Mathematics

Session
Properties of Triangle - 1
Session Objectives
Session Objective
Sine Rule
Cosine Rule
Projection Rule
Tangents Rule (Napiers Analogy)
Half Angle Formulae
Area of Triangle
Circumcircle of a Triangle and Its Radius
Incircle of a Triangle and Its Radius
Excircle of a Triangle and Its Radius
Introduction
Z =
Z =
Z =
BAC A
CBA B
ACB C
BC = a
CA = b
AB = c
+ + = t (a) A B C
(b) a + b > c; b + c > a; c + a > b
A
A
C
C
B
B
a
b
c
Sine Rule
In any triangle, sides are proportional to the sines of
the opposite angles, i.e.
= =
a b c
.
sinA sinB sinC
A
B
C
D
IF A,B,C are in A.P. then ZB = 60
o

Sine Rule
Proof :-
When is an acute angled triangle.

AABC
Draw AD perpendicular to BC
A In ABD,
= =
AD
sinB AD c sinB ..........(i)
AB
A In ACD
( )
= =
AD
sinC AD bsinC .......... ii
AC
A
B
C
D
c
b
a
Sine Rule
From (i) and (ii), we get
c sinB = b sinC
=
c b
sinC sinB
Similarly
=
a c
sinA sinC
= =
a b c
Hence
sinA sinB sinC
Proved.
Question
Illustrative Problem
2 2 2
sinA sin(A - B)
If in a ABC, = ,
sinC sin(B - C)
then prove that a ,b , c are in A.P.
Solution :
sinA sin(A - B)
= ,
sinC sin(B - C)
sinAsin(B- C) =sinCsin(A - B)
{ } { }
t t sin - (B+C) sin(B- C) =sin - (A+B) sin(A - B)
sin(B+C)sin(B- C) =sin(A+B)sin(A - B)
Solution

2 2
2 2
sin B- sin C
=sin A - sin B ....(i)
= = =
a b c
K
sinA sinB sinC
=

2 2 2 2
2 2 2
(b c ) (a b )
a ,b ,c are in A.P.
=
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1
from (i) (b c ) (a b )
K K
Proved
Cosine Rule or The Law of Cosines
A In any ABC
2 2 2
b c a
cosA
2bc
+
=
Proof :-
A A When ABCis an acute angled
In BCD A
CD
cosC CD acosC....(i)
BC
= =
A and in ADB
= =
AD
cosA AD ccosA ...(ii)
AB
B
C
A
D
a
b
c
Cosine Rule or The Law of
Cosines
A In BCD,
= +
2 2 2
BC BD CD
( )
= +
2
2
BD AC AD
= + +
2 2 2
BD AC AD 2AC.AD
( )
= + +
2 2 2
AC BD AD 2AC.AD
= +
2 2
AC AB 2AC.AD
2 2 2
a b c 2 bccosA [form(ii)] = +
+
=
2 2 2
b c a
cosA
2bc
B
C
A
D
a
b
c
Class Test
Class Exercise - 1
In a if
AABC,
+ + +
= =
b c c a a b
,
11 12 13
= =
cosA cosB cosC
Pr ove that .
7 19 25
Solution :
+ + +
= = =
b c c a a b
Let k
11 12 13
b + c = 11k; c + a = 12k; a + b = 13k
Adding we get 2 (a + b + c) = 36k
Let us try to find a,b,c in terms of K.
a = .., b = ...., c = ..
2 2 2
b c a
Since, cos A
2bc
+ +
=
Solution
= =
cosB 1 cosC 1
Similarly and
19 35 25 35
= =
cosA cosB cosC
Pr oved.
7 19 25
+ +
= =

