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Second Law of Thermodynamics - Heat Engines - Refrigerators - Carnot Cycle Efficiency

The document discusses the Carnot cycle and reversibility. It defines a reversible process as one where the system and surroundings can be returned to their initial states without leaving any trace, but these are ideal processes that cannot occur in reality. Irreversibilities that prevent true reversibility include friction, sudden changes, and heat transfer down a finite temperature difference. The Carnot cycle consists of four processes - two isothermal and two adiabatic - that operate between two temperature reservoirs. The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine operating between two temperatures is called the Carnot efficiency.

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Vishal Gaur
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37 views6 pages

Second Law of Thermodynamics - Heat Engines - Refrigerators - Carnot Cycle Efficiency

The document discusses the Carnot cycle and reversibility. It defines a reversible process as one where the system and surroundings can be returned to their initial states without leaving any trace, but these are ideal processes that cannot occur in reality. Irreversibilities that prevent true reversibility include friction, sudden changes, and heat transfer down a finite temperature difference. The Carnot cycle consists of four processes - two isothermal and two adiabatic - that operate between two temperature reservoirs. The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine operating between two temperatures is called the Carnot efficiency.

Uploaded by

Vishal Gaur
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Second Law of Thermodynamics -Heat Engines -Refrigerators

-Carnot cycle efficiency

Reversible and Irreversibilities


A reversible process means there are no irreversibilities exist when

a system is undergoing interaction with its surroundings. Therefore, the process can be reversed without leaving any trace on its surroundings. Both system and the surroundings are returned to their initial states. It is an ideal process that can not happen in reality. However, if the irreversibilities are small enough, some processes can be approximated as reversible. Ex: a frictionless pendulum, quasi-equilibrium expansion and compression of gas in a cylinder/piston assembly (in an idealized Carnot cycle) Irreversibilities: friction, sudden expansion and compression, heat transfer between two bodies with finite temperature difference.

Process 1-2, TH = Constant Process 2-3, Tempt. Drops from TH to TL Process 3-4, TL = Constant Process 4-1, Tempt. rises from TL to TH

Reversible Isothermal Expansion Reversible Adiabatic Expansion Reversible Isothermal Compression Reversible Adiabatic Compression

Carnot Efficiency

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