Internship Report HPFL 2012
Internship Report HPFL 2012
INTERNSHIP REPORT
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING (SCME) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY H-12 , ISLAMABAD
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1 DECLARATION
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July 30, 2012
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author is thankful to Almighty Allah, For His unlimited blessings and bounties, And for keeping him sane, sound and successful; His parents and friends, For all their support and trust in him and his aims; His teachers and guides, For teaching him things he knew not; Lec Abdur Razzaq, For bringing the opportunity of this excellent learning and exposure; And last but never the least Management and Staff of Hazara Phosphate Fertilizer Private Ltd Especially Plant Managers, Shift Engineers and Operators, For their utmost help, guidance and time Which made author make most of his internship at plant site;
INTRODUCTION
SAFETY
ANALYSIS LAB
INTRODUCTION
Hazara Phosphate Fertilizers (Private) Limited (HPFL) is a public sector company. HPFL is located in Haripur, NWFP 75 KM from Islamabad. The factory is situated on 57 acres of developed land, and includes factory, housing and other amenities. HPFL was incorporated under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in June 1985 as a private limited company and commenced commercial operation in 1989. HPFL is operating in the fertilizer industry and manufactures Granulated Single Super Phosphate (GSSP) fertilizers using a combination of indigenous phosphate rock from the Kakul mines in proximity of plant and imported rock from Jordan and Morocco. Since 1999 rock phosphate is being imported mainly from Jordan for manufacture of GSSP, because of non-availability of local rock phosphate. HPFL has authorized share capital of Rs.200 million divided into 20 million ordinary shares of Rs.10 each. Out of these 19,143,207 ordinary shares have been issued, subscribed and fully paid up as on June 30, 2007. National Fertilizers Corporation (NFC) holds 100% equity in HPFL. NFC was incorporated as a private limited company on August 11, 1973, with an authorized share capital of Rs.1,000 million, which was subscribed entirely by the Government of Pakistan. Operational management comprises of a Managing Director and General Manager. Total personnel strength of regular staff plus daily wages labour as at June 30, 2007 was 261. The break down of staff is given as under; Management / Executives Non-Executive Daily Wages Labour 35 88 138
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HPFL is located in Haripur, KPK 75 KM from Islamabad. The factory is situated on 57 acres of developed land, and includes factory, housing and other amenities.
To produce single super phosphate to keep the agricultural system of our country up right and to ensure maximum production of crops.
ROP SECTION:
ROP section consists of following parts : Crusher Hopper Bucket elevator Level hopper Feeder Grinding mill Cyclones Screw conveyor Main bucket elevator Main hopper screw conveyor Dosimeter Acid dilution unit Mixer Drum den Leather conveyor Storage
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CRUSHER:
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust. Crushers may be used to reduce the size or change the form of waste materials. Crusher is a mechanical machine which is used to reduce the size of the raw material up to 30 mm. This is run by an electric motor of 5KW. First of all raw material from the field is brought to the hopper which is connected to the jaw crusher. This feed is in the form of lumens and pills. These lumens are required to be crushed to get a suitable feed size which is about 30 mm. For this purpose jaw crushers are used in the industry. Jaw crushers crush the feed to our required size. This feed is then stored in the storage room. A jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw being fixed and the other being moved back and forth relative to it by a cam or pitman mechanism. The jaws are farther apart at the top than at the bottom, forming a tapered chute so that the material is crushed progressively smaller and smaller as it travels downward until it is small enough to escape from the bottom opening. The movement of the jaw can be quite small, since complete crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to crush the material is provided by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion that causes the closing of the gap.
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LEVEL HOPPER:
After the bucket elevator the raw material is then store in the level hopper which is connected to the feeder. This hopper maintain the level of the raw material for the grinding mills and he feeder. This hopper consists of a
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FEEDER
The material now falls from the elevator into the feeder . It has a capacity of about 3 tonnes. It is fiited with a system which tells when it is totally filled to required level and a bulb glows , so its intake can be stopped . The feeder is fitted with an electromagnet . This electromagnet ensures the required amount of material is fed to the mill and it also gives the vibrational force for uniform feedeng. The dust factor is low , but further it is sealed by the rubbers to seal the feeder , in this way less dust goes to environment . If there is a problem in the mill , the exit from the hopper can be controlled to ensure the safety factor .
