EIGRP

Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 9

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Objectives

Describe the background and history of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).
Examine the basic EIGRP configuration commands and identify their purposes. Calculate the composite metric used by EIGRP. Describe the concepts and operation of DUAL. Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in EIGRP.

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Introduction

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EIGRP
Roots of EIGRP: IGRP
-Developed in 1985 to overcome RIPv1s limited hop count -Distance vector routing protocol -Metrics used by IGRP bandwidth (used by default) Delay (used by default) reliability load

-Discontinued support starting with IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S

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EIGRP
EIGRP Message Format EIGRP Header
Data link frame header - contains source and destination MAC address IP packet header - contains source & destination IP address

EIGRP packet header - contains AS number

Type/Length/Field - data portion of EIGRP message

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EIGRP

EIGRP packet header contains

Opcode field Autonomous System number

EIGRP Parameters contains

Weights
Hold time

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EIGRP

TLV: IP internal contains

Metric field Subnet mask field Destination field

TLV: IP external contains

Fields used when external
routes are imported into EIGRP routing process

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EIGRP
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)
EIGRP uses PDM to route several different protocols i.e. IP, IPX & AppleTalk PDMs are responsible for the specific routing task for each network layer protocol

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EIGRP
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
Purpose of RTP
Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive EIGRP packets

Characteristics of RTP
Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of EIGRP packet

Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment from destination

Unreliable delivery does not require an acknowledgement from destination Packets can be sent Unicast Multicast Using address 224.0.0.10
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EIGRP
EIGRPs 5 Packet Types

Hello packets
Used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors

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EIGRP
Update packets
Used to propagate routing information

Acknowledgement packets
Used to acknowledge receipt of update, query & reply packets

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EIGRP
Query & Reply packets
Used by DUAL for searching for networks Query packets -Can use Unicast

Multicast
Reply packet -Use only unicast

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EIGRP
Purpose of Hello Protocol
To discover & establish adjacencies with neighbor routers

Characteristics of hello protocol

Time interval for sending hello packet Most networks it is every 5 seconds Multipoint non broadcast multi-access networks Unicast every 60 seconds -Holdtime This is the maximum time router should wait before declaring a neighbor down Default holdtime 3 times hello interval

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EIGRP
EIGRP Bounded Updates EIGRP only sends update when there is a change in route status Partial update
A partial update includes only the route information that has changed the whole routing table is NOT sent

Bounded update
When a route changes, only those devices that are impacted will be notified of the change

EIGRPs use of partial bounded updates minimizes use of bandwidth

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EIGRP
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Purpose EIGRPs primary method for preventing routing loops Advantage of using DUAL Provides for fast convergence time by keeping a list of loopfree backup routes

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EIGRP
Administrative Distance (AD)
Defined as the trustworthiness of the source route

EIGRP default administrative distances

Summary routes = 5 Internal routes = 90 Imported routes = 170

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EIGRP
Authentication
EIGRP can
Encrypt routing information Authenticate routing information

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EIGRP
Network Topology

Topology used is the same as previous chapters with the addition of an ISP router

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EIGRP
EIGRP will automatically summarize routes at classful boundaries

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs
This is a collection of networks under the control of a single authority (reference RFC 1930) AS Numbers are assigned by IANA Entities needing AS numbers ISP Internet Backbone prodiers Institutions connecting to other institutions using AS numbers

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

EIGRP autonomous system number actually functions as a process ID

Process ID represents an instance of the routing protocol running on a router Example

Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

The router eigrp command The global command that enables eigrp is

router eigrp autonomous-system

-All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use the same process ID number (autonomous-system
number)

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

The Network Command Functions of the network command
Enables interfaces to transmit & receive EIGRP updates Includes network or subnet in EIGRP updates

Example
Router(config-router)#network network-address

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

The network Command with a Wildcard Mask -This option is used when you want to configure EIGRP to advertise specific subnets -Example
Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

Verifying EIGRP EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before any updates can be sent or received Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has established adjacencies with neighbors is show ip eigrp neighbors

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EIGRP
The show ip protocols command is also used to verify that EIGRP is enabled

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

Examining the Routing Table
The show ip route command is also used to verify EIGRP EIGRP routes are denoted in a routing table by the letter D By default , EIGRP automatically summarizes routes at major network boundary

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

Introducing the Null0 Summary Route
Null0 is not a physical interface In the routing table summary routes are sourced from Null0 Reason: routes are used for advertisement purposes EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary route as child route when 2 conditions are met At least one subnet is learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled

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Basic EIGRP Configuration

R3s routing table shows that the 172.16.0.0/16 network is automatically summarized by R1 & R3

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values

EIGRP uses the following values in its composite metric

-Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load

The composite metric used by EIGRP

formula used has values K1 K5 K1 & K3 =1 all other K values = 0

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

Use the sh ip protocols command to verify the K values

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

EIGRP Metrics Use the show interfaces command to view metrics EIGRP Metrics
Bandwidth EIGRP uses a static bandwidth to calculate metric Most serial interfaces use a default bandwidth value of 1.544Mbos (T1)

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

EIGRP Metrics Delay is the defined as the measure of time it takes for a packet to traverse a route -it is a static value based on link type to which interface is connected

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

Reliability (not a default EIGRP metric)
-A measure of the likelihood that a link will fail -Measure dynamically & expressed as a fraction of 255 the higher the fraction the better the reliability

Load (not a default EIGRP metric)

A number that reflects how much traffic is using a link Number is determined dynamically and is expressed as a fraction of 255 The lower the fraction the less the load on the link

