CHAPTER

Introduction to SQL

Exercises
3.1 Write the following queries in SQL, using the university schema. (We suggest you actually run these queries on a database, using the sample data that we provide on the Web site of the book, db-book.com. Instructions for setting up a database, and loading sample data, are provided on the above Web site.) a. Find the titles of courses in the Comp. Sci. department that have 3 credits. b. Find the IDs of all students who were taught by an instructor named Einstein; make sure there are no duplicates in the result. c. Find the highest salary of any instructor. d. Find all instructors earning the highest salary (there may be more than one with the same salary). e. Find the enrollment of each section that was offered in Autumn 2009. f. Find the maximum enrollment, across all sections, in Autumn 2009. g. Find the sections that had the maximum enrollment in Autumn 2009. Answer: a. Find the titles of courses in the Comp. Sci. department that have 3 credits. select from where title course dept name = Comp. Sci. and credits = 3
5

Chapter 3 Introduction to SQL

b. Find the IDs of all students who were taught by an instructor named Einstein; make sure there are no duplicates in the result. This query can be answered in several different ways. One way is as follows. select from where distinct student.ID (student join takes using(ID)) join (instructor join teaches using(ID)) using(course id, sec id, semester, year) instructor.name = Einstein

As an alternative to th join .. using syntax above the query can be written by enumerating relations in the from clause, and adding the corresponding join predicates on ID, course id, section id, semester, and year to the where clause. Note that using natural join in place of join .. using would result in equating student ID with instructor ID, which is incorrect. c. Find the highest salary of any instructor. select max(salary) from instructor d. Find all instructors earning the highest salary (there may be more than one with the same salary). select from where
ID, name

instructor salary = (select max(salary) from instructor)

e. Find the enrollment of each section that was offered in Autumn 2009. One way of writing the query is as follows. select course id, sec id, count(ID) from section natural join takes where semester = Autumn and year = 2009 group by course id, sec id Note that if a section does not have any students taking it, it would not appear in the result. One way of ensuring such a section appears with a count of 0 is to replace natural join by the natural left outer join operation, covered later in Chapter 4. Another way is to use a subquery in the select clause, as follows.

Exercises

course id, sec id, (select count(ID) from takes where takes.year = section.year and takes.semester = section.semester and takes.course id = section.course id and takes.section id = section.section id) from section where semester = Autumn and year = 2009 select Note that if the result of the subquery is empty, the aggregate function count returns a value of 0. f. Find the maximum enrollment, across all sections, in Autumn 2009. One way of writing this query is as follows: select max(enrollment) from (select count(ID) as enrollment from section natural join takes where semester = Autumn and year = 2009 group by course id, sec id) As an alternative to using a nested subquery in the from clause, it is possible to use a with clause, as illustrated in the answer to the next part of this question. A subtle issue in the above query is that if no section had any enrollment, the answer would be empty, not 0. We can use the alternative using a subquery, from the previous part of this question, to ensure the count is 0 in this case. g. Find the sections that had the maximum enrollment in Autumn 2009. The following answer uses a with clause to create a temporary view, simplifying the query. with sec enrollment as ( select course id, sec id, count(ID) as enrollment from section natural join takes where semester = Autumn and year = 2009 group by course id, sec id) select course id, sec id from sec enrollment where enrollment = (select max(enrollment) from sec enrollment) It is also possible to write the query without the with clause, but the subquery to nd enrollment would get repeated twice in the query.

