LET REVIEW 2010 SOCIAL SCIENCES CLUSTER/SUBJECT COMPETENCIES Philippine Government with New Constitution 1.1.

Demonstrate understanding of the various forms of government from the barangay to the present system. 1.2. Explain the nature and provisions of the present Constitution, its advantages and disadvantages over the others in the past and its function as fundamental law of the states. Practice Test 1. All of the following constitute the meaning of political science except: 1. 2. 3. 4. A basic knowledge and understanding of the state. It is primarily concerned with the association of human beings into a political community. Common knowledge every events taking place in the society. It deals with the relationship among men and groups which are subject to the control by the state.

2. It refers to the community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sovereignty Nation Citizenship State

3. It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. 1. 2. 3. 4. Government Sovereignty Constitution Laws

4. What are the four elements of state? A. people, territory, sovereignty, government B. people, constitution, territory, government C. government, law, peace, territory D. constitution, people, land, independence 5. What theory asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to form a society and organize government for their common good.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Necessity Theory Devine Right Theory Social Contact Theory Social Compact Theory

6. Government exists and should continue to exist for the benefit of the people. 1. 2. 3. 4. The statement is a general truth. The statement is just an assumption. The statement is a fallacy. There is no basis for judgment.

7. What are the forms of government in which the political power is exercised by a few privilege class. 1. 2. 3. 4. Oligarchy and Aristocracy Aristocracy and Monarchy Theocracy and Fascism Democracy and Tyranny

8. The pre-colonial Philippines has no established government. Its villages and settlements were called barangays. 1. 2. 3. 4. Only Only Both Both the first statement is true and correct. the second statement is true and correct. statements are true and correct. statements are untrue and incorrect.

9. There were four social classes of people in the pre-colonialbarangays. They were the nobles, freemen, serfs, and the slaves. 1. 2. 3. 4. Only Only Both Both the first statement is true and correct. the second statement is true and correct. statements are true and correct. statements are untrue and incorrect.

10. What are the two known written codes during the pre-Spanish era in the Philippines? 1. 2. 3. 4. Maragtas and Kalantiaw Codes Sumakwil and Sulayman Codes Panay and Subanon Codes Hammurabi and Ur Nammu Codes

11. Under the Spanish colonial government, who directly governed the Philippines? 1. 2. 3. 4. The The The The Governor-General Viceroy of Mexico Royal Audiencia King of Spain

12. What is the first city to be established in 1565 in the Philippines? 1. Manila 2. Davao 3. Cebu

4. Iloilo 13.The government which Spain established in the Philippines was defective. It was a government for the Spaniards and not for the Filipinos. 1. 2. 3. 4. Only Only Both Both the first statement is true and correct. the second statement is true and correct. statements are true and correct. statements are untrue and incorrect

14. What was the secret society founded in 1896 that precipitated the glorious revolution against the Spaniards. 1. 2. 3. 4. 15. The The The The Katipunan Kalahi Biak na Bato Republic Ilustrado of governments during the The Dictatorial The Revolutionary The Biak-na-Bato revolutionary era: Government Government Republic

the sequence 1. 2. 3. 4. The First Philippine Republic 2 3 4 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 4 4 2 4 to

Arranged

1. 2. 3. 4. 16.

according 1. 2. 3. The Civil Government 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 1 3

Arranged

its The

establishment during the Commonwealth The Military

American Regime: Government Government

1. 2. 3. 4.

17. What was the civil government established during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines? 1. 2. 3. 4. The The The The Japanese Imperial Government Philippine Republic Puppet Government of Japan Philippine Executive Commission

18. The Constitution used by the Philippine government from the commonwealth period until 1973. 1. The Malolos Constitution 2. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution 3. The 1935 Constitution

4. The 1901 Constitution 19. What kind of government was installed under the 1973 Constitution under the Marcos regime? 1. 2. 3. 4. Modified Presidential system Modified Parliamentary system Military system Bicameral system

20. A de facto government acquires a de jure status when it gains wide acceptance from the people and recognition from the community of nations. 1. 2. 3. 4. The The The The statement statement statement statement is is is is true and valid. an assumption. a fallacy. doubtful.