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

Using the Bandwidth Command

Modifying the interface bandwidth

-Use the bandwidth command -Example Router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits

Verifying bandwidth
Use the show interface command

Note bandwidth command does not change the links physical bandwidth
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EIGRP Metric Calculation

The EIGRP metric can be determined by examining the

bandwidth delay

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

EIGRP uses the lowest bandwidth (BW)in its metric calculation Calculated BW = reference BW / lowest BW(kbps) Delay EIGRP uses the cumulative sum of all outgoing interfaces Calculated Delay = the sum of outgoing interface delays EIGRP Metric = calculated BW + calculated delay

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EIGRP Metric Calculation

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DUAL Concepts
The Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used to prevent looping

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DUAL Concepts
Successor
The best least cost route to a destination found in the routing table

Feasible distance
The lowest calculated metric along a path to a destination network

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DUAL Concepts
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported Distance Feasible Successor
-This is a loop free backup route to same
destination as successor route

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DUAL Concepts
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported Distance Reported distance (RD)
-The metric that a router reports to a neighbor about its own cost to that network

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DUAL Concepts
Feasibility Condition (FC)
-Met when a neighbors RD is less than the local routers FD to the same destination network

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DUAL Concepts
Topology Table: Successor & Feasible Successor EIGRP Topology table
Viewed using the show ip eigrp topology command
Contents of table include: all successor routes

all feasible successor routes

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DUAL Concepts
EIGRP Topology Table dissected

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DUAL Concepts
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor
A feasible successor may not be present because the feasibility condition may not be met -In other words, the reported distance of the neighbor is greater than or equal to the current feasible distance

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DUAL Concepts
Finite Sate Machine (FSM) An abstract machine that defines a set of possible states something can go through, what event causes those states and what events result form those states FSMs are used to describe how a device, computer program, or routing algorithm will react to a set of input events

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DUAL Concepts
DUAL FSM Selects a best loopfree path to a destination Selects alternate routes by using information in EIGRP tables

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DUAL Concepts
Finite State Machines (FSM) To examine output from EIGRPs finite state machine us the debug eigrp fsm command

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More EIGRP Configurations

The Null0 Summary Route By default, EIGRP uses the Null0 interface to discard any packets that match the parent route but do not match any of the child routes EIGRP automatically includes a null0 summary route as a child route whenever both of the following conditions exist
One or subnets exists that was learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled

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More EIGRP Configurations

The Null0 Summary Route

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More EIGRP Configurations

Disabling Automatic Summarization The auto-summary command permits EIGRP to automatically summarize at major network boundaries The no auto-summary command is used to disable automatic summarization This causes all EIGRP neighbors to send updates that will not be automatically summarized this will cause changes to appear in both -routing tables -topology tables

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More EIGRP Configurations

Manual Summarization
Manual summarization can include supernets
Reason: EIGRP is a classless routing protocol & include subnet mask in update

Command used to configure manual summarization

Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp as-number network-address subnet-mask

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More EIGRP Configurations

Configuring a summary route in EIGRP

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More EIGRP Configurations

EIGRP Default Routes quad zero static default route

-Can be used with any currently supported routing protocol

-Is usually configured on a router that is connected a network outside the EIGRP domain

EIGRP & the Quad zero static default route

Requires the use of the redistribute static command to disseminate default route in EIGRP updates

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More EIGRP Configurations

Fine-Tuning EIGRP EIGRP bandwidth utilization
-By default, EIGRP uses only up to 50% of interface bandwidth for EIGRP information -The command to change the percentage of bandwidth used by EIGRP is Router(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent eigrp asnumber percent

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More EIGRP Configurations

Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold Times
-Hello intervals and hold times are configurable on a per-interface basis -The command to configure hello interval is Router(config-if)#ip hello-interval eigrp as-number seconds

Changing the hello interval also requires changing the hold time to a value greater than or equal to the hello interval
-The command to configure hold time value is
Router(config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp as-number seconds

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Summary
Background & History
EIGRP is a derivative of IGRP EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol released in 1994

EIGRP terms and characteristics

EIGPR uses RTP to transmit & receive EIGRP packets EIGRP has 5 packet type: Hello packets Update packets

Acknowledgement packets
Query packets Reply packets Supports VLSM & CIDR
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Summary
EIGRP terms and characteristics
EIGRP uses a hello protocol Purpose of hello protocol is to discover & establish adjacencies EIGRP routing updates Aperiodic Partial and bounded

Fast convergence

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Summary
EIGRP commands
The following commands are used for EIGRP configuration RtrA(config)#router eigrp [autonomous-system #] RtrA(config-router)#network network-number The following commands can be used to verify EIGRP Show ip protocols Show ip eigrp neighbors Show ip route

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Summary
EIGRP metrics include
Bandwidth (default) Delay (default)

Reliability
Load

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Summary
DUAL
Purpose of DUAL To prevent routing loops Successor Primary route to a destination Feasible successor Backup route to a destination Feasible distance Lowest calculated metric to a destination Reported distance The distance towards a destination as advertised by an upstream neighbor
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Summary
Choosing the best route
After router has received all updates from directly connected neighbors, it can calculate its DUAL 1st metric is calculated for each route 2nd route with lowest metric is designated successor & is placed in routing table 3rd feasible successor is found

Criteria for feasible successor: it must have lower reported distance to the destination than the installed routes feasible distance
Feasible routes are maintained in topology table
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Summary
Automatic summarization
On by default Summarizes routes on classful boundary

Summarization can be disabled using the following command

RtrA(config-if)#no auto-summary

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