Professor Grant Williams

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Figures by Type with Link Tropes Metaplasmic Figures Figures of Omission Figures of Repetition (words) Figures of Repetition (clauses and ideas) Figures of Unusual Word Order Figures of Thought

Definition figures which change the typical meaning of a word or words figures which move the letters or syllables of a word from their typical places figures which omit something--eg. a word, words, phrases, or clauses--from a sentence figures which repeat one or more words figures which repeat a phrase, a clause or an idea figures which alter the ordinary order of words or sentences a miscellaneous group of figures which deal with emotional appeals and techniques of argument

Tropes metaphor

Definition
the substitution of a word for a word whose meaning is close to the original word a noun is substituted for a noun in such a way that we substitute the cause of the thing of which we are speaking for the thing itself; this might be done in several ways: substituting the inventor for his invention, the container for the thing contained or vice versa, an author for his work, the sign for the thing signified, the cause for the effect or vice versa

Example
Poor broken glass, I often did behold/ In thy sweet semblance my old age new born...---The Rape of Lucrece,1758-59 I must comfort the weaker vessel, as doublet and hoseought to show itself courageous to petticoat.---As You Like It, 2.4.6 Was this the face that launched a thousand ships,/ And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?---Dr. Faustus, 12.8081 He was no notorious malefactor, but he had been twice on the pillory, and once burnt in the hand for trifling oversights.---Direccions for Speech and Style

metonymy

synecdoche substitution of part for whole, genus for species, or vice versa

irony

expressing a meaning directly contrary to that suggested by the words

metalepsis

a double metonymy in which an effect is represented by a remote cause

Woe worth the mountain that the mast bear/ Which was the first causer of all my care (Medea cursing Jason).--The Arte of English Poesie, 183 For what the waves could never wash away/ This proper youth has wasted in a day.---The Arte of English Poesie, 226 O modest wantons! wanton modesty!--The Rape of Lucrece, 401 Lord Angelo dukes it well.---Measure for Measure, 3.2.100 He is no fool.---The Arte of English Poesie, 184 His legs bestrid the ocean, his rear'd arm/ Crested the world, his voice was propertied/ As all the tuned spheres...--Antony and Cleopatra, 5.2.82

paradox

a seemingly self contradictory statement, which yet is shown to be true

oxymoron anthimeria litotes

a condensed paradox at the level of a phrase the substitution of one part of speech for another; for instance, an adverb for a noun or a noun for an adverb deliberate understatement or denial of the contrary

hyperbole

exaggerated or extravagant statement used to make a strong impression, but not intended to be taken literally

Metaplasmic Figures prosthesis aphaersis epenthesis syncope paragoge apocope antisthecon metathesis

Definition
addition of letters to the beginning of a word omission of letters from the beginning of a word addition of letters to the middle of a word omission of letters from the middle of a word addition of letters to the end of a word omission of letters from the end of a word substitution of a letter or sound for another within a word transposition of a letter out of its normal order in a word

Example
I all alone beweep my outcast state.---Shakespeare Sonnets, 29 Use every man after his desert, and who should 'scapewhipping?---Hamlet, 2.2.561 Lie blist'ring fore the visitating sun.---Two Noble Kinsmen, 1.1.146 Thou thy worldly task hast done,/ Home art gone, and ta'enthy wages. Cymberline, 4.2.258 I can call spirits from the vasty deep.---Henry IV, Part I, 3.1.52 I am Sir Oracle,/ And when I ope my lips let no dog bark!--The Merchant of Venice, 1.1.93 Or, ere they meet, in me, O nature, cesse!---All's Well That Ends Well, 5.3.75 With liver burning hot. Frevent.---The Merry Wives of Windsor, 2.1.122

Figures of Omission ellipsis zeugma scesis onamaton anapodoton

Definition

Example
And he to England shall along with you.--Hamlet, 3.3.1 How Tarquin wronged me, I Collatine.---The Rape of Lucrece, 819 A maid in conversation chaste, in speech mild, in countenance cheerful, in behavior modest ...[etc.]--The Garden of Eloquence Haply you shall not see me more; or if,/ A mangled Shadow.---Antony and Cleopatra, 4.2.26. He said you were, I dare not tell you plaine:/ For words once out, never returne againe.---The Arte of English Poesie, 139 I will make no mention of his drunken banquets nightly, and his watching with bawds, dicers, whore masters. I will not name his losses, his luxurity, and staining of his honesty.---The Garden of Eloquence, 131

an ellipsis of a verb, in which one verb is used to govern several clauses omission of the verb of a sentence

omission of a clause

aposiopesis

stopping a sentence in midcourse so that the statement is unfinished When the orator feigneth and maketh as though he would say nothing in some matter, when, notwithstanding he speaketh most of all, or when he saith something: in saying he will not say it.---The Garden of Eloquence, 130

occupatio

Figures of Repetition (words) epizeuxis

Definition
emphatic repetition of a word with no other words between repetition of the same word or root in different grammatical functions or forms repetition of a word, but in two different meanings repetition of a word at the beginning of a clause, line, or sentence repetition of a word at the end of a clause, line, or sentence

