N

(c) Raj

Low Cost Supercomputing o

Parallel Processing on Linux Clusters

Rajkumar Buyya, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

[email protected] http://www.dgs.monash.edu.au/~rajkumar

(c) Raj

Agenda

Cluster ? Enabling Tech. & Motivations Cluster Architecture Cluster Components and Linux Parallel Processing Tools on Linux Cluster Facts Resources and Conclusions

(c) Raj

Need of more Computing Power: Grand Challenge Applications Solving technology problems using computer modeling, simulation and analysis
Geographic Information Systems

Life Sciences

Aerospace

Mechanical Design & Analysis (CAD/CAM)

Two Eras of Computing

(c) Raj

Sequential Era

Parallel Era

Architectures System Software Applications P.S.Es Architectures System Software Applications P.S.Es
1940 50 60 70 80 90 2000 2030

Commercialization R&D Commodity

(c) Raj

Competing Computer Architectures

Vector Computers (VC) ---proprietary system

provided the breakthrough needed for the emergence of computational science, buy they were only a partial answer.

Massively Parallel Processors (MPP)-proprietary system

high cost and a low performance/price ratio.

Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)

suffers from scalability

Distributed Systems
difficult to use and hard to extract parallel performance.

Clusters -- gaining popularity

High Performance Computing---Commodity Supercomputing High Availability Computing ---Mission Critical Applications

(c) Raj

Technology Trend...

Performance of PC/Workstations components has almost reached performance of those used in supercomputers Microprocessors (50% to 100% per year) Networks (Gigabit ..) Operating Systems Programming environment Applications Rate of performance improvements of commodity components is too high.

(c) Raj

Technology Trend

(c) Raj

The Need for Alternative Supercomputing Resources

Cannot

afford to buy Big Iron machines

due to their high cost and short life span. cut-down of funding dont fit better into today's funding model.

.
Paradox:

time required to develop a parallel application for solving GCA is equal to:
half Life of Parallel Supercomputers.

(c) Raj

Clusters are bestalternative!

Supercomputing-class

commodity components are available They fit very well with todays/future funding model. Can leverage upon future technological advances
VLSI, CPUs, Networks, Disk, Memory, Cache, OS, programming tools, applications,...

(c) Raj

Best of both Worlds!

Performance Computing (talk focused

High

on this)

parallel computers/supercomputer-class workstation cluster dependable parallel computers

High

Availability Computing

mission-critical systems fault-tolerant computing

(c) Raj

What is a cluster?

cluster is a type of parallel or distributed processing system, which consists of a collection of interconnected stand-alone computers cooperatively working together as a single, integrated computing resource. A typical cluster: Network: Faster, closer connection than a typical network (LAN) Low latency communication protocols Looser connection than SMP

(c) Raj

So Whats So Different about Clusters?

Commodity Parts? Communications Packaging? Incremental Scalability? Independent Failure? Intelligent Network Interfaces? Complete System on every node

virtual memory scheduler files

Nodes can be used individually or combined...

Clustering of Computers for Collective Computating

1960

1990

1995+

(c) Raj

Computer Food Chain (Now and Future)

Demise of Mainframes, Supercomputers, & MPPs

(c) Raj

Cluster Configuration..1 Dedicated Cluster

(c) Raj

Cluster Configuration..2 Enterprise Clusters (use JMS like Codine)

Shared Pool of Computing Resources: Processors, Memory, Disks

Interconnect

Guarantee at least one workstation to many individuals (when active)

Deliver large % of collective resources to few individuals at any one time

(c) Raj

Windows of Opportunities

MPP/DSM:

Compute across multiple systems: parallel.

Network RAM:

Idle memory in other nodes. Page across other nodes idle memory

Software RAID:

file system supporting parallel I/O and reliability, mass-storage.

Multi-path Communication:

Communicate across multiple networks: Ethernet, ATM, Myrinet

(c) Raj

Cluster Computer Architecture

(c) Raj

Major issues in cluster design

Size Scalability (physical & application) Enhanced Availability (failure management)

Single System Image (look-and-feel of one system)

Fast Communication (networks & protocols) Load Balancing (CPU, Net, Memory, Disk)

Security and Encryption (clusters of clusters)

Distributed Environment (Social issues) Manageability (admin. And control) Programmability (simple API if required) Applicability (cluster-aware and non-aware app.)

(c) Raj

Scalability Vs. Single System Image

UP

(c) Raj

Linux-based Tools for

High Availability Computing

High Performance Computing

(c) Raj

Hardware
Linux

OS is running/driving...

PCs (Intel x86 processors) Workstations (Digital Alphas) SMPs (CLUMPS) Clusters of Clusters

Linux

supports networking with

Ethernet (10Mbps)/Fast Ethernet (100Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbps) SCI (Dolphin - MPI- 12micro-sec latency) ATM Myrinet (1.2Gbps) Digital Memory Channel FDDI

(c) Raj

Communication Software
Traditional

OS supported facilities (heavy weight due to protocol processing)..

