Engineering Graphics Lab Manual
Engineering Graphics Lab Manual
NAME: - _______________________________ _______________________________ ROLL NO: - ____________________________ ___________________________ GROUP: - ____________________________ BRANCH: - __________________________ ____________________________
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
4) 5) 6)
7)
8)
Students can take back the sheets only after final evaluation. On being absent in the lab, the sheet will not be assessed and will be awarded zero (0). Each student should get their sheets checked on the same day, otherwise it will be considered as late work and will be evaluated out of 5 marks. Name & Roll No. should be written in Ink (i.e. with PEN). Each student should make at least 11 drawing sheets in whole semester. 10 marks will be awarded by the faculty concerned on the basis of performance of the student in quiz and 10 marks for internal viva-voice. At the end of session, best of 10 sheets marks shall be considered for final assessment. These 100 marks will be converted into 20 marks. At the time of external examination, all the sheets shall be submitted to the faculty concerned as below: a. All the sheets should be properly arranged in the serial order. b. All the sheets should be rolled together in a Plastic
Sheet Holder.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
SYLLABUS Paper Code: ETME-159 Paper: Engineering Graphics Lab UNIT - I
General: Importance, Significance and scope of engineering drawing, Lettering, Dimensioning, Scales, Sense of proportioning, Different types of projections, Orthographic Projection, B.I.S. Specifications, Projections of Point and Lines: Introduction of planes of projection, Reference and auxiliary planes, projections of points and Lines in different quadrants, traces, inclinations, and true lengths of the lines, projections on Auxiliary planes, shortest distance, intersecting and nonintersecting lines.
L 0
P 2
C 1
UNIT - II
Planes other than the Reference Planes: Introduction of other planes (perpendicular and oblique), their traces, inclinations etc., Projections of points and lines lying in the planes, conversion of oblique plane into auxiliary Plane and solution of related problems. Projections of Plane Figures: Different cases of plane figures (of different shapes) making different angles with one or both reference planes and lines lying in the plane figures making different given angles (with one of both reference planes). Obtaining true shape of the plane figure by projection.
UNIT - III
Projection of Solids: Simple cases when solid is placed in different positions, Axis faces and lines lying in the faces of the solid making given angles. CADD
UNIT - IV
Isometric Projection Nomography : Basic Concepts and use.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Engineering drawing by N.D.Bhatt (Charotar Publications). 2. Engineering Graphics by Roop Lal & Ramakant Rana (Acme Learning Publications).
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering Drawing by Venugopalan. 2. Engineering Drawing by P.S.Gill
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In arriving at the various trimmed sizes of the drawing sheet, two successive sizes are obtained by halving or doubling.
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Layout of drawing Sheet: Layout of Drawing sheet is drawn as given in following figure:
Lists of drawing instruments:In the preparation of engineering drawing, the following drawing instruments and materials are required 1. Drawing board 2. Drawing sheet(A-2 Size) 3. Mini Drafter 4. Instrument box containing compass and dividers 5. Set squares 6. Drawing pin or clips or cello tape (30-60, 45-45) 7. Protractor 8. Drawing pencils (HB, H, 2H) 9. Eraser, Sharpener, 10. Plastic Sheet Holder. Scale, Circle Master, Dusting Cloth.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Convention of lines:
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Figure1.2: Dimensioning
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Dimensioning: 1. Dimensions should be placed outside the views, except when they are cleaner more easily readable inside. 2. Dimension lines should not cross each other 3. As far as possible, dimension should not be shown between the dotted lines. 4. Dimension lines should be placed at about 6mm from the outlines. 5. Head should be pointed and filled in. they are made in ratio 3 to1 (Length) Lettering: - Writing titles, dimension, notes and other important particulars on a drawing is called lettering should therefore be done properly in clear, legible and uniform style preferably freehand and speedily. Types of letters:1. Single stoke letters:- in these letters, the thickness o line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stoke of the pencil Single stoke letters of two types:(1) Vertical (2) Inclined Inclined letters lean to the right at angle of with the horizontal. The ratio of height to width various but in case of most of the letters it is 7:4 These are shown in fig: ----Gothic letters: - if stems of single stroke letters, are given more thickness, the letters are known as gothic letters.
