CHAPTER 6

Exercises
E6.1 (a) The frequency of v in (t ) = 2 cos(2 2000t ) is 2000 Hz. For this frequency H (f ) = 260 o. Thus, Vout = H (f )Vin = 260 o 20 o = 460 o

and we have v out (t ) = 4 cos(2 2000t + 60 o ). (b) The frequency of v in (t ) = cos(2 3000t 20 o ) is 3000 Hz. For this frequency H (f ) = 0. Thus, Vout = H (f )Vin = 0 20 o = 0 and we have v out (t ) = 0. E6.2 The input signal v (t ) = 2 cos(2 500t + 20 o ) + 3 cos(2 1500t ) has two components with frequencies of 500 Hz and 1500 Hz. For the 500-Hz component we have: Vout,1 = H (500)Vin = 3.515 o 220 o = 7 35 o

v out,1 (t ) = 7 cos(2 500t + 35 o )

For the 1500-Hz component: Vout,2 = H (1500)Vin = 2.545 o 30 o = 7.545 o

v out,2 (t ) = 7.5 cos(2 1500t + 45 o )

Thus the output for both components is v out (t ) = 7 cos(2 500t + 35 o ) + 7.5 cos(2 1500t + 45 o ) E6.3 The input signal v (t ) = 1 + 2 cos(2 1000t ) + 3 cos(2 3000t ) has three components with frequencies of 0, 1000 Hz and 3000 Hz. For the dc component, we have v out,1 (t ) = H (0) v in ,1 (t ) = 4 1 = 4 For the 1000-Hz component, we have: Vout,2 = H (1000)V = 330 o 20 o = 630 o in,2

v out,1 (t ) = 6 cos(2 1000t + 30 o )

For the 3000-Hz component: Vout,3 = H (3000)Vin,3 = 0 30 o = 0

v out,3 (t ) = 0

Thus, the output for all three components is v out (t ) = 4 + 6 cos(2 1000t + 30 o )
1

E6.4

Using the voltage-division principle, we have:

Vout = Vin

R R + j 2fL

Then the transfer function is: V 1 1 R H (f ) = out = = = Vin R + j 2fL 1 + j 2fL / R 1 + jf / fB E6.5 From Equation 6.9, we have fB = 1 /(2RC ) = 200 Hz , and from Equation V 1 . 6.9, we have H (f ) = out = 1 + jf / fB Vin For the first component of the input, the frequency is 20 Hz, H (f ) = 0.995 5.71 o , Vin = 100 o , and Vout = H (f )Vin = 9.95 5.71 o Thus the first component of the output is v out,1 (t ) = 9.95 cos(40t 5.71 o ) For the second component of the input, the frequency is 500 Hz, H (f ) = 0.371 68.2o , Vin = 50 o , and Vout = H (f )Vin = 1.86 68.2o Thus the second component of the output is v out,2 (t ) = 1.86 cos(40t 68.2o ) For the third component of the input, the frequency is 10 kHz, H (f ) = 0.020 88.9 o , Vin = 50 o , and Vout = H (f )Vin = 0.100 88.9 o Thus the third component of the output is v out,2 (t ) = 0.100 cos(2 10 4t 88.9o ) Finally, the output with for all three components is: v out (t ) = 9.95 cos(40t 5.71 o ) + 1.86 cos(40t 68.2o )
+ 0.100 cos(2 10 4t 88.9 o )

E6.6

H (f ) dB = 20 log H (f ) = 20 log(50) = 33.98 dB

E6.7

(a) H (f ) dB = 20 log H (f ) = 15 dB
log H (f ) = 15/20 = 0.75

H (f ) = 10 0.75 = 5.623
2

(b) H (f ) dB = 20 log H (f ) = 30 dB
log H (f ) = 30/20 = 1.5

H (f ) = 101.5 = 31.62
E6.8 (a) 1000 22 = 4000 Hz is two octaves higher than 1000 Hz. (b) 1000 / 23 = 125 Hz is three octaves lower than 1000 Hz. (c) 1000 10 2 = 100 kHz is two decades higher than 1000 Hz. (d) 1000 / 10 = 100 Hz is one decade lower than 1000 Hz.