21. It is defined as written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined and by which these powers are distributed among the several departments or branches for their and useful exercise for the benefit of the people. 1. 2. 3. 4. Laws Statutes Constitution Ordinances

22. There is no Constitution that is entirely written or unwritten. 1. 2. 3. 4. The statement is true and correct. The statement is incorrect. The statement is partially correct. There is no basis to conclude.

23. Requisites of a good written constitution. 1. 2. 3. 4. Brief Broad Definite All of the given options

24. Who has the authority to interpret the constitution? 1. 2. 3. 4. Private individual Courts Legislative and Executive departments of the government All of the given options

25. We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God , in order to build a just and humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote our common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and the regime of truth, justice, freedom, equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. What part of Constitution is this? 1. General Provision

2. Amendments 3. Preamble 4. National Patrimony

Economics, Taxation, Land Reform, and Cooperative 3.1 Manifest understanding of the Philippine economic condition with respect to taxation, land reform, cooperative as well as to the growth of its Gross National Product (GNP).

3.2 Apply the economic principles to the current economic condition of the Philippines.

Practice Tests

1. The problem of scarcity _____. A. arises only in poor countries. B. exists because the price of goods is too high. C. exists because of limited resources. D. will eventually be solve by better planning. 2. If an individual is to maximize the utility received from the consumption, he or she should spend all available income This statement assumes ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. that saving is impossible. that the individual is not satiated in all goods. that no goods are inferior. both A and B.

3. An individuals demand curve A. represents the various quantities that the consumer is willing to purchase of a good at various price levels. B. is derived from an individuals indifference curve map. C. will shift if preferences, price of other goods, or income change. D. all of the above. 4. What is a firm? 1. A president, some vice presidents, and some employees 2. Any organization that wants to make a profit.

3. Any accumulation of productive assets. 4. Any organization that turns inputs into outputs 5. If more and more labor is employed while keeping all other inputs constant, the marginal physical productivity of labor _____. 1. 2. 3. 4. will eventually increase. will eventually decrease. will eventually remain constant. cannot tell from the information provided.

6. In general, microeconomic theory assumes that the firms attempt to maximize the difference between ______. 1. 2. 3. 4. total revenue and accounting costs. price and marginal cost. total revenues and economic costs. economic costs and average cost.

7. In a competitive market, efficient allocation of resources is characterized by ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. a price greater than the marginal cost of production. the possibility of further mutually beneficial transactions. the largest possible sum of consumer and producer surplus. a value of consumer surplus equal to that of producer surplus.

8. Price controls _______. 1. are always popular with consumers because they lower prices. 2. create shortages. 3. increase producer surplus because firms can now sell a greater quantity of a good at a lower price. 4. are necessary to preserve equity. 9. The excess burden of tax is ____. 1. 2. 3. 4. The amount of which the price of a good increases The loss of consumer and producer surplus that is not transferred elsewhere. The amount y which a persons after-tax income decrease as a result of the new tax. The welfare costs to firms forced to leave the market due to an inward shift of the demand curve.

10. In the opening of the free trade, if world prices of a good are less than domestic prices of that same good, _________. 1. domestic consumers will experience a loss of surplus. 2. domestic prices will drop to the world price level. 3. all domestic producers of that good will try to find another market because they cant compete with foreign producers. 4. domestic producers will increase the quantity supplied in order to crowd out the foreign produced goods. 11. It states that as the price of the commodities increase the amount of goods the consumer is willing to purchase decrease and as the price of the commodities decrease the willingness of the consumer to buy increases and other factor remain constant.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Law Law Law Law

of of of of

Diminishing Marginal Utility Gravity Supply Demand

12. A deliberate attempt to recognize and transform existing agrarian system with the intention of improving the distribution of agricultural incomes and thus fostering rural development. 1. Millennium Development Plan 2. Land Reform C. Water Reform D. Development Goals