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Figure 2.1: Projection Orthographic Projection: When projectors are parallel to each other Projection: and also perpendicular to the plane of projection the projection is called Orthographic projection. Planes of Projection: Two planes used for the orthographic : projection are called reference planes or principal plane of projection. They intersect each other at right angles.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
First Angle Projection: (i) When the object is situated in the first quadrant, the method of projection is called first angle projection method. (ii) The object lies between observer and plane of projection. (iii) In this method, when views are drawn in their relative position, the top view comes below the front view. In other words, the view seen from above is placed on other side (i.e. below) the front view. (iv) Similarly left hand and view is drawn on the right side of front view and right hand side view is drawn on the left of front view. Convention of first angle projection:
Third Angle Projection: (i) When the object is situated in the third quadrant, the method of projection is called third angle projection method. (ii) Plane of Projection is lies between object and observer. (iii) In this method, when views are drawn in their relative position, the top comes above the front view. In other words, the view seen from above is placed on the same side (i.e. above) of front view. (iv) Left hand end view is drawn at left hand of front view and right hand end view is drawn at the right side of front view. Convention of third angle projection
Note: Students are required to draw on drawing sheets in 1st Angle Projection.
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2. Point B is in the hmm above HP and gmm behind VP. Hence B in the second quadrant.
To draw a projection i.e. front view b and top view b on the paper, once the third quadrant is open, HP coincide with VP and both HP & VP are above the XY line. 3. Point C is hmm below HP and gmm behind VP. Hence point C in the third quadrant.
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To draw the projections (c and c) on the paper, once the third quadrant is open, HP lies above XY line and VP below the XY line and draw top view above the XY line and front view below the XY line. 4. Point D is hmm below HP and gmminfront of VP. Hence point D is in the fourth quadrant. To draw projections (Front view d and top view d), once the 1st quadrant is opened, HP concedes with VP and both will be below the XY line. Hence front view and top view will be below the XY line.
Distance of the point above the HP or below the HP indicate the position of front view. Distance of the point in front of VP or behind VP indicate the position of top view.
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2.
3.
4.
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I. A line AB is parallel to HP and VP Since line AB is parallel to HP and VP. Its front view a`b` and top view ab will show true length of line AB and will be parallel to XY line
II. A line AB is perpendicular HP and parallel to VP Since a line is perpendicular to HP. It will be automatically parallel to VP since it is parallel to VP, front view will show true length of line AB and top view will be a point, where points a & b will meet.
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III. A line AB is perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. Since the line AB is parallel to HP. Top view will show true length of line AB and will be perpendicular to any line. Front view will be point, where both points a and b will meet.
IV. A line AB is Inclined to HP and parallel to VP. Since the line AB is parallel to VP. From view will show true length of line and true inclination with HP so knowing the position of point A (as given in question) projection of end A are drawn. From the point A, line a`b` is drawn equal to length of line AB at an angle with HP since the line AB is parallel to VP, top view ab will be parallel to XY.
V. A line AB included to VP and parallel to HP. Since the line AB is parallel to HP. Top view ab will show true length of line AB and true inclination with VP (). Projection of points A as per given in the question drawn as a and a. Draw line ab as top view at angle with VP. Front view a`b` will be parallel to xy line.
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ab1 = Front view of Line AB ab1 = Top view of Line AB Procedure: - Draw the front view a and top view a of the point A as per given question:- From a draw line ab equal to true length of line AB and at angle with the HP. - From the point a, draw a line ab equal true length of line AB and at angle with VP.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
- Draw locus ef, rs, pq and cd from the b,a, a and b respectively, parallel to XY line. For example ef is locus of point b. - If ab is true length of line AB ab2 projected length of ab and is equal to length of top view of line AB. - Further project the point b2 on locuslinepq such that ab2 = ab2 = length of top view. - Now bring the point b2 on the locus of point b i.e. line cd. Take a as centre and radius equal to ab2, draw arc b2b1. Join a to b1. ab1 is the length of top view. - Similarly of ab is true length of line AB, ab3 = a`b`3 = length of front view. - Take a as centre and radius equal to a`b`3, and draw arc b3b1 to bring point b3 on locus of point b i.e. ef Join a to b1 Hence ab3 = ab3 = ab1 = length of front view. Note: Point b1 and b1 projections of point b should lie on the same vertical line. II Case: Determination true length of a line and its inclination with HP and VP when projections are given.
Front view ab and top view ab of line AB are given. Determine true length of line AB and inclination with HP and with VP. Problem can be solved by two method. (i) Method of rotation. (ii) Trapezoid Method.
