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Frequency Modulation Simulation Using Matlab

This experiment investigates frequency modulation characteristics in both the frequency and time domains. It aims to implement and characterize both a classical double-tuned FM demodulator and a modern PLL FM demodulator. The document describes the equipment used, the principles of frequency modulation, and Carson's rule for determining FM bandwidth. It then provides detailed procedures for transmitting an FM signal, demodulating it with both a double-tuned detector and a PLL, and analyzing the output signals. Graphs and equations are provided for characterizing the demodulator performance at different modulation indices.

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2K views

Frequency Modulation Simulation Using Matlab

This experiment investigates frequency modulation characteristics in both the frequency and time domains. It aims to implement and characterize both a classical double-tuned FM demodulator and a modern PLL FM demodulator. The document describes the equipment used, the principles of frequency modulation, and Carson's rule for determining FM bandwidth. It then provides detailed procedures for transmitting an FM signal, demodulating it with both a double-tuned detector and a PLL, and analyzing the output signals. Graphs and equations are provided for characterizing the demodulator performance at different modulation indices.

Uploaded by

vsb004
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

EXPERIMENT #4

FREQUENCY MODULATION

Page 1

Purpose:
The objectives of this laboratory are: 1. To investigate frequency modulation characteristics in the frequency domain. 2. To implement a classical double-tuned FM demodulator and measure its characteristics. 3. To implement a modern PLL FM demodulator and measure its characteristics. 4. To investigate the effect of FM signal bandwidth on the detected signal-to-noise ratio.

Equipment List
1. PC with Matlab and Simulink

Page 2

Frequency Modulation
FM results when the time derivative of the phase of the carrier is varied linearly with the message signal m(t). The frequency deviation is proportional to the derivative of the phase deviation. Thus, the instantaneous frequency of the output of the FM modulator is maximum when the message signal m(t) is maximum and minimum when m(t) is minimum.

Carsons Rule:
Carsons Rule is used to determine the bandwidth of the FM wave. According to Carsons Rule, the bandwidth is given by: BW = 2(+1)fm Hertz.

Laboratory Procedure Determining Constants:


Before proceeding to perform the experiment, the following steps were performed: 1. 2. 3. 4. Calibrate the multiplier and determine the multiplier constant. Determine the VCO conversion constant Ko Set the VCOs frequency for 5 kHz. Verify the outputs of the 1st order Low Pass Filter.

1. Multiplier Constant, Km With a 1V p-p sinusoidal voltage at both inputs of the multiplier, the output was observed and the multiplier constant was calculated to be 0.206. 2. VCO Conversion Constant, Ko An external voltage may control the output frequency of the VCO. The change in the output frequency per change in the dc input voltage was measured. Ko = f / v Ko = 1 / 0.5 = 2 kHz/sec/volt Ko = 4103 = 12566 rad/sec/volt

Page 3

FM Transmission:
The following schematic was implemented.

Figure 4 A (a) FM detector

Figure 4 A (b) FM Input signal

Page 4

Figure 4 A (c) PSD of message signal

Figure 4 A (d) Limter - Unmasked

Page 5

The output of the function generator is set to 1 kHz (modulation frequency fm = 1kHz) and no output level.

Figure 4 A (e)Band pass block parameters

Figure 4 A (f)Output of Limiter A 5kHz carrier delta function was observed on the signal analyzer. We increased the output level of the function generator by pressing the Delta Level key on the generator and selecting

Page 6

delta of 0.1 volt. Setting the Vpp to 0 volts and incrementing the Vpp by 0.1 V increments, we increased the level until a of = 0.5 was achieved.

Figure 4 A (g)Output of 4k Band pass filter

Figure 4 A (h)Output of 8k Band pass filter

Figure 4 A (i)Block parameters of envelope detector

Page 7

Figure 4 A (j)Output of difference block

Figure 4 A (k)Output of Cheby filter = Ko A./ (2fm); A = Vpp /2

The above procedure is repeated for = 1 and = 2. We observed that the carrier disappears at A = 1.05 V. Setting the frequency axis on the spectrum analyzer to a linear scale, the approximate bandwidth for different values of was observed. The results are tabulated below:

Page 8

Figure 4 A (l) Received signal

Figure 4 A (m) Recovered signal

Page 9

Figure 4 A (n) Recovered signal

Figure 4 A (o) Input signal

Page 10

The output is read from the frequency counter. By varying the frequency, and observing the output, we see that the discriminator output follows the following characteristic. The signal is also monitored on the oscilloscope. PLL Detection In this part of the experiment, we detect the Fm signal using a PLL. Using VCO #1, we made an FM signal by setting the center frequency of the VCO in open loop to 5 kHz and putting the function generators signal (1kHz 0 Vpp) and putting the function generators signal (1kHz 0Vpp) into the input of the VCO #1.

