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Last Time: Course Mechanics What Is The Internet?

This document discusses an introduction to computer networking and the Internet. It covers the network edge and core, network access via physical media like cables, wireless technologies and radio links. It also discusses Internet structure, delays and packet loss in networks. The document introduces the layered protocol model used in networking. It provides an overview and roadmap of topics to be covered related to networking protocols and layers from the physical layer up to the application layer.

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Michael Mcintosh
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70 views19 pages

Last Time: Course Mechanics What Is The Internet?

This document discusses an introduction to computer networking and the Internet. It covers the network edge and core, network access via physical media like cables, wireless technologies and radio links. It also discusses Internet structure, delays and packet loss in networks. The document introduces the layered protocol model used in networking. It provides an overview and roadmap of topics to be covered related to networking protocols and layers from the physical layer up to the application layer.

Uploaded by

Michael Mcintosh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Last time

Course mechanics What is the Internet? hosts, routers, communication links communications services, protocols Network Edge client-server, peer-to-peer TCP, UDP Network Core Circuit-switched networks
FDM TDM

Packet-switched networks
2-1

This time
Finish introduction and overview:
Network Internet Delay

access and physical media structure and ISPs

& loss in packet-switched networks

Protocol

layers, service models

2-2

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models 1.8 History

2-3

Residential access: cable modems


HFC: hybrid fiber coax

asymmetric: up to 30 Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream

Network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP

router homes share access to router


Deployment: available via cable TV companies

2-4

Physical Media
Physical link: what lies

between transmitter & receiver


Guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax Unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio

Twisted Pair (TP) Two insulated copper wires

Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100 Mbps Ethernet 1000 Mbps Ethernet

2-5

Physical Media: coax, fiber


Coaxial cable:
Two concentric copper

Fiber optic cable:


Glass fiber carrying light

conductors Baseband:

pulses, each pulse a bit High-speed operation:

single channel on cable legacy Ethernet

Broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC

high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10s-100s Gbps)

Low error rate: repeaters

spaced far apart; immune to electromagnetic noise

2-6

Physical media: radio


Signal carried in

Radio link types:


Terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN (e.g., Wifi) 11Mbps, 54 Mbps Wide-area (e.g., cellular) e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps Satellite 240270 msec end-to-end delay for geosynchronous low altitude satellites?

electromagnetic spectrum No physical wire Propagation environment effects:


reflection obstruction by objects interference

2-7

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models 1.8 History

2-8

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models 1.8 History

2-9

Nodal delay
d nodal = d proc d queue d trans d prop
dproc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less dqueue = queuing delay depends on congestion dtrans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links dprop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

2-10

Queueing delay (revisited)


R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival

rate

traffic intensity = La/R


La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small
La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be

serviced, average delay infinite!


2-11

Real Internet delays and routes


traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
Three delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu 1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic 8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms link 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms 16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

2-12

Packet loss
Queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer

has finite capacity When a packet arrives to a full queue, the packet is dropped (aka lost) The lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not retransmitted at all
Other sources of loss?

2-13

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models 1.8 History

2-14

Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software

Question:
Is there any hope of organizing the structure of networks?
Or at least our discussion of networks?

2-15

Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
Explicit structure allows identification, relationship of

complex systems pieces layered reference model for discussion


Modularization eases maintenance, updating of system

change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system you probably saw similar things before (e.g. CS 350)

2-16

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models 1.8 History Read on your own

2-17

Recap
Finished introduction and overview:
Network Internet Delay

access and physical media structure and ISPs

& loss in packet-switched networks

Protocol

layers, service models

2-18

Next time
Start looking at the layers in turn From physical layer up to application layer Physical layer: already done Next up: link layer

overview error detection and correction PPP


2-19

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