Chapter 3 Introduction to SQL

3.2

Suppose you are given a relation grade points(grade, points), which provides a conversion from letter grades in the takes relation to numeric scores; for example an A grade could be specied to correspond to 4 points, an A to 3.7 points, a B+ to 3.3 points, a B to 3 points, and so on. The grade points earned by a student for a course offering (section) is dened as the number of credits for the course multiplied by the numeric points for the grade that the student received. Given the above relation, and our university schema, write each of the following queries in SQL. You can assume for simplicity that no takes tuple has the null value for grade. a. Find the total grade-points earned by the student with ID 12345, across all courses taken by the student. b. Find the grade-point average (GPA) for the above student, that is, the total grade-points divided by the total credits for the associated courses. c. Find the ID and the grade-point average of every student. Answer: a. Find the total grade-points earned by the student with ID 12345, across all courses taken by the student. select sum(credits * points) from (takes natural join course) natural join grade points whereID = 12345 One problem with the above query is that if the student has not taken any course, the result would not have any tuples, whereas we would expect to get 0 as the answer. One way of xing this problem is to use the natural left outer join operation, which we study later in Chapter 4. Another way to ensure that we get 0 as the answer, is to the following query: (select from where union (select from where sum(credits * points) (takes natural join course) natural join grade points ID = 12345) 0 student takes.ID = 12345 and not exists ( select * from takes where takes.ID = 12345))

As usual, specifying join conditions can be specied in the where clause instead of using the natural join operation or the join .. using operation.

Exercises

b. Find the grade-point average (GPA) for the above student, that is, the total grade-points divided by the total credits for the associated courses. select from where sum(credits * points)/sum(credits) as GPA (takes natural join course) natural join grade points ID = 12345

As before, a student who has not taken any course would not appear in the above result; we can ensure that such a student appears in the result by using the modied query from the previous part of this question. However, an additional issue in this case is that the sum of credits would also be 0, resulting in a divide by zero condition. In fact, the only meaningful way of dening the GPA in this case is to dene it as null. We can ensure that such a student appears in the result with a null GPA by adding the following union clause to the above query. union (select null as GPA from student where takes.ID = 12345 and not exists ( select * from takes where takes.ID = 12345)) Other ways of ensuring the above are discussed later in the solution to Exercise 4.5. c. Find the ID and the grade-point average of every student. select ID, sum(credits * points)/sum(credits) as GPA from (takes natural join course) natural join grade points group by ID Again, to handle students who have not taken any course, we would have to add the following union clause: union (select ID, null as GPA from student where not exists ( select * from takes where takes.ID = student.ID)) 3.3 3.4 Write the following inserts, deletes or updates in SQL, using the university schema. a. Increase the salary of each instructor in the Comp. Sci. department by 10%. b. Delete all courses that have never been offered (that is, do not occur in the section relation).

10

Chapter 3 Introduction to SQL

c. Insert every student whose tot cred attribute is greater than 100 as an instructor in the same department, with a salary of $10,000. Answer: a. Increase the salary of each instructor in the Comp. Sci. department by 10%. update instructor set salary = salary * 1.10 where dept name = Comp. Sci. b. Delete all courses that have never been offered (that is, do not occur in the section relation). delete from course where course id not in (select course id from section) c. Insert every student whose tot cred attribute is greater than 100 as an instructor in the same department, with a salary of $10,000. insert into instructor select ID, name, dept name, 10000 from student where tot cred > 100 3.5 Consider the insurance database of Figure ??, where the primary keys are underlined. Construct the following SQL queries for this relational database. a. Find the total number of people who owned cars that were involved in accidents in 1989. b. Add a new accident to the database; assume any values for required attributes. c. Delete the Mazda belonging to John Smith. Answer: Note: The participated relation relates drivers, cars, and accidents. a. Find the total number of people who owned cars that were involved in accidents in 1989. Note: this is not the same as the total number of accidents in 1989. We must count people with several accidents only once. select from where and and count (distinct name) accident, participated, person accident.report number = participated.report number participated.driver id = person.driver id date between date 1989-00-00 and date 1989-12-31