METHOD OF ROTATION
Principle: Now if front view ab is made parallel to XY, the line AB becomes parallel to HP and its projection ab1 on HP shows its true length and true inclination with VP.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Similarly if top view ab of line AB is made parallel to VP, the line AB becomes parallel to VP and its projection on VP show its true length and true inclination with HP
Procedure: Draw locus of point b,a, a and b i.e. lines ef, rs, pq and cd respectively parallel to XY. Take a as centre and radius equl to ab and draw arc bb2 to make front view ab parallel to XY and line AB becomes parallel to HP. Project point b2 on the locus of point b. Join a to b1. ab1 is true length of line AB and show true inclination with VP. Similarly take a as centre and radius equal to ab, draw an arc bb2, to make top view ab parallel to XY. Now line AB becomes parallel to VP and its projection on VP shows its true length and true angle of inclination with HP.
TRAPEZOID METHOD
Procedure: Draw the projections i.e. front view and top view of line AB as per question. A the point a draw perpendicular aA equal to distance of point A from XY. Further draw perpendicular bB1 equal to distance of b from XY line. Join A1 to B1. A1B1 shows true length of line AB. Line A1B1 and ab will make angle , inclination with VP if extended back.
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Similarly draw perpendicular aA2 at a equal to distance to distance of a from XY. Further draw perpendicular bB2 at b equal distance of b from XY join A2 to B2. A2B2 shows the true length of line Ab. Line ab and A2B2 will make angle , inclination with HP if extended back. Traces of a Line: When a line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane produced if necessary. The point of intersection of line and plane is called trace. Horizontal Trace (HT): If a line is inclined to HP, it will meet Horizontal plane then the point of intersection of line and HP is called horizontal trace (HT). Vertical Trace (VT): If a line inclined to VP; it will meet the vertical plane. The point of intersection of line (produced back if necessary) with the VP plane is called vertical trace. Note 1: If a line is inclined to HP and VP. A will have both HT and VT. Note 2: If a line is parallel to any reference plane it will have not trace with
that plane.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Determining Traces of A Line: (1) A line AB is inclined to HP and parallel to VP Draw the front view ab and top view ab of line. Angle of inclination with HP is shown by front view. Produced back front view ab till it intersect XY line at point C. From C draw perpendicular on top view ab (produced back) at a point called HT.
(2) A line AB is inclined to VP and parallel to HP Draw the projections (Front view ab and top view ab) of line AB Angle of inclination with VP is shown by its top view. Produce back top view ab till it cuts the XY line at D. From D draw perpendicular on the extended front view ab. Point of intersection of front view and perpendicular from D is the vertical trace.
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(3) A line AB is inclined to HP and VP:
Draw the projections (front view ab and top view ab) of line AB. Produce back front view ab till it cut the XY line at C. From C draw perpendicular on extended top view to get HT. Produce back top view ab. It cuts the XY line at D. From D draw perpendicular on the extended front view to get VT.
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3. A line`s one end A is 50mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP and its other end B is 25mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. The distance between end projectors is 50mm. Draw the projection of line AB, and determine its (Trapezoid Method). , , HT, VT & TL
4. The end A of line AB is in the HP and 25mm behind VP. The end B is in the VP and 50mm above the HP. The distance between the projectors is 75mm. Draw the projections of line AB, and determine its true length, traces, inclination with HP & VP. Use Trapezoid Method.
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Figure 5.1 (ii) A square plane perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Since the plane is parallel to VP front view abcd will show its true shape and top view will be a straight line parallel to XY as shown in fig. 5.2
Figure 5.2 Since the plane is perpendicular to HP, it has HT and no VT, since it is parallel to VP. (iii) A square plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP. Since the plane is parallel to HP, top view abcd will show its shape but no HT. Front view will be straight line parallel to XY and it also represent VT as in fig. 5.3
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Figure 5.3 (iv) A square plane perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP. First assume, the plane is parallel to VO. Draw front view abcd first and project top view from the front view. In the second stage, rotate top view ad-bc at angle , inclination with VP. New top view will be ad b1c1 Project points b1c1 to get point b1 and c1 in the front view to get final front view ab1c1d.
Figure 5.4
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(v) A square plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP First assume parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP top view abcd will show the true shape of square plane. Project front view ad-bc from top view.
Figure 5.5 In the second stage rotate front view ad bc by an angle , inclination with HP to get new front view ad-b1c1. Project the point b1c1 on top view to get point b1 and c1 and to get new top view ab1c1d. (vi) Oblique Planes: The projection of planes, inclined to both the reference planes is drawn in three stages as per the conditions given in the question.