E6.9

(a) To find the frequency halfway between two frequencies on a logarithmic scale, we take the logarithm of each frequency, average the logarithms, and then take the antilogarithm. Thus f = 10[log(100) +log(1000)] / 2 = 10 2.5 = 316.2 Hz is half way between 100 Hz and 1000 Hz on a logarithmic scale. (b) To find the frequency halfway between two frequencies on a linear scale, we simply average the two frequencies. Thus (100 + 1000)/2 = 550 Hz is halfway between 100 and 1000 Hz on a linear scale.

E6.10

To determine the number of decades between two frequencies we take the difference between the common (base-ten) logarithms of the two frequencies. Thus 20 Hz and 15 kHz are log(15 10 3 ) log(20) = 2.875 decades apart. Similarly, to determine the number of octaves between two frequencies we take the difference between the base-two logarithms of the two frequencies. One formula for the base-two logarithm of z is log(z ) 3.322 log(z ) log2 (z ) = log(2) Thus the number of octaves between 20 Hz and 15 kHz is log(15 10 3 ) log(20) = 9.551 log(2) log(2)

E6.11

The transfer function for the circuit shown in Figure 6.17 in the book is 1 /( j 2fC ) V 1 1 = = H (f ) = out = Vin R + 1 /( j 2fC ) 1 + j 2RCf 1 + jf / fB

in which fB = 1 /(2RC ) = 1000 Hz. Thus the magnitude plot is approximated by 0 dB below 1000 Hz and by a straight line sloping downward at 20 dB/decade above 1000 Hz. This is shown in Figure 6.18a in the book. The phase plot is approximated by 0 o below 100 Hz, by 90 o above 10 kHz and by a line sloping downward between 0 o at 100 Hz and 90 o at 10 kHz. This is shown in Figure 6.18b in the book.
E6.12

Using the voltage division principle, the transfer function for the circuit shown in Figure 6.19 in the book is j (f / fB ) j 2RC V R = = H (f ) = out = Vin R + 1 /( j 2fC ) 1 + j 2RCf 1 + j (f / fB ) in which fB = 1 /(2RC ).

E6.13

Using the voltage division principle, the transfer function for the circuit shown in Figure 6.22 in the book is j (f / fB ) j 2fL j 2fL / R V = = H (f ) = out = Vin R + j 2fL 1 + j 2fL / R 1 + j (f / fB ) in which fB = R /(2L).

E6.14

A first-order filter has a transfer characteristic that decreases by 20 dB/decade below the break frequency. To attain an attenuation of 50 dB the signal frequency must be 50/20 = 2.5 decades below the break frequency. 2.5 decades corresponds to a frequency ratio of 10 2.5 = 316.2. Thus to attenuate a 1000 Hz signal by 50 dB the highpass filter must have a break frequency of 316.2 kHz. Solving Equation 6.22 for capacitance and substituting values, we have 1 1 = = 503.3 pF C = 2fB R 2 1000 316.2 10 3 1 = 2533 pF L (2f0 ) L (2 10 ) 10 10 6 R = 0 L / Qs = 1.257 B = f0 / Qs = 20 kHz fL f0 B / 2 = 990 kHz fH f0 + B / 2 = 1010 kHz

E6.15

C =

2 0

6 2

E6.16

At resonance we have VR = Vs = 10 o

VL = j 0 LI = j 0 LVs / R = jQs Vs = 5090 o V

VC = (1 / j 0C ) I = (1 / j 0C )Vs / R = jQs Vs = 50 90 o V

E6.17

C (2f0 ) C Qs = f0 / B = (5 10 6 ) /(200 10 3 ) = 25
2 0 2 6 2

L=

1 = 2.156 H (2 5 10 ) 470 10 12

R =

0CQs
1 2 LC

1 = 2.709 2 5 10 470 10 12 25
6

E6.18

f0 =

= 711.8 kHz

Qp =

R = 22.36 0L C =

B = f0 / Qp = 31.83 kHz Qp

E6.19

Qp = f0 / B = 50

L=

R = 0.3183 H 0Qp

0R

= 795.8 pF

E6.20

A second order lowpass filter with f0 = 5 kHz is needed. The circuit configuration is shown in Figure 6.34a in the book. The normalized transfer function is shown in Figure 6.34c. Usually we would want a filter without peaking and would design for Q = 1. Given that L = 5 mH, the other component values are 2f0 L 1 R = = 157.1 C = = 0.2026 F Q (2f0 ) 2 L The circuit is shown in Figure 6.39 in the book.