2 2 2 2 2 2
b c a 36k 25k 49k
cosA
2bc 2 6k 5k
= =
1 cosA 1
cosA .........(i)
5 7 35
a + b + c = 18k
a = 7k, b = 6k, c = 5k
Projection Rule
A In any ABC c = a cosB + b cosA
A A When ABCis an acute angled .
A In ACD
= =
AD
cosA AD bcosA ....(i)
AC
A In BCD
= =
BD
cosB BD a cosB....(2)
BC
Now c = AB = AD + BD
= + c b cosA acosB
C
A
B
D
Proof :-
Proved.
Class Test
Class Exercise - 2
In any prove that
AABC,
+ +
+ + =
+ + +
2 2 2
cosA cosB cosC a b c
.
bcosC ccosB ccosA acosC acosB bcosA 2abc
Solution :
+ +
+ + +
cosA cosB cosC
bcosC ccosB ccosA acosC acosB bcosA
LHS =
Solution
= + +
cosA cosB cosC
a b c
[Applying projection rule]
+ + +
= + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 b c a 1 c a b 1 a b c
a 2bc b 2ca c 2ab
+ + + + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b c a c a b a b c
2abc
+ +
= =
2 2 2
a b c
RHS Pr oved
2abc
[Applying cosine rule]
Tangents Rule (Napiers Analogy)
A In any ABC
B C b c A
tan cot
2 b c 2

=
+
By sine rule, we have
Proof :-
( )
= = =
a b c
k say
sinA sinB sinC
a ksinA, b k sinB, c ksinC = = =
( )
( )

=
+ +
k sinB sinC
b c
b c k sinB sinC
+
=
+
B C B C
2cos .sin
2 2
B C B C
2sin .cos
2 2
Tangents Rule (Napiers Analogy)
+
=
B C B C
cot .tan
2 2
| |
t
| |
= + + = t
|
\ .
A B C
cot tan A B C
2 2 2

=
A B C
tan tan
2 2

=
+
B C b c A
tan cot
2 b c 2
Proved
Half Angle Formulae
A B C
1. Formulae for sin , sin , sin
2 2 2
In any ABC, let a+b+c=2s, then
( )( )
s b s c
A
sin
2 bc

=
+
=
2 2 2
b c a
We have cosA
2bc
Proof :-
=
2
A
and 2sin 1 cosA
2
+
=
2 2 2
b c a
1
2bc
+
=
2 2 2
2bc b c a
2bc
Half Angle Formulae
( )
+
=
2 2 2
a b c 2bc
2bc
( )

=
2
2
a b c
2bc
( )( )
+ +
=
2
a b c a b c
A
2sin
2 2bc
+ + = a b c 2s, we have
( )( )

=
2
2s 2c 2s 2b
A
2sin
2 2bc
( )( )

=
2
4 s c s b
A
sin
2 4bc
( )( )
< t
(

(
=
t
(
< >
(

A
s c s b
A
sin
A A
2 bc sin 0
2 2 2
Proved.
Half Angle Formulae
A B C
2. Formula for cos , cos , cos
2 2 2
In any ABC,let a b c 2s,then A + + =
( )
s s a
A
cos
2 bc

=
A B C
3. Formula for tan , tan , tan
2 2 2
In any ABC,if a b c 2s then A + + =
( )( )
( )
s b s c
A
tan
2 s s a

=

Class Test
Class Exercise - 5
A + =
2 2
C A 3b
In a ABC, if acos ccos ,
2 2 2
A B C
show that cot , cot , cot are in AP.
2 2 2
Solution :
Given that
+ =
2 2
C A 3b
acos ccos
2 2 2

+ =
s(s c) s(s a) 3b
a. c.
ab bc 2
| |
=
s 3b
2s a c
b 2
Solution
= =
s 3b
.b 2s 3b
b 2
a + b + c = 3b a + c = 2b ... (i)
We have to prove
A B C
cot , cot , cot are in A.P.
2 2 2
+ =
A c B
i.e., cot cot 2cot (ii)
2 2 2
= +
A C
L.H.S cot cot
2 2
Solution

= +

s(s a) s(s c)
(s b) (s c) (s a) (s b)

= +

s(s a) s(s c)
s (s a) (s b) (s c) s (s a) (s b) (s c)

