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Microwave Engineering-I Waveguide Introduction Unit:1 Lecture:1

This document provides an introduction to microwave engineering and waveguides. It discusses that microwaves have frequencies above 1 GHz, and waveguides are often used instead of cables at high frequencies due to lower losses. Waveguides can propagate waves in various modes, with each mode having a cutoff frequency. Common waveguide shapes include rectangular, circular, and elliptical cross-sections. Key waveguide concepts covered include modes, mode designations, cutoff frequency, usable frequency range, characteristic impedance, guide wavelength, and impedance matching.

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27 views

Microwave Engineering-I Waveguide Introduction Unit:1 Lecture:1

This document provides an introduction to microwave engineering and waveguides. It discusses that microwaves have frequencies above 1 GHz, and waveguides are often used instead of cables at high frequencies due to lower losses. Waveguides can propagate waves in various modes, with each mode having a cutoff frequency. Common waveguide shapes include rectangular, circular, and elliptical cross-sections. Key waveguide concepts covered include modes, mode designations, cutoff frequency, usable frequency range, characteristic impedance, guide wavelength, and impedance matching.

Uploaded by

abhi_engg06
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microwave Engineering-I Waveguide Introduction UNIT:1 LECTURE :1

By Click to edit Master subtitle style Abhishek Joshi Assist. Prof. ECE

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Introduction

Microwaves have frequencies > 1 GHz approx. Stray reactances are more important as frequency increases Transmission line techniques must be applied to short conductors like circuit board traces Device capacitance and transit time are important Cable losses increase: waveguides often 8/17/12 used instead

Waveguides

Pipe through which waves propagate Can have various cross sections

Rectangular Circular Elliptical

Can be rigid or flexible Waveguides have very low loss


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Modes

Waves can propagate in various ways Time taken to move down the guide varies with the mode Each mode has a cutoff frequency below which it wont propagate Mode with lowest cutoff frequency is dominant mode
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Mode Designations

TE: transverse electric

Electric field is at right angles to direction of travel Magnetic field is at right angles to direction of travel Waves in free space are TEM

TM: transverse magnetic

TEM: transverse electromagnetic

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Rectangular Waveguides

Dominant mode is TE10

1 half cycle along long dimension (a) No half cycles along short dimension (b) Cutoff for a = c/2

Modes with next higher cutoff frequency are TE01 and TE20

Both have cutoff frequency twice that for TE10

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Cutoff Frequency

For TE10 mmode in rectangular waveguide with a = 2 b

c fc = 2a
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Usable Frequency Range

Single mode propagation is highly desirable to reduce dispersion This occurs between cutoff frequency for TE10 mode and twice that frequency Its not good to use guide at the extremes of this range

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Example Waveguide

RG-52/U Internal dimensions 22.9 by 10.2 mm Cutoff at 6.56 GHz Use from 8.2-12.5 GHz

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Group Velocity

Waves propagate at speed of light c in guide Waves dont travel straight down guide Speed at which signal moves down guide is the group velocity and is 2 always less than c

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fc vg = c 1 f

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Phase Velocity

Not a real velocity (>c) Apparent velocity of wave along wall Used for calculating wavelength in guide

For impedance matching etc.

vp =
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fc 1 f

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Characteristic Impedance

Z0 varies with frequency

Z0 =

377 fc 1 f
2

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Guide Wavelength

Longer than free-space wavelength at same frequency

g =

fc 1 f
2

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Impedance Matching

Same techniques as for coax can be used Tuning screw can add capacitance or inductance

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Coupling Power to Guides

3 common methods

Probe: at an E-field maximum Loop: at an H-field maximum Hole: at an E-field maximum

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