Exercises

11

person (driver id, name, address) car (license, model, year) accident (report number, date, location) owns (driver id, license) participated (driver id, car, report number, damage amount) Figure ??. Insurance database. b. Add a new accident to the database; assume any values for required attributes. We assume the driver was Jones, although it could be someone else. Also, we assume Jones owns one Toyota. First we must nd the license of the given car. Then the participated and accident relations must be updated in order to both record the accident and tie it to the given car. We assume values Berkeley for location, 2001-09-01 for date and date, 4007 for report number and 3000 for damage amount. insert into accident values (4007, 2001-09-01, Berkeley) insert into participated select o.driver id, c.license, 4007, 3000 from person p, owns o, car c where p.name = Jones and p.driver id = o.driver id and o.license = c.license and c.model = Toyota c. Delete the Mazda belonging to John Smith. Since model is not a key of the car relation, we can either assume that only one of John Smiths cars is a Mazda, or delete all of John Smiths Mazdas (the query is the same). Again assume name is a key for person. delete car where model = Mazda and license in (select license from person p, owns o where p.name = John Smith and p.driver id = o.driver id) Note: The owns, accident and participated records associated with the Mazda still exist. 3.6 Suppose that we have a relation marks(ID, score) and we wish to assign grades to students based on the score as follows: grade F if score < 40, grade C if 40 score < 60, grade B if 60 score < 80, and grade A if 80 score. Write SQL queries to do the following: a. Display the grade for each student, based on the marks relation.

12

Chapter 3 Introduction to SQL

b. Find the number of students with each grade. Answer: a. Display the grade for each student, based on the marks relation. select ID, case when score < 40 then F when score < 60 then C when score < 80 then B else A end from marks b. Find the number of students with each grade. with ( select grades as

ID, case when score < 40 then F when score < 60 then C when score < 80 then B else A end as grade from marks ) select grade, count(ID) from grades group by grade

As an alternative, the with clause can be removed, and instead the denition of grades can be made a subquery of the main query. 3.7 The SQL like operator is case sensitive, but the lower() function on strings can be used to perform case insensitive matching. To show how, write a query that nds departments whose names contain the string sci as a substring, regardless of the case. Answer: select dept name from department where lower(dept name) like %sci% 3.8 Consider the SQL query

Exercises

13

branch(branch name, branch city, assets) customer (customer name, customer street, customer city) loan (loan number, branch name, amount) borrower (customer name, loan number) account (account number, branch name, balance ) depositor (customer name, account number)
Figure 3.1 Banking database for Exercises 3.8 and 3.15.

select p.a1 from p, r1, r2 where p.a1 = r1.a1 or p.a1 = r2.a1 Under what conditions does the preceding query select values of p.a 1 that are either in r 1 or in r 2? Examine carefully the cases where one of r 1 or r 2 may be empty. Answer: The query selects those values of p.a1 that are equal to some value of r1.a1 or r2.a1 if and only if both r1 and r2 are non-empty. If one or both of r1 and r2 are empty, the cartesian product of p, r1 and r2 is empty, hence the result of the query is empty. Of course if p itself is empty, the result is as expected, i.e. empty. 3.9 Consider the bank database of Figure 3.19, where the primary keys are underlined. Construct the following SQL queries for this relational database. a. Find all customers of the bank who have an account but not a loan. b. Find the names of all customers who live on the same street and in the same city as Smith. c. Find the names of all branches with customers who have an account in the bank and who live in Harrison. Answer: a. Find all customers of the bank who have an account but not a loan. (select from except (select from customer name depositor) customer name borrower)

The above selects could optionally have distinct specied, without changing the result of the query. b. Find the names of all customers who live on the same street and in the same city as Smith. One way of writing the query is as follows.

14

Chapter 3 Introduction to SQL

select F.customer name from customer F join customer S using(customer street, customer city) where S.customer name = Smith The join condition could alternatively be specied in the where clause, instead of using bf join .. using. c. Find the names of all branches with customers who have an account in the bank and who live in Harrison. select distinct branch name from account natural join depositor natural join customer where customer city = Harrison As usual, the natural join operation could be replaced by specifying join conditions in the where clause. 3.10 Consider the employee database of Figure ??, where the primary keys are underlined. Give an expression in SQL for each of the following queries. a. Find the names and cities of residence of all employees who work for First Bank Corporation. b. Find the names, street addresses, and cities of residence of all employees who work for First Bank Corporation and earn more than $10,000. c. Find all employees in the database who do not work for First Bank Corporation. d. Find all employees in the database who earn more than each employee of Small Bank Corporation. e. Assume that the companies may be located in several cities. Find all companies located in every city in which Small Bank Corporation is located. f. Find the company that has the most employees. g. Find those companies whose employees earn a higher salary, on average, than the average salary at First Bank Corporation. Answer: employee (employee name, street, city) works (employee name, company name, salary) company (company name, city) manages (employee name, manager name) Figure 3.20. Employee database.