13. What is the process by which the productive capacity of the economy is increased over time to bring about rising levels of national output and income? 1. Economic growth 2. Industry C. Economic development D. Employment

14. A system whereby the determination of exchange rate is left solely to the market forces. 1. 2. 3. 4. Foreign exchange liberalization Import liberalization Terms of trade Foreign investment

15. All are possible results when a high population growth rate continues in the Third World except 1. 2. 3. 4. growth of slums spread of diseases due to poverty and poor sanitation not enough schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, etc. increased Gross National Product

16. Which of the following is the nature of power of taxation? 1. 2. 3. 4. It is inherent in sovereignty. It is legislative in nature. It is subject to constitutional and inherent limitations. All of the above

17. A kind of tax based on the rate of which decreases as the tax base or bracket increases. 1. Progressive 2. Graduated C. Regressive D. Proportional

18. Agrarian reform program, Philippine experience is a success. 1. 2. 3. 4. The statement is generally true. The statement is doubtful. The statement is untrue. There is no basis to conclude.

19. It is also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) 1. Presidential Decree # 2 2. Presidential Decree # 27

3. Republic Act 6657 4. Republic Act 5766 20. The Cooperatives Development Program of the government is designed primarily to support the agrarian reform program. It aims to achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from pernicious institutional restraints and practices. 1. 2. 3. 4. Only Only Both Both the first statement is true and correct. the second statement is true and correct. statements are true and correct. statements are untrue and incorrect.

Philippine Government and Constitution

Elements of State 1. 2. 3. 4. People Territory Government Sovereignty 1. internal 2. external

Origin of States 1. 2. 3. 4. Devine Right Theory Necessity or Force Theory Paternalistic Theory Social Contract Theory

State distinguished from nation State is a political concept while nation is an ethnic concept. State is not subject to external control while nation may or may not be. A single state may consist of one or more nations or people and conversely, a single nation may be made up of several states. Purpose and Necessity of Government 1.

1. Advancement of the public welfare 2. Consequence of absence

Forms of Government 1. As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers: 1. Monarchy 1.

1.

1. absolute 2. limited

1.

1. Aristocracy 2. Democracy 1. direct or pure democracy 2. Indirect, representative, or republican

1. As to extent of powers exercise by the central or national government: 1. Unitary government 2. Federal Government 2. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government: 1. Parliamentary government 2. Presidential government

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES IN TRANSITION

The pre-Spanish government 1. Unit of government 2. Datu 3. Social classes in the government 1. nobility 2. freemen 3. serfs 4. slaves 4. Early Laws 1. Maragtas Code 2. Kalantiaw Code Government during the Spanish period 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Spains title to the Philippines Spanish Colonial government Government in the Philippines unitary The Governor-General The Judiciary

Government during the Revolutionary era 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The The The The The Katipunan government Biak-na-bato republic Dictatorial Government Revolutionary Government First Philippine Republic

Governments during the American regime

1. The Military Government 2. The Civil Government 3. The Commonwealth Government of the Philippines Government during the Japanese occupation 1. The Japanese Military Administration 2. The Philippine Executive Commissions 3. The Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines The Provisional Government of 1986 1. Revolutionary 2. De jure./ de facto the first is one constituted or founded in accordance with the existing constituted not in accordance with the procedure provided in an existing constitution of the sate, while the other is not so constituted or founded but has the general support of the people and effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers. 3. Constitutional and transitory 4. Democratic 5. Powers 6. The Provisional Constitution

CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION

Nature and purpose or function of constitution 1. Serves as the supreme or fundamental law 2. Establishes basic framework and underlying principles of government Kinds of Constitution 1. As to their origin and history 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Conventional or enacted Cumulative or evolved Written Unwritten Rigid or inelastic Flexible or elastic