E6.21

We need a bandpass filter with fL = 45 kHz and fH = 55 kHz. Thus we have

f0

fL + fH
2

= 50 kHz

B = fH fL = 10 kHz C =
1 = 10.13 nF

Q = f0 / B = 5

R =

2f0 L

= 62.83

(2f0 ) 2 L

The circuit is shown in Figure 6.40 in the book.

E6.22

The files Example_6_8 and Example_6_9 can be found in the MATLAB folder on the OrCAD disk. The results should be similar to Figures 6.42 and 6.44. (a) Rearranging Equation 6.56, we have 0. 9 a = = = 0. 9 T 1 a 1 0. 9 T Thus we have = 9 .
(b) From Figure 6.49 in the book we see that the step response of the digital filter reaches 0.632 at approximately n = 9. Thus the speed of response of the RC filter and the corresponding digital filter are comparable.

E6.23

E6.24

Writing a current equation at the node joining the resistance and capacitance, we have y (t ) d [ y (t ) x (t )] +C =0 Multiplying both sides by R and using the fact that the time constant is = RC, we have dy (t ) dx (t ) y (t ) + =0 Next we approximate the derivatives as dy (t ) y y (n ) y (n 1) dx (t ) x x (n ) x (n 1) = and = dt T dt T t t which yields y (n ) y (n 1) x (n ) x (n 1) y (n ) + =0 Solving for y(n), we obtain y (n ) = a1 y (n 1) + b0x (n ) + b1x (n 1) in which

dt

dt

dt

a1 = b0 = b1 =
E6.25

/T 1 + /T

(a) Solving Equation 6.58 for d and substituting values, we obtain fs 104 d = = = 10 2fnotch 2 500
(b) Repeating for fnotch = 300 Hz, we have

d =

fs 104 = = 16.67 2fnotch 2 300

However, d is required to be an integer value so we cannot obtain a notch filter for 300 Hz exactly for this sampling frequency. (Possibly other more complex filters could provide the desired performance.)

Answers for Selected Problems

P6.8* P6.11* P6.12* P6.13* P6.14*

v out (t ) = 10 + 3.5 cos(2 2500t 15o ) + 2.5 cos(2 7500t 135o ) H (5000 ) = 0.545 o f = 250 Hz v o (t ) = 2
H (f ) =
j 2f

H (250) =

Vout = 3 45 Vin

P6.23*

For H (f ) = 1 o , we have f = 0.01746fB . For H (f ) = 89 o , we have f = 57.29fB . For H (f ) = 10 o , we have f = 0.1763fB .

P6.25*

v out (t ) = 4.472 cos(500t 26.57 o ) + 3.535 cos(1000t 45o )

+ 2.236 cos(2000t 63.43o )

P6.30*

fB = 11.94 Hz

13 Vout = Vin 1 + j (f fB )

P6.40* P6.41* P6.46* P6.52*

(a) (a) (a)

H (f ) = 0.3162
547.7 Hz

(b)

H (f ) = 3.162

(b) 1550 Hz
1

H (f ) =

[1 + j (f

fB )]2

(b) f3dB = 0.6436fB

P6.60*

P6.64*

P6.65* P6.72*

v out (t ) = 3.536 cos(2000t + 45 o )

f0 Qs B fH fL

= 1.125 MHz = 10 = 112.5 kHz 1.181 MHz 1.069 MHz

P6.75*

L = 79.57 H C = 318.3 pF

V = 20 90 o C

P6.79*

f0 = 1.592 MHz Qp = 10.00 B = 159.2 kHz

P6.84*

Bandpass filter:

Band-reject filter:

P6.88*

L = 1.592 mH
P6.104*

C = 1592 pF
1

L=

Qs
0

and

C=

0Qs

10

y (n ) =

T 0 + 2Qs Qs y (n 2) y (n 1) 2 2 2 2 Qs + 0 Qs + 0 T T Qs + 0 Qs + 0 T T
+

Qs + T 2Qs + 0 T
2 0

0 T

[x (n ) x (n 1)]

Practice Test
T6.1
All real-world signals (which are usually time-varying currents or voltages) are sums of sinewaves of various frequencies, amplitudes, and phases. The transfer function of a filter is a function of frequency that shows how the amplitudes and phases of the input components are altered to produce the output components. Applying the voltage-division principle, we have: j 2fL j 2fL R V = H (f ) = out = Vin R + j 2fL 1 + j 2fL R =

T6.2

in which fB = R 2L = 1000 Hz . The input signal has components with frequencies of 0 (dc), 500 Hz, and 1000 Hz. The transfer function values for these frequencies are: H (0) = 0, H (500) = 0.447263.43, and

j (f fB ) 1 + j (f fB )

H (1000) = 0.707145. Applying the transfer function values to each of

the input components, we have H (0) 3 = 0 , H (500) 40 = 1.78963.43, and

H (1000) 5 30 = 3.53515. Thus, the output is

v out (t ) = 1.789 cos(1000t 63.43) + 3.535 cos(2000t + 15)

T6.3
(a) The slope of the low-frequency asymptote is +20 dB/decade. (b) The slope of the high-frequency asymptote is zero. (c) The coordinates at which the asymptotes meet are 20log(50) = 34 dB and 200 Hz. (d) This is a first-order highpass filter. (e) The break frequency is 200 Hz.

11

T6.4

(a) f0 =

= 1125 Hz 2 LC 2f0 L (b) Qs = = 28.28 (c) B =

f0 = 39.79 Hz Qs

(d) At resonance, the impedance equals the resistance, which is 5 . (e) At dc, the capacitance becomes an open circuit so the impedance is infinite. (f) At infinite frequency the inductance becomes an open circuit, so the impedance is infinite.

T6.5

(a) f0 =

1 2 LC

= 159.2 kHz

(b) Qp = (c) B =

f0 = 15.92 kHz Qp

R = 10.00 2f0 L

(d) At resonance, the impedance equals the resistance which is 10 k. (e) At dc, the inductance becomes a short circuit, so the impedance is zero. (f) At infinite frequency the capacitance becomes a short circuit, so the impedance is zero.

T6.6

(a) This is a first-order circuit because there is a single energy-storage element (L or C). At very low frequencies, the capacitance approaches an open circuit, the current is zero, Vout = Vin and |H| = 1. At very high frequencies, the capacitance approaches a short circuit, Vout = 0, and |H| = 0. Thus, we have a first-order lowpass filter. (b) This is a second-order circuit because there are two energy-storage elements (L or C). At very low frequencies, the capacitance approaches an open circuit, the inductance approaches a short circuit, the current is zero, Vout = Vin and |H| = 1. At very high frequencies, the inductance approaches an open circuit, the capacitance approaches a short circuit, Vout = 0, and |H| = 0. Thus we have a second-order lowpass filter.

12

(c) This is a second-order circuit because there are two energy-storage elements (L or C). At very low frequencies, the inductance approaches a short circuit, Vout = Vin and |H| = 1. At very high frequencies, the capacitance approaches a short circuit, Vout = Vin and |H| = 1. At the resonant frequency, the LC combination becomes an open circuit, the current is zero, Vout = 0, and |H| = 0. Thus, we have a second-order bandreject (or notch) filter. (d) This is a first-order circuit because there is a single energy-storage element (L or C). At very low frequencies, the inductance approaches a short circuit, Vout = 0, and |H| = 0. At very high frequencies the inductance approaches an open circuit, the current is zero, Vout = Vin and |H| = 1. Thus we have a first-order highpass filter.

T6.7

One set of commands is: f = logspace(1,4,400); H = 50*i*(f/200)./(1+i*f/200); semilogx(f,20*log10(abs(H))) Other sets of commands are also correct. You can use MATLAB to see if your commands give a plot equivalent to: |H(f)| (dB)

f (Hz)

13