Exercises

15

a. Find the names and cities of residence of all employees who work for First Bank Corporation. select e.employee name, city from employee e, works w where w.company name = First Bank Corporation and w.employee name = e.employee name b. Find the names, street address, and cities of residence of all employees who work for First Bank Corporation and earn more than $10,000. If people may work for several companies, the following solution will only list those who earn more than $10,000 per annum from First Bank Corporation alone. select * from employee where employee name in (select employee name from works where company name = First Bank Corporation and salary > 10000) As in the solution to the previous query, we can use a join to solve this one also. c. Find all employees in the database who do not work for First Bank Corporation. The following solution assumes that all people work for exactly one company. select employee name from works where company name = First Bank Corporation If one allows people to appear in the database (e.g. in employee) but not appear in works, or if people may have jobs with more than one company, the solution is slightly more complicated. select employee name from employee where employee name not in (select employee name from works where company name = First Bank Corporation) d. Find all employees in the database who earn more than each employee of Small Bank Corporation.

16

Chapter 3 Introduction to SQL

The following solution assumes that all people work for at most one company. select employee name from works where salary > all (select salary from works where company name = Small Bank Corporation) If people may work for several companies and we wish to consider the total earnings of each person, the problem is more complex. It can be solved by using a nested subquery, but we illustrate below how to solve it using the with clause. with emp total salary as (select employee name, sum(salary) as total salary from works group by employee name ) select employee name from emp total salary where total salary > all (select total salary from emp total salary, works where works.company name = Small Bank Corporation and emp total salary.employee name = works.employee name ) e. Assume that the companies may be located in several cities. Find all companies located in every city in which Small Bank Corporation is located. The simplest solution uses the contains comparison which was included in the original System R Sequel language but is not present in the subsequent SQL versions. select T.company name from company T where (select R.city from company R where R.company name = T.company name) contains (select S.city from company S where S.company name = Small Bank Corporation) Below is a solution using standard SQL.

Exercises

17

select S.company name from company S where not exists ((select city from company where company name = Small Bank Corporation) except (select city from company T where S.company name = T.company name)) f. Find the company that has the most employees. select company name from works group by company name having count (distinct employee name) >= all (select count (distinct employee name) from works group by company name) g. Find those companies whose employees earn a higher salary, on average, than the average salary at First Bank Corporation. select company name from works group by company name having avg (salary) > (select avg (salary) from works where company name = First Bank Corporation) 3.11 Consider the relational database of Figure ??. Give an expression in SQL for each of the following queries. a. Modify the database so that Jones now lives in Newtown. b. Give all managers of First Bank Corporation a 10 percent raise unless the salary becomes greater than $100,000; in such cases, give only a 3 percent raise. Answer: a. Modify the database so that Jones now lives in Newtown. The solution assumes that each person has only one tuple in the employee relation. update employee set city = Newton where person name = Jones

18

Chapter 3 Introduction to SQL

b. Give all managers of First Bank Corporation a 10-percent raise unless the salary becomes greater than $100,000; in such cases, give only a 3-percent raise. update works T set T.salary = T.salary * 1.03 where T.employee name in (select manager name from manages) and T.salary * 1.1 > 100000 and T.company name = First Bank Corporation update works T set T.salary = T.salary * 1.1 where T.employee name in (select manager name from manages) and T.salary * 1.1 <= 100000 and T.company name = First Bank Corporation The above updates would give different results if executed in the opposite order. We give below a safer solution using the case statement. update works T set T.salary = T.salary (case when (T.salary 1.1 > 100000) then 1.03 else 1.1 ) where T.employee name in (select manager name from manages) and T.company name = First Bank Corporation