1. as to their form 1. As to manner of amending them: Requisites of a good written constitution 1. As to form, a good written constitution should be: 1. Brief 2. Broad 3. Definite

2. As to contents, it should contain at least three sets of provisions: 1. That dealing with the framework of government and its powers, and defining the electorate. This group of provisions has been called the constitution of government. 2. That setting forth the fundamental rights of the people and imposing certain limitations on the powers of the government as a means of securing the enjoyment of these rights. This group has been referred as to the constitution of liberty. 3. That pointing out the mode or procedure for amending or revising the constitution. This group has been called the constitution of sovereignty

CONSTITUTIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES The 1935 Constitution The 1973 Constitution

Parts of the 1987 Constitution

Preamble Article 1 National Territory Article II Declaration of Principles and State Policies Article III Bill of Rights Article IV Citizenship Article V Suffrage Article VI Legislative Department Article VII Executive Department Article VIII Judicial Department Article IX Constitutional Commission Article X Local Government Article XI Accountability of Public Officers Article XII National Economy and Patrimony Article XIII Social Justice and Human Rights

Article XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports Article XV The Family Article XVI General Provisions Article XVII Amendments or Revisions Article XVIII Transitory Provisions

AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES

A. The agrarian problem 1. The Philippines agrarian problem 2. Right to own property, universal but limited 3. A historico-political survey of the agrarian problem and agrarian legislation B. Imperative of Agrarian Reform 1. Necessity of agrarian reform in the Philippines 2. Objections to agrarian reforms 3. Components of agrarian reform 4. Arguments for the land to the tiller program 5. Companion measures to land distribution 6. Role of the farmer in agrarian reform 7. Role of the landlord in agrarian reform C. Constitutional Provisions Relevant to Agrarian Reform 1. Promotion of just and dynamic order 2. Expropriation of private property 3. Promotion of social justice D. Bill of Rights for Agricultural Labor 1. Exercise of right to self-organization

CARP 1. Coverage 2. Improvement of Tenurial and Labor Relation 1. Agricultural Leasehold and lease rental determination 2. Production sharing plan 3. Land Acquisition and Redistribution 1. Compulsory acquisition of private lands 2. Qualified beneficiaries 3. Compensation 4. Corporate farms 5. Support Services

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION

Concepts, Nature, and Characteristics of Taxation and Taxes 1. 2. 3. 4. Purpose and importance of taxation Essential characteristics of tax Theory and basis of taxation Nature of power of taxation

NATIONAL TAXES

1. 1. Income Tax 2. Estate Tax 3. Donors Tax 4. Value Added Tax 5. Percentage Taxes 6. Excise Tax 7. Documentary Stamp Tax 8. Custom Duties 9. Travel Tax 10. Energy Tax 11. Private Motor Vehicle Tax

Answer Key to Practice Tests Philippine Government with Constitution 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. A 21. C 22. A 23. D 24. D 25. C Philosophies of Education Economics, Taxation, CARP

1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. D 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. C

Practice Test

1. Which is not an objective of humanistic education? 1. 2. 3. 4. To To To To free individuals from all free individuals from the demands of the monasteries, the church, and guilds. provide rich and full live for all provide personal culture and individual freedom

2. The following are definitions of philosophy EXCEPT 1. It deals with the nature of being and existence 2. It deals with the values of right and wrong

3. It deals with mythology 4. It deals with the native of knowledge and the process of knowing 3. A branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles, the origin an essence of things, the causes and end of thing. 1. 2. 3. 4. Naturalism Epistemology Logic Pragmatism

4. A Philosophy that states that the tendency, movement, or more definite system of thought in which stress is place upon critical consequence and values as standard for explicating philosophic concept, and as a test of truth lies in its practical consequence and that the purpose of conduct. 1. 2. 3. 4. Naturalism Epistemology Logic Pragmatism