Sockets (TCP/IP), Pipes, etc.

Light weight protocols (User Level) Active Messages (AM) (Berkeley) Fast Messages (Illinois) U-net (Cornell) XTP (Virginia) Virtual Interface Architecture (industry standard)

(c) Raj

Cluster Middleware
Resides

Between OS and Applications and offers in infrastructure for supporting:

Single System Image (SSI) System Availability (SA)

SSI

makes collection appear as single machine (globalised view of system resources). telnet cluster.myinstitute.edu

Cluster Middleware
(c) Raj

OS

/ Gluing Layers

Solaris MC, Unixware, MOSIX Beowulf Distributed PID

Runtime

Systems

Runtime systems (software DSM, PFS, etc.) Resource management and scheduling (RMS):
CODINE, CONDOR, LSF, PBS, NQS, etc.

(c) Raj

Programming environments

Threads (PCs, SMPs, NOW..) POSIX Threads Java Threads MPI

http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/mpich/

PVM

http://www.epm.ornl.gov/pvm/

Software DSMs (Shmem)

(c) Raj

Development Tools
GNU-- www.gnu.org

Compilers C/C++/Java/

Debuggers
Performance

Analysis Tools Visualization Tools

(c) Raj

Applications
Sequential

(benefit from the cluster) Parallel / Distributed (Cluster-aware app.)

Grand Challenging applications Weather Forecasting Quantum Chemistry Molecular Biology Modeling Engineering Analysis (CAD/CAM) Ocean Modeling PDBs, web servers,data-mining

(c) Raj

Linux Webserver (Network Load Balancing)

http://proxy.iinchina.net/~wensong/ippfvs/
High High

Performance (by serving through light loaded machine) Availability (detecting failed nodes and isolating them from the cluster) System view

Transparent/Single

(c) Raj

A typical Cluster Computing Environment

Application
PVM / MPI/ RSH

???

Hardware/OS

(c) Raj

CC should support

Multi-user, time-sharing environments Nodes with different CPU speeds and memory sizes (heterogeneous configuration)

Many processes, with unpredictable

requirements

Unlike SMP: insufficient bonds between

nodes

Each computer operates independently

(MOSIX)
(c) Raj

http://www.mosix.cs.huji.ac.il/ An OS module (layer) that provides the applications with the illusion of working on a single system Remote operations are performed like local operations Transparent to the application - user interface unchanged Application

PVM / MPI / RSH

Offers

missing link

Hardware/OS

(c) Raj

MOSIX is Main tool

Preemptive process migration that can migrate--->any process, anywhere, anytime

Supervised by distributed algorithms that respond on-line to global resource availability - transparently

Load-balancing - migrate process from overloaded to under-loaded nodes Memory ushering - migrate processes from a node that has exhausted its memory, to prevent paging/swapping

(c) Raj

MOSIX for Linux at HUJI

A scalable cluster configuration:

50 Pentium-II 300 MHz 38 Pentium-Pro 200 MHz (some are SMPs) 16 Pentium-II 400 MHz (some are SMPs)
Over 12 GB cluster-wide RAM Connected by the Myrinet 2.56 G.b/s LAN Runs Red-Hat 6.0, based on Kernel 2.2.7 Upgrade: HW with Intel, SW with Linux Download MOSIX:

http://www.mosix.cs.huji.ac.il/

(c) Raj

Nimrod - A tool for parametric modeling on clusters

http://www.dgs.monash.edu.au/~davida/nimrod.html

(c) Raj

Job processing with Nimrod

(c) Raj

PARMON: A Cluster Monitoring Tool

PARMON Server on each node

PARMON Client on JVM

parmon
parmond
High-Speed Switch

PARMON

(c) Raj

Resource Utilization at a Glance

(c) Raj

Linux cluster in Top500

Top500 Supercomputing (www.top500.org) Sites declared Avalon(http://cnls.lanl.gov/avalon/), Beowulf cluster, the 113th most powerful computer in the world.
70

processor DEC Alpha cluster $152K commodity and Free Software is $15/Mflop,

Cost:

Completely

price/performance performance

similar to 1993s 1024-node CM-5

(c) Raj

Adoption of the Approach

(c) Raj

Conclusions Remarks

Clusters are promising..

Solve parallel processing paradox Offer incremental growth and matches with funding pattern New trends in hardware and software technologies are likely to make clusters more promising and fill SSI gap..so that Clusters based supercomputers (Linux based clusters) can be seen everywhere!

(c) Raj

Announcement: formation of
IEEE Task Force on Cluster Computing (TFCC)

http://www.dgs.monash.edu.au/~rajkumar/tfcc/ http://www.dcs.port.ac.uk/~mab/tfcc/

(c) Raj

Well, Read my book for.

Thank You ...

?
http://www.dgs.monash.edu.au/~rajkumar/c luster/