figure 4 B (a) FM PLL The PLL circuit is built according to the schematic shown below. The LPF with 1kHz cutoff frequency is to remove high frequency components from the detected signal. It is not a part of the PLL. In the open loop, the VCO#2 is set for 5kHz.

figure 4 B (b) Block parameters of carrier VCO 5kHz

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VCO#1 is part of the FM transmitter, VCO #2 is part of the PLL detector. With the function generator putting out no signal, the VCO #1s output frequency is varied. We note the dc voltages for the corresponding input frequencies. We observe that the discriminator curve generated using the PLL is more linear than the Double Tuned Detector.

figure 4 B (c) PSD of message signal

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figure 4 B (d) Input signal

figure 4 B (e) vco output

figure 4 B (f) Limiter

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figure 4 B (g)VCO spectrum

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figure 4 B (h) Recovered Signal spectrum

Page 15

Appendix

Pre Lab

Page 16

Prelab Questions
Consider a carrier signal (cos ct) being frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal (A cos mt). The result can be expressed as a series of Bessel functions:

S(t) =
where

n = -

( ) cos[ (c + nm )t ]

Jn() are Bessel functions of nth order = 2koA / m = koA / fm = modulation index ko = frequency deviation constant 1. for = .5, 2, and 2, sketch the positive frequency domain representation (magnitude only). For = 0.5 J0() = 0.9385 J1() = 0.2423 J2() = 0.0306 J3() = 0.0026
M a g n it u d e s p e c t ru m 1 o f s ( t ) fo r b e t a = 0 . 5

0 .9

0 .8

0 .7

0 .6 M a g n it u d e

0 .5

0 .4

0 .3

0 .2

0 .1

0 -3 -2 -1 0 f
c

1 in m u lt ip le o f f
m

D e vi a t i o n o f fr e q u e n c y fr o m

Page 17

For = 1 J0() = 0.7652 J1() = 0.4401 J2() = 0.1149 J3() = 0.0196 J4() = 0.0025

M a g n it u d e s p e c t ru m 0 .8

o f s ( t ) fo r b e t a = 1

0 .7

0 .6

0 .5 M a g n itu d e

0 .4

0 .3

0 .2

0 .1

0 -4

-3

-2

-1

0 f
c

2
m

D e v i a t i o n o f fr e q u e n c y f r o m

in m u lt ip le o f f

For = 2 J0() = 0.2239 J1() = 0.5767 J2() = 0.3528 J3() = 0.1289 J4() = 0.0340 J5() = 0.0070 J6() = 0.0012
M a g n it u d e

M a g n it u d e s p e c t ru m 0 .7

o f s ( t ) fo r b e t a = 2

0 .6

0 .5

0 .4

0 .3

0 .2

0 .1

0 -6

-4

-2

0 f
c

2 in m u lt ip le o f f
m

D e v i a t i o n o f fr e q u e n c y f r o m

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2. If fc = 5,000 Hz, fm = 1,000 Hz and ko = 2,000 Hz/V, find RMS value of the modulating signal for = 0.5, 1, and 2

P=

n= (

+ 1

2 n ) 1

2 ( ) A 2

2k Ak o = = 0.5 = o = A 2000 = 2 A = modulation index For f 1000 m m


Then A = /2 For = 0.5 A = /2 = 0.25 P = (0.24232 + 0.93852 + 0.24232 )*A2 /2 = 0.0312 J RMS value = P1/2 = 0.02441/2 = 0.1766 V For = 1 A = /2 = 0.5 P = ( 0.76522 + 0.44012 + 0.44012 + 0.11492 + 0.11492 )*A2 /2 = 0.1249 J RMS value = P1/2 = 0.12491/2 = 0.3534 V For = 2 A = /2 = 1 P = ( 0.22392 + 0.57672 + 0.57672 + 0.35282 + 0.35282 + 0.12892 + 0.12892 )*A2 /2 = 0.4987 J RMS value = P1/2 = 0.49871/2 = 0.7062 3. Using Carsons rule, what is the approximate bandwidth occupied by s(t) for = 1 and 2 For = 1 Bandwidth = 2( + 1)fm = 2(1 + 1)*1000 = 4000 Hz For = 2 Bandwidth = 2( + 1)fm = 2(2 + 1)*1000 = 6000 Hz

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