5. It states that the universals are independent of antecedent to and more real than the specific individual instances in which they manifest. 1. 2. 3. 4. Naturalism Existentialism Realism Progressivism

6. This philosophy believes that the child is the center of the educational process 1. 2. 3. 4. Progressivism Naturalism Humanism Existentialism

7. This philosophy advocates that the individual will be educated for his life here on earth and to prepare for the life beyond. 1. 2. 3. 4. Naturalism Pragmatism Existentialism Supernaturalism

8. Holds the view that human existence, or the human situation is the starting point of thinking a. Existentialism b. Realism c. Progressivism d. Naturalism 9. He stated that each person should devote his life to that which he is best fitted to do.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Plato Aristotle Socrates Locke

10. The following are John Lockes view about education EXCEPT a. Tabula rasa or blank paper theory b. Man should live a simple life. 1. Education can shape the pupil according to the will of the teacher. 2. Training gained in one area can be applied in another area. 11. He give emphasis on development of the child according to his nature. 1. 2. 3. 4. Locke Spencer Socrates Rousseau

12. Which of the following is John Deweys thought on education? 1. 2. 3. 4. Education is a continuous reconstruction of experiences. Education should be used for service Knowledge that is best for use in life is also best for the development of power. It is consequences that make the choice good or bad.

13. Which of the following is the philosophical teaching of Jesus Christ? 1. 2. 3. 4. Education is a continuous reconstruction of experiences. Education should be used for service Knowledge that is best for use in life is also best for the development of power. It is consequences that make the choice good or bad.

14. All of the following are functions of philosophies of education EXCEPT 1. Provide guidelines in the formulation of the educational policies and programs and in the construction of curricula. 2. Provide direction toward which all educational effort should be exerted. 3. Provide theories and hypothesis which may be tested for their effectiveness and efficiency. 4. Create a new system of thoughts that challenges the existing paradigm. 15. Philosophies provide the teacher with basis for making his decision concerning his work. It helps the teacher develop a wide range of interest, attitudes, and values concomitant to his professional life as teacher. 1. 2. 3. 4. Both Only Both Only statements are true and correct the second statement is true and correct statements are untrue and incorrect the first statement is true and correct

16. A philosophical foundation of education that believes that one should be able to control and regulate his desires, not to devote life to sensual pleasure success.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Islam Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism

17. Every person should strive for the continual development of self until excellence is achieved. 1. 2. 3. 4. Islam Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism

18. This philosophy emphasizes that educational concern must be on the child interest, desires, and the learners freedom as an individual rather than the subject matter. 1. 2. 3. 4. Progressivism Positivism Realism Naturalism

19. It spouses that legitimate human knowledge arises from what is provided to the mind by the senses or by introspective awareness through experience. 1. 2. 3. 4. Progressivism Positivism Realism Empiricism

20. A philosophical movement characterized by an emphasis upon science and scientific method as the only source of knowledge. 1. 2. 3. 4. Progressivism Positivism Realism Empiricism

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LET REVIEW 2010 PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION By: DR. RONNIE G. CAINGLET

What is Philosophy? - is the science that seeks to organize and systemize all fields of knowledge as a means of understanding and interpreting the totality of reality. - systematic and logical explanation of the nature, existence, purpose and relationships of things, including human beings in the universe.

Main Branches of Philosophy 1. Metaphysics deals with the first principles, the origin an essence of things, the causes and end of thing. - it is the science of existence. 2. Epistemology deals with knowledge and with ways of knowing. - Conceptua - Perceptual Intuitive

3. Axiology deals with purposes and values. - Ethics 4. Logic deals with the correct way of thinking.

Major Philosophies of Education 1. Idealism (Platonic) Reality consists of transcendental universal, form, or ideals which are the object of true knowledge. (DECS order No. 13 s 1998 Revised rules and regulation on the teaching of religion in public elementary and secondary schools)

2. Naturalism This opposed to idealism. This is the view that the whole of reality is nature. 3. Pragmatism a tendency, movement, or more definite system of thought in which stress is place upon critical consequence and values as standard for explicating philosophic concept, and as a test of truth lies in its practical consequence and that the purpose of conduct. - James - Chiller - Dewey

4. Supernaturalism has a purpose to educate the individual for his life here on earth and to prepare for the life beyond. Humanism places human being over in above worldly things.