Example
Reputation, reputation, reputation! O! I have lost my reputation.--Othello, 2.3.264 Disturb his hours of rest with restless trances,/ Afflict him in his bedwith bedrid groans;/ Let there bechance him pitiful mischances,/ To make him moan but pity not his moans.---The Rape of Lucrece, 974-977 Whoever hath her wish, thou has thy Will,/ And Will to boot, andWill in overplus---Shakespeare Sonnets, 135 Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition!---King John, 2.1.561

polyptoton

antanaclasis anaphora

epistrophe

I'll have my bond!/ Speak not against my bond!/ I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond.---The Merchant of Venice, 3.3.4

symploce

repetition of both beginnings and endings repetition of the beginning at the end repetition of the end of a line or clause at the next beginning repeating anadiplosis a heaping together and piling up of many words that have a similar meaning repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order; a chiasmus on the level of words (AB; BA) the needless repetition of words; a tautology on the level of a phrase

Most true that I must fair Fidessa love,/ Most true that fair Fidessa cannot love./ Most true that I do feel the pains of love,/ Most true that I am captive unto love.---Fidessa, 62 Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows:/ Strengthmatch'd with strength, and power confronted power.---King John, 2.1.329-30 For I have loved long, I crave reward/ Reward me not unkindly: think on kindness,/ Kindness becommeth those of high regard/ Regardwith clemency a poor man's blindness---Fidessa, 16 My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,/ And every tonguebrings in a several tale,/ And every talecondemns me for a villain.---Richard III, 5.3.194 But now I am cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in/ To saucy doubts and fears.---Macbeth, 3.4.24

epanalepsis

anadiplosis

gradatio

congeries

antimetabole

Thy sea within a puddle's womb is hearsed,/ and not the puddle in thy sea dispersed.---The Rape of Lucrece, 657-658

pleonasm

Sober he seemde, and very sagely sad,/ And to the ground his eyes were lowly bent,/ Simple in shew, and voyde of malice bad...---The Faerie Queene, Book 1, 1.29

Figures of Repetition (clauses and ideas) auxesis isocolon

Definition

Example

arrangement of clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance repetition of phrases or clauses of equal length and corresponding grammatical structure needless repetition of the same idea in different words; pleonasm on the level of a sentence or sentences

I may, I must, I can, I will, I do/ Leave following that which it is gain to miss.---Astrophil and Stella, 47 I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse.---Charles V If you have a friend, keep your friend, for an old friend is to be preferred before a new friend, this I say to you as your friend.---The Garden of Eloquence, 49

tautology

chiasmus

reversal of grammatical structures or ideas in sucessive phrases or clauses, which do not necessarily involve a repetition of words repetition of clauses or idea by negation the replacement of a single word by several which together have the same meaning; a substitution of more words for less

But O, what damned minutes tells he o'er/ Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves.---Othello, 3.3.169 A bliss in proof; and prov'd, a very woe;/ Before, a joy propos'd; behind a dream.---Shakespeare Sonnets, 129 While memory holds a seat/ In this distracted globe...--Hamlet, 1.4.96

antithesis periphrasis

Figures of Unusual Word Order anastrophe hyperbaton hysteron proteron hypallage parenthesis

Definition
arrangment by reversal of ordinary word order, usually confined to the transposition of two words only departure from ordinary word order reversal of temporal order a reversal of words which seems to change the sense a word, phrase, or sentence inserted as an aside in a sentence complete by itself

Example

Figures pedantical---Love's Labour's Lost, 5.2.407 Yet I'll not shed her blood,/ Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow...---Othello, 5.2.3 My dame that bred me up and bare me in her wombe.--The Arte of English Poesie, 142 Open the day, and see if it be the window.---The Garden of Eloquence But now my Deere (for so love makes me to call you still)/ That love I say, that lucklesse love, that works me all this ill.---The Arte of English Poesie, 141

Figures of Thought adynaton

Definition
the impossibility of expressing oneself adequately to the topic

Example
Words cannot convey how much your letters have delighted me.---Elementorum rhetorices libri, 44f

aporia

true or feigned doubt or deliberation about an issue

Whether he took them from his fellows more impudently, gave them to an harlot more lasciviously, removed them from the Roman people more wickedly or altered them more presumptuously, I cannot well declare.---The Garden of Eloquence, 109 Shameful it is--ay, if the fact be known...---The Rape of Lucrece, 239 With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb'st the skies,/ How silently, and with how wan a face!---Astrophil and Stella, 31

correctio

a correction or revision of previous words representing an imaginary or absent person as speaking or acting; attributing life, speech or inanimate qualities to dumb or inanimate objects a diversion of discourse from the topic at hand to addressing some person or thing, either present or absent

prosopopoeia

apostrophe

Within a month.../ She married--O most wicked speed: to post/ With such dexterity to incestuous sheets...---Hamlet, 1.2.153