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Polyhedra:
Polyhedra are defined as solid bounded by planes called faces. When all the faces are equal and regular, the polyhedron is said to be regular. There are five regular 33olyhedral which may defined as stated below:(i) Tetrahedron: It has four equal faces, each one is equilateral triangle. (ii) Cube or hexahedron: It has six faces, each face is square. (iii) Octahedron: It has eight faces. Each face is an equilateral triangle. (iv) Dodecahedron: It has twelve equal faces and each face is regular pentagon. (v) Icosahedrons: It has twenty faces. Each face is an equilateral triangle.
Prism:
Prism is a polyhedron having two equal and similar faces called its ends or bases, parallel to each other and joined by other faces, which are parallelograms. The imaginary line joining the centre of the bases is called axis. A right regular prism its axis perpendicular to the bases. The bases may be triangular, square, pentagonal or hexagonal in shape.
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Accordingly they called as triangular, square, pentagonal hexagonal prism.
Pyramid:
Pyramid is a polyhedron having a plane figure as base and number of triangular faces meting at a point called the vertex or apex. The imaginary line joining the apex with the centre of base is its axis. A right and regular pyramid has its axis perpendicular to base which is a regular plane figure. Its faces are equal isosedes triangle. As per shape of the base, they are called as Triangular, square, pentagonal and hexagonal pyramid.
TRIANGULAR PYRAMID SQUARE PYRAMID PENTAGONALPYRAMID
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CYLINDER
A sphere is a solid generated by the revolution of a semicircle about its diameter as the axis. The midpoint of diameter is the centre of sphere.
Frustum of a solid:
When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to its base, thus removing the top portion, the remaining portion is called its frustum.
Truncated Solid:
When a solid is cut by a plane inclined to the base, it said to be truncated. A solid may be inclined to one or both the reference planes. Accordingly projections are drawn in two and three stages respectively.
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shape. When the section plane is perpendicular to both the reference planes, the sectional side view will show the true shape of the section.
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Figure 8.1: Projection and projection lines ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION: The image of the object obtained on the plane of projection when the projectors are from the various points on the object, parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection, then the image obtained on the plane of projection is called Orthographic Projection.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
In case of simple object, only two orthographic views are required to show the length, breadth and height of the object. But in some cases, it becomes essential to show three orthographic projections of the object to give complete information needed for the construction of an object.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
2. Following figure shows the pictorial view of a block. Draw to a full size scale, the following views in first angle projection:
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3. Following figure shows the pictorial view of a block. Draw to a full size scale, the following views in first angle projection:
a. Elevation from F; b. Side View & c. Plan. 4. Following figure shows the pictorial view of a block. Draw to a full size scale, the following views in first angle projection:
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SHEET NO.: 9
QUESTION ON ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 2
1. Draw orthographic projection (free hand) of all the wooden blocks (No. of blocks 10).
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
THEORY OF ISOMETRIC VIEW It is important to know how an isometric view is obtained on the plane of projection. Consider a cube. Let the three corners of the cube meeting at the forward corner is equally inclined to the plane of projection so that the projection to be obtained should give equal length. Therefore, any line so inclined is known as isometric line and the projection thus obtained, represent isometric projection or view. As three edges meeting at a point are equally inclined to each other, hence, the angle between two adjacent edges is equal to 360/3 = 120o. The following figure 14.1 shows the isometric view of a cube in which the edges are parallel to the three main axes. All the edge of the cube areshortend equally. The squrefacues look as rhombuses. The rhombus AOBD as shown in fig. 14.1.The sumeter projection of the top squre fall of the cube in which AB is thetrue length of the diagonal. A squre ANBM is construted is the true length of BD. It is seen from the figure 14.1 that when a line is inclined to the plane of projection, it does notgive the exact size. It is very essential to know the proportion by which various edges of the cube areshortened. This can be found by means of a scale known as isometric scale.
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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF ISOMETRIC AXES To show the different sides of the object, the object is revolved about its three isometric axes as shown in the following figure:
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Isometric scale must also be drawn along with the Isometric Projection. Isometric View means to draw Isometric sketch not necessarily taking measurements from the Isometric scale and the Isometric scale may or may not be drawn along with the Isometric view. In this case, measurements can be taken directly from the true orthographic projections because there is little difference between the isometric lengths and true length. Notes: (i) Always draw the Isometric Scale when it is mentioned in the question paper that draw the isometric projections. (ii) In case of Isometric View, Isometric Scale may or may not be drawn. Solution by both the methods is correct.
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5. The following figure shows the side view and front view of a machine block. Draw the isometric view of the block.
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