5. Realism universals are independent of antecedent to and more real than the specific individual instances in which they manifest.

6. Progressivism dominated by the technological experimental advancement which have so powerfully shaped our modern culture. (DECS order No. 57 s 1998 Clarification on the changes in the Social Studies Program, WH for 3rd year and Economics for 4th year) (DECS order No 91 s. 1998 Changes in the THE program of the NSEC) Some important features of Progressivism 1. The child as the center of the educational process. 2. It emphasizes learning by doing. Advocates of Progressivism John Dewey William Kilpatrick 7. Existentialism - Puts emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual. - Existence precedes, that is, essence is created by existence. - Human nature is a product of existence. - Holds the view that human existence, or the human situation is the starting point of thinking. It emphasizes concreteness of the individual. - It values the freedom of choice, individual dignity, personal love, and creative effort. (DECS order no. 65 s. 1998 revised Guidelines on the selection of honor students in secondary level) (DECS order no. 10 s. 1998 Revised system of rating and reporting of student performance for secondary schools)

Freedom of choice is an important value of existentialism and is determined or affected to a large extent several factors among which are the following: 1. Influence of the family especially the parents. 2. Influence of peers and associates. 3. Religious orientation 4. Social approval 5. Cultural patterns 6. Financial status 7. Psychological traits 8. Sex 9. Health and physical fitness 10. Education 8. Positivism - a philosophical movement characterized by an emphasis upon science and scientific method as the only source of knowledge. 9. Relativism - a doctrine of relationism or relativity a theory that knowledge is relative to the limited nature of the mind and the condition of knowing. 10. Materialism - it maintains that all events are not true to the nature of independent reality and that holds that absolutely true knowledge is impossible. 11. Empiricism - it spouses that legitimate human knowledge arises from what is provided to the mind by the senses or by introspective awareness through experience. -hence it believes on education through 12. Romanticism - it questioned the notions of the enlightenment that had dominated Europe in the early 18th century. 13. Epicureanism - philosophical teaching about nature and ethics that was derived from the writing of Epicurus. - this philosophy base its knowledge on sense perception, asserting that sensations are invariably good. 14. Hedonism - it centers on pleasure - learning is pleasurable

15. Utilitarianism - it believes that any moral theory that value of human actions, policies, and institutions by their consequences in mens experience or by general welfare of all person affected by them. 16. Communism - disregard basic human rights and educates the young for subservience to the state.

17. Fascism conceives that the state is an absolute.

18. Progressivism - it emphasizes that educational concern must be on the child interest, desires, and the learners freedom as an individual rather than the subject matter. 19. Essentialism - it ascribes ultimate reality to immense embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses. The Educational Philosophies of Frontier Thinkers of Education 1. SOCRATES a. The end of life is knowledge. b. Knowledge is virtues c. Know thyself 2. PLATO a. Each person should devote his life to that which he is best fitted to do. b. The function of education is to determine what each individual is by nature fitted to do. c. Social justice (Give what is due to whom it is due) d. Intellectual aristocracy (The rule of the intellectual elite) 3. ARISTOTLE a. Virtue is not possession of knowledge but state of the will.