= +
A A
s(s a) s(s c)
| |
=
A
s
2s 2b [from(i)]

=
A
2s(s b)
= =
B
2cot R.H.S
2
Area of a Triangle
(a)The area of ABC is given by A
1 1 1
bcsinA ca sinB ab sinC
2 2 2
A = = =
Proof :-
Here BC = a, AB = c, AC = b
1
Area of ABC base height
2
A =
A
B
C
D
Area of a Triangle
In ABD A
AD csinB =
1
From (i) a c sinB
2
A =
Proved
1
BC AD....(i)
2
A =
AD AD
sinB sinB
AB C
= =
Area of a Triangle
(b) Heros formula
( )( )( )
s s a s b s c A =
1
bc sinA
2
A =
Proof :-
( )( ) ( )
s b s c s s a
1 A A
bc 2sin cos bc
2 2 2 bc bc

| |
= =
|
\ .
( ) ( )( )
s s a s b s c =
Class Test
Class Exercise - 6
( )
A A =
2
2
In any ABC, if a b c ,
=
8
then prove that tanA , where
15
A = area of triangle.
Solution
A =
2 2
Given a (b c)
A = +
2 2 2
a b c 2bc
+ = A
2 2 2
b c a 2bc
=
1
2bc cosA 2bc bc sinA
2
(
+
= A =
(
(

2 2 2
b c a 1
cosA and bc sinA
2bc 2
4bc cosA + bc sinA = 4bc
4cosA + sinA = 4
Solution
| |
+ =
|
\ .
2
A A A
4 1 2sin 2 sin cos 4
2 2 2
| |
=
|
\ .
A A A
2sin cos 4sin 0
2 2 2
= =
A A A
Either sin 0 or cos 4sin 0
2 2 2
= = t
A
where sin 0 A 0 or 2
2
which is not possible, since it in an angle of .
= =
A A A 1
when cos 4sin 0 tan
2 2 2 4

= = =

2
A 1
2tan 2
8
2 4
Now, tanA
A 1
15
1 tan 1
2 16
Circumcircle of a Triangle and
its Radius
Circum radius = R
A
B C
D
E
F
R
R
R
O
Circumcircle of a Triangle and
its Radius
In any ABC A
a b c
(i) 2R
sinA sinB sinC
= = =
abc
(ii) R
4
=
A
Incircle of a Triangle and its
Radius
In Radius = r
i
r
r
r
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
2
A
2
Incircle of a Triangle and its
Radius
In any ABC A
(i) r
s
A
=
( ) ( ) ( )
A B C
(ii) r s a tan s b tan s c tan
2 2 2
= = =
B C A C B A
asin sin bsin sin csin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) r
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
= = =
A B C
(iv) r 4Rsin sin sin
2 2 2
=
Radii of Ex-circle in Terms of
Sides and Angles
I
1
B
C
A
Ex. Radius is = r
1

Radii of Ex-circle in Terms of
Sides and Angles
In any ABC A
1 2 3
(i) r ; r ; r
s a s b s c
A A A
= = =

1 2 3
A B C
(ii) r stan ; r stan ; r stan
2 2 2
= = =
1 2 3
B C C A A B
acos cos bcos cos ccos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) r ; r r
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
= = =
Radii of Ex-circle in Terms of
Sides and Angles
1
A B C
(iv) r 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
=
2
A B C
r 4Rcos sin cos
2 2 2
=
3
A B C
r 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2
=
[Proof of these results are same as INCIRCLE
and try yourself]
Class Tests
Class Exercise - 3
In a if b + c = 3a, then the value of

is
B C
cot cot
2 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 3 3
Solution :-
b + c = 3a
= k (sinB + sinC) = 3k sinA
+
=
B C B C A A
2 sin .cos 3.2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
+
=
A B C B C A
cos cos 3 cos .cos
2 2 2 2
Solution
+ + = t
(
(
t
(
+ + =
(