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GRINDING MILL:
Grinding mill is the important part of the ROP section. The mill section also consist of the following objects: Grinding mill body Six grinding rollers 6 blow plates 6 safety plates Motor and gear box Classifier Blower and motor Candle filter
Working of the Grinding mill: Grinding mill grind the raw material to the fine powder. The mills that are used for this purpose are the vertical roller mills. The roller mill works on the principal of the compressive and shear force. It consists of six rollers that are assembled together with the help of main shaft. That shaft is rotated with the help of gear box and motor of 132 KW. The Mills main shaft rotates about 84 RPM. The rollers are connected with the help of spring. The spring provides the necessary centrifugal force to the rollers. There is a small clearance between the rollers and the wall of the mill. When the roller s rotates the material is grinded between the rollers and the wall of the mill. Blow plates keep the level of the raw material to the roller to grind. Safety plates keep the body of the mill safe from any damage during grinding because material sticks the wall of the mill. In this way material strikes to the safety plates and the damage plates can be replaced easily. Motor and gear box helps to rotate the main shaft and the roller. Blower is run with the help of the motor of same power. Blower mainly does two main works. First this creates the section and it deliver the grinded
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After some time the candle paper are cleaned for good filtering. Classifier in the mill rotates with the help of a motor. It allow a specific size particle to move upward and the oversize particle though in to the mill again. Any fault in the mill is indicated with the help of the ampere meter in the control room. The whole assembly of the mill is shown in the fig.
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Actuators allow the specific amount of the material from the bottom of the cyclone to the screw conveyor. Two actuators acts in such a ways that first material fall on the first actuators, it opens due to the weight of the material. Meanwhile other actuator is close due to the mechanical load attached to it.When the material fall on the second actuator the first on closed so the there is no leakage of the developed section in the closed loop of the blower.
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MIXER:
In mixer acid 68 % and the raw material mix to each other. Mixer consists of a shaft with 12 paddles and a electric motor. This shaft and the paddles are closed in a container .Raw material enter the mixer from the dosimeter and acid is shower from the upper side of the container. The motor rotate the shaft and the paddles which mix the acid and rock. In this way acid and rock mix to each other in the uniformly and chemical reaction occur hear. Tricalcium phosphate converts in to single calcium phosphate.
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ROP HOPPER:
The Rop after the 2 to 3 weeks placed in the ROP hopper with the help of the loader in the ROP storage room. This hopper vibrates with the help of the electric moter with unbalance centrifugal force and the spring.
JAW CRUSHER:
The ROP from the hopper comes to the jaw crusher. This crusher crush the ROP to a specific size.This crusher runs with the help of the Electric motor. Actually the ROP converted in to large lumens and they are required to crush them for the granulator.
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Internship Report HPFL 2012 BELT CONVEYOR AND ROP MAIN HOPPER:
After the crusher the ROP goes in to the main ROP hopper through Belts conveyorsand finally fall in to the main hopper. The level of the hopper is auto control . When the level of the ROP increases in the main hopper the system closed the belts conveyor and the more supply of the ROP stops .After the level decrease the conveyors run automatically.
GRANULATOR:
Granulator is the very important part of the GP section. It is a cylindrical shaped drum rotated with the help of the electric motor. It works in such a way that the ROP from the main conveyor falls in the Granulator and a small amount of the water is also added in the ROP in it. The amount of the water is control manually. The amount of the water helps to the ROP to gain granular shape. The shape of the ROP is form by the restoring force of the rubber wall of the Granulator.
HAMMER CRUSHER:
The oversize product comes in the hammer crusher. Hammer crusher crush the material and past this material the main conveyor for recycling. Hammer crusher consists of a roller and 36 hammers. The roller and hammers are rotated in the opposite side. The material falls on the drum and the hammer strikes the material with great impact .Due to this force the material breaks down into small pieces. The crusher is run by the motor.
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PROCESS OF GP SECTION:
First of all the ROP in the storage is loaded in the hopper with the help of loader. The material form hopper moves to the jaw crusher. Crusher crush the material to a specific size and then material is moves tower the main ROP hopper with the help of belt conveyor. From hopper the material goes to the granulator where it changes in the form of grains. These granulated material moves tower the dryer. In dryer the wet material dry with the help of hot air coming from the furnace. The dry material from the dryer goes to the Mesh through the bucket elevator. Double mesh classifies the mater in to under size, oversize and product. Oversize goes tower the hammer crusher. Where the size of the material reduce with the help of hammer. Then this material goes to the main belt conveyor for recycling. The under size material goes to the main belt conveyor for recycle. The product goes tower the storage room through the product conveyor.