b. The end of education is knowledge alone, but the union of the intellect and the will or knowledge express in action. c. Reality, not ideas but the performance, is the highest function. d. Adaptation of education to the form of government. e. Objective and scientific not introspective method of education 4. Comenius a. Development of the whole life. b. Follow the order of nature. c. Training for character. d. Both sexes should be included in education. 5. LOCKE a. Tabula rasa or blank paper theory a child is born with a blank mind (neither good or bad) b. Education can shape the pupil according to the will of the teacher. c. Formal discipline Training gained in one area can be applied in another area. 6. Rousseau a. Development of the child according to his nature. b. Man should live a simple life. c. The child, the important d. Use of instinctive tendencies as the starting point of education 7. Peztalozzi a. Education as the process of organized growth. b. All education should be founded upon laws of natural development of the child. c. Use of object in teaching. d. Emphasis on method and technique of teaching. 8. HERBART

a. Doctrine of apperception b. Education should be specific. c. Mind is a unity, possessing but one power, that of entering into relation with its environment. 9. FROEBEL a. Self-activity as the means of development. b. Play, spontaneous activity, manual and industrial development are utilized to promote self-realization. c. Process of education determined by the nature of the child. 10. Spencer Knowledge that is best for use in life is also best for the development of power. Emphasis on physical education. Importance of science in the curriculum 11. WILLIAM JAMES Mental activity is functional. Knowledge is instrumental. It is consequences that make the choice good or bad. 12. JOHN DEWEY Education is life Education is growth Education is a social process Education is a continuous reconstruction of experiences. 13. JESUS CHRIST Right relationship with God should precede all kinds and types of education. But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and His righteousness, and everything shall be added unto you (Matthew 6:33) Education should be used for service.

Give thyself is the philosophy of service of Jesus. FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION 1. Provide guidelines in the formulation of the educational policies and programs and in the construction of curricula. 2. Provide direction toward which all educational effort should be exerted. 3. Provide theories and hypothesis which may be tested for their effectiveness and efficiency. 4. Provide norms or standards for evaluation purposes. Importance of Philosophy of Education to the Teacher 1. Provides the teacher with basis for making his decision concerning his work. 2. Help the teacher develop a wide range of interest, attitudes, and values concomitant to his professional life as teacher. 3. Makes a teacher more aware of his own life and work, and makes him more dynamic, discriminating, critical and mentally alert. 4. Philosophy of education saves time, money and effort Philosophical Foundation of Education A. Hinduism (Dharma), characterized by honesty courage, service, faith, self-control, purity, and non-violence Dharma can be achieved through Yoga Believes that one should be able to control and regulate his desires, not to devote life to sensual pleasure success. Religion should be practical. God is truth and the best way to seek the truth is by practicing non-violence (Ahimsa) B. Buddhism Believes that personal gratification is the root of suffering in the world. The teaching of Buddha centered on four noble truths: 1. All life is suffering, pain, and misery 2. Selfish craving and personal desire. 3. Suffering can cease. 4. Way to overcome this misery is through following the Eight Fold Paths

The Buddhas Noble Eightfold Path 2. Chinese Philosophies Confucianism, - an essentially optimistic system of belief, argued that those who were naturally virtuous should, while behaving with loyalty and respect, help to govern their country by maintaining their independence and criticizing their rulers if necessary: The government served its citizens, rather than the reverse.

Taoism, - By contrast, taught that humans should withdraw from culture and society, devoting themselves to meditation and, like water, adapt themselves to natural forces.

3. Japanese Philosophy Zen Buddhism - No savior/s paradise, faith on God, no scriptures. -The third eye helps one to see things in addition to what our two eyes show us, and should be attuned to the things around us. Emphasizes silent meditation, aiming to awaken the mind in each person. 4. Muslim Philosophy Islam - Emphasized a total commitment in faith obedience, and trust to one and only God. Koran, its sacred book is the word of God. Each person will be tried on the judgment when Allah will judge all souls. Believes in paradise, an oasis of flowing water, pleasant drinks, food and sensual delights. Five Pillars of Islam: 1. Belief in one God 2. Prayer 3. Fasting 4. Alms giving 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca

5. Christian Philosophy God is the Creator of all thing Jesus is the Messiah, Christ, Son of God Human being is a sinner who requires redemption Jesus came down to earth to redeem mankind Baptism is necessary for salvation There is life after death