Both angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are zero. 5. What is the focal length of a plane mirror? Ans: Infinite. 6. Which spherical mirror is called a divergent mirror? Ans: A convex mirror is called a divergent mirror. 7. What is the angle of incidence, when a ray of light falls on the spherical mi rror from its centre of curvature? Ans: The angle of incidence is zero, when a ray of light falls on the spherical mirror from its centre of curvature. 8. Name the type of mirror that always forms a virtual image for a real object? Ans: Convex Mirror. 9. State the relation between radius of curvature and focal length of spherical mirrors. Ans: Radius of curvature = 2 X focal length. R = 2f. 10. Which of the two is a diverging lens? Convex lens (or) Concave lens. Ans: Concave lens. 11. If an object is placed at a distance of 10cm in front of a plane mirror, how far would it be from its image? Ans: The object would be at a distance of 20cm from its image. 12. Name the physical quantity which remains the same when light goes from one m edium to another?Ans: Frequency of light. 13. Define power of a lens. Ans: The reciprocal of the focal length of the lens is called power of a lens. P = 1/f 14. Calculate the power of a convex lens of focal length 25cm? Ans: Focal length f = 25cm. Power = 1/.25 = 100/25 = +4D. 15. Name the phenomenon responsible for the following affect. When we sit in front of a plane mirror and write with our right hand, it appears in the mirror that we are writing with the left hand. Ans: Lateral Inversion. 16. Define Refractive Index: Ans: It is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in medium is called Refractive index. 17. Why is the convex lens also known as a converging lens? Ans: A convex lens is also known as a converging lens because it converges a par allel beam of light raying passing through it. 18. Give the ratio of velocities of two light waves travelling is vacuum and hav ing wave lengths 4000A0 and 8000A0.

Ans: In Vacuum, light of all the wave lengths travel with the same velocity i.e. 3 X 108 m/sec. 19. For what angle of incidence, the lateral shift produced by parallel sided gl ass plate is zero? Ans: For i = 0. 20. What are the factors on which the lateral shift depends? Ans: Thickness of the refracting medium, angle of incidence and its refractive i ndex. 21. What is the power of a plane glass plate? Ans: Zero. 22. An object is placed at the focus of a concave lens. Where will its image be formed? Ans: The rays will appear to come from infinity. Therefore, a virtual image will be formed at infinity. 23. What is the unit of power of a lens? Ans: Dioptre. 24. Refractive index of media A,B,C and D are A 1.54 B 1.33 C 1.46 D 1.62 In which of the four media is the speed of light (i) Minimum (ii) Maximum. Ans: (i) Speed of light is minimum in medium D (n = 1.62). (ii) Speed of light is maximum is medium B (n = 1.33). 25. Why the stars appear to twinkle? Ans: The twinkling of a star is due to the atmospheric refraction of star s light.