GP SCRUBBING UNITS:
In GP section it is necessary to wash the dust and other gases to keep the surrounding clean. So like ROP section we also scrub all the dust of GP section also. In GP section There are three scrubber section. 1. The dust created in the granulator 20 WA 02 is drawn from it by the section created by the blower 20K04.This dust is first pass through the venture 20C05 where water is shower from the above side. Dust is dissolved in the water and the mixture of dust and water goes to the tank 20T02.After that the remaining air is passes through the tower 20G06 where water is also shower through the top of the tower. The most of the Gases dissolved in the water and pure air is exited to the atmosphere. 2. The dust and gases created in the dryer is also passes through the cyclones 20 JC 01 A,B with the help of the section created by the blower
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1. Hopper 2. Jaw crusher 3. ROP belt conveyor 4. Main belt conveyor 5. Granulator 6. Furnace 7. Dryer 8. Bucket elevators 9. double docket screen 10. Hammer crusher 11. Product belt conveyor
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BAGGING SECTION
This section consists of product hopper product conveyors product storage hopper mechanical balance sewing machine
Bagging section consists of a hopper and belt conveyors and a balance. The product is loaded in the hopper with the help of loader. This product goes to the storage hopper. The mechanical balance took the product from the hopper and weighs it and drop 50 Kg of the product to the polymer bag. The mechanical balance has two portions. When on portion drop the product in the bag the other portion get material from the storage hopper. These two portions works in the alternative manner. The polymer bag after getting material are sealed and loaded to the trucks with the help of conveyor and men labor.
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Massfraction H2SO4
Density (kg/L)
Concentration (mol/L)
Common name
10%
1.07
~1
2932%
1.251.28
4.25
6270%
1.521.60
9.611.5
7880%
1.701.73
13.514
98%
1.83
~18
acid, fuming
sulfuric
acid, Disulfuric
less
commonly, Nordhausen acid. Concentrations of oleum are either expressed in terms of % SO3 (called % oleum) or as % H2SO4 (the amount made if H2O were added); common concentrations are 40% oleum (109% H2SO4) and 65% oleum (114.6% H2SO4). Pure H2S2O7 is a solid with melting point 36 C. Pure sulfuric acid is a viscous clear liquid, like oil, and this explains the old name of the acid ('oil of vitriol'). Commercial sulfuric acid is sold in several different purity grades. Technical grade H2SO4 is impure and often colored, but is suitable for making fertilizer. Pure grades such as United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade are used for making pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs. Analytical grades are also available. Sulphuric acid is the basic and very important raw material use in the formation of SSP in the ROP section. Sulphuric acid is transport from the acid storage to the SSP plan through the stainless steel pipes. The temperature and the concentration of the acid kept on a specific to avoid the corrosion in the pipes.
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FILTERING PIT:
Filtering pit is like the melting pit in shape. It also consists of for steam pipes and a mechanical stirrer. The overflow molten sulphur in the melting pit then moves to the filtering pit. In filtering pit molten sulphur is then filter by the filtration chamber. All the steam pipes are coated with glass wool to minimize the heat losses. Filtration chamber is a simply a hopper type cylinder having a steam coated body. It consists of three leaf filter in series. The molten sulphur from the filtering pit can pumped through these filter. Molten sulphur pass through these filter and mud is separate from the sulphur. This mud falls down through the filtration chamber. The steam coating prevents the sulphur to solidify in the filtering chamber. After some time the leaf filter are cleaned to get proper filtration. The temperature of the filtering pit is about to1280C.
STORAGE PIT:
After the melting pit the molten sulphur moves tower the storage pit. Storage pit also contain the steam pipes to avoid the solidification of sulphur again .The pressure in the steam lines is about 4 bar and the temperature of the molten sulphur is 125 to 1300C in the storage pit. Storage pit contain the pure sulphur.
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SULPHUR GUN:
Sulphur gen is made of iron. It is also coated with the steam pipes so that no steam shuld solidify in the gun. The tip of the gen is about 5 mm in circumference. Some time ago this tip is about 4mm.Due to the larger production the tip size of the gum has increased. This gun received the molten sulphur from the pumps of the storage pit with high pressure. This gun spread the molten sulphur in the sulphur burning chamber.
DRYING CHAMBER:
Drying chamber is cylindrical tower which contain packing in it.First of all at the bottom of the tower there is a layer of rashing ring of the diameter of 6 in. After there is a layer of ceramic saddles of the thickness 1.8 meter. These ceramics saddles are placed randomly. After this packing there is again a layer of rashing rings on the top of the tower. A Blower of the type of the double stage centrifugal type compressor is run by the motor to give the air for sulphur burning in the sulphur burning chamber. The pressure created by this compressor is 0.44 mbar. The rotation of the blower is about 3000 RPM.This collect the air from the atmosphere. This air contains 21 % oxygen and 79 % nitrogen. This air also contains the moisture in it. It is necessary to remove this moisture. For his purpose we use drying tower. This air is introduced in the tower from the bottom and the sulphuric acid is shower from the top of the tower. Sulphuric acid absorbed the moisture from
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STEAM STORAGE:
Steam storage is a horizontal chamber. The steam produce in the waste heat exchanger is then store in this storage. It can bear a maximum pressure of 15 bar. Extra steam is exit to the atmosphere if the pressure in the storage increases through the safety valve.