A B C
A B C
2 2 2 2
(
+ =
(

B C B C B C B C
cos cos sin sin 3 cos cos sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
B C B C
2cos cos 4sin sin
2 2 2 2
=
B C
cot cot 2
2 2
=
A
(note : cot 0)
2
Ans : b
Class Exercise - 4
In a if

and the side a = 2 units, then area
of the is
AABC,
= =
cosA cosB cosC
a b c
AABC,
(a)1 sq. units (b) 2 sq. units

(c) sq. units (d) sq. units
3
2
3
Solution
Given
= =
cosA cosB cosC
a b c
| |
= =
cosA cosB cosC
By sine rule
ksinA ksinB ksinC
= = cot A cotB cotC
A = B = C
AABCis equilateral
( )
A =
2 3
Area of equilateral side
4
=
3
4
4
= 3 sq. units. Ans : d
Class Exercise - 7
If in a sides a, b, c are in AP, then
are in (where are the ex-
radii of the )
1 2 3
r , r , r
AABC,
1 2 3
r , r , r
AABC,
(a)AP (b) GP

(c) HP (d) None of these
Solution
Since a.b.c are in AP
= b a c b
= (s a) (s b) (s b) (s c)

=
A A A A
(s a) s b s b s c
=
1 2 2 3
1 1 1 1
r r r r

1 2 3
1 1 1
, , are in A.P
r r r
r
1
, r
2
, r
3
are in H.P
Ans : c
Class Exercise - 8
If a circle is inscribed in an equilateral
triangle of side a, then area of the
square inscribed in the circle is
2 2
2 2
a a
(a) (b)
6 3
2a 2a
(c) (d)
5 3
Solution
A
B C
Ans : a
( )
= + + =
1 3a
s a b c
2 2
A =
2
3
a
4
A
= = =
2
3 2 a
r a ...........(i)
s 4 3a
2 3
If x is the length of a side of the square
inscribed in circle of the triangle, then
( )
+ =
2
2 2
x x diameter
( )
= = =
2
2
2 2 2
a
2x 2r x 2r [from(i)]
6
=
2
a
Area of the square
6
Class Exercise - 9
If be the length of perpendiculars
drawn from the vertices of a triangle
to the opposite side, then
= =
= =
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
3
(a) p p p abc (b) p p p a b c
a b c
(c) p p p 8R (d) p p p
8R
Solution
A
B
C
D
F
E

= = =
1 2 3
Here AD p , BE p , CF p
A = = =
1 2 3
1 1 1
and ap bp cp
2 2 2
A A A
= = =
1 2 3
2 2 2
p , p , p
a b c
A A A
=
1 2 3
2 2 2
p p p . .
a b c
A
=
3
8
abc
(
| |
= =
| (
A
\ .

3
8 abc abc
. R
abc 4R 4
=
2 2 2
3
a b c
8R
Ans : d
Class Exercise - 10
( )
( )

A =
+
+
2 2
2 2
sin A B
a b
If in a ABC, ,
sin A B
a b
prove that it is either a right angled
or an isosceles triangle, can it be
right angled isosceles triangle?
Solution
= = =
a b c
Let k
sinA sinB sinC
( )
( )

=
+
+
2 2
2 2
sin A B
a b
sin A B
a b
( )
( )
( )
( )

=
+
+
2 2 2
2 2 2
k sin A sin B
sin A B
sin A B
k sin A sin B
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
+
=
+
+
2 2
sin A B sin A B sin A B
sin A B
sin A sin B
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
t
=
t
+
2 2
sin C sin A B sin A B
sin C
sin A sin B
( ) ( )

=
+
2 2
sinC sin A B sin A B
sinC
sin A sin B
Solution
( )
(
=
(
+
2 2
sinC 1
sin A B 0
sinC
sin A sin B
( )
= =
+
2 2
1 sinC
Either sin A B 0 or 0
sinC
sin A sin B
= + =
2 2 2
Either A B 0 or sin A sin B sin C 0
= + =
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
Either A B or 0
k k k
Triangle is either isosceles or right angled. Proved.
Thank you