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ECONOMIZERS:
Economizers are also a type of shell and tube heat exchanger. There are two Economizers in the plant. These Economizers perform two works. First the reducer the temperature of the exit gas from the 3rd and 4th bed to achieve the better absorption. Secondly the heat up the boiler water feed. Water is moving in the tubes and the gases are in the shell of the exchanger. Due to the heat transfer we get the required temperature.
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PIPE COOLER:
When the dissolution of the acid occur in the acid circulating tank, a lot of heat is produced which heat the acid in this tank. We have to require a temperature of 770C of the acid for the drying tower and the absorption towers. At this temperature we get the maximum absorption. To cool this acid we use pipe cooler. Hot acid From the Acid circulation tank is move through these pipes
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S8(s) + 8 O2(g)
8 SO2(g)
In this reaction very large amount of heat is produce. This hot gas is used in the boiler to produce the steam. Gas is passes through the tubes and water from
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WATER TREATMENT
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WATER TREATMENT
Water serves a basic necessity in functioning of any plant , from cooing to steam , from scrubbing to dilution everywhere water is the important . As it is a cheap resource and universally available . In a superphosphate and sulphuric acid plant water has much importance . It is used for many purposes like production of sulphuric acid , in steam generation , granulation of super phosphate e.t.c But the quality of water is very concerned part as the plants are costly and the equipment cannot be replaced easily especially when water is used in boilers and pipes , it is a concern to check the quality of water being used . The basic impurities in the water are of two types . TSS ( Total Suspended Solids) TDS ( Total Dissolved solids )
The Suspended solids can cause blockages across the pipe bends or valves at least and specifically can be a huge hazard to the boiler tubes and shell ( if used in shell). These solids can also cause corrosion of the pipes. Whereas The dissolved solids can cause fouling or scaling of the equipment through which water passes , and they can also affect the reactions , if water is used in any dilution or chemical reaction . The water which comes into the plant contains a small amount of suspended solids but contains dissolved solids , but that amount can be disastrous to the plant . This defines the need for a proper set up of the water treatment plant . Hazara Phosphate Fertilizers has a proper water treatment plant to make the water suitable for use in the boiler which includes simple sand filtration to the ion exchange process for increasing purity to the maximum and removing any type of TDS or TSS in the water .
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WATER CIRCULATION
Two pumps are provided for the flow of water which is to be filtered and treated for use in plants. A pump is provided for fire fighting system. Three pumps are present to pump raw water in the cooling tower.
SAND FILTRATION
The two pumps in which one is at stand-by are used for the transport of water within plant . The water is passed through a filter containing gravels and sand . When water passes through the sand , its turbidity is removed and greater insoluble impurities are removed from the water . With the passage of time the sand gravels get clogged by the impurities and donot give that much cleaning . In that case the stand-by filter is used , and the previous filter is made up by passing water in the reverse direction with pressure , This make the gravel setup to be disturbed and the impurities flow away with the water . This water is drained out , which takes the impurities with itself . In this way the filter is again ready for use . Sand filter is a cheap method and it removes most of the particles like pieces of wood , any metal particles or other particles.
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CATION EXCHANGE
The cation exchange resins remove cations like calcium , magnesium , aluminium e.t.c . There is a bed of resins through which raw water is passed . The raw water looses the soluble cations and it moves to the anion echange resin . When the cation resin doesnot give much purity or is used up , then it is regenerated by the following procedure . Slow Rinsing : HCl soln is passed though the cationic resin @ 150 L / 30 min . The concentration of HCl used is 30% . Fast Rinsing : Raw water is pumped from top to bottom at a pressure of about 7-8 bar . This regenerates our cationic Resin .
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After passing through the ion exchange resins , The amount of TSS is zero and the amount of TDS is minimum or zero if the resins are newly regenerated . This ensures the safety factor for the boiler , pipes and the apparatus which is being used in the Sulphuric acid plant . There is very rare chance that the water carries with it sulphates or carbonates which will cause scaling on the inside of boiler tubes or steam jackets.
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SAFETY
HPFL ensures safe work environment by providing safety training to all personnel on plant. As per the company policy all news personnel on plant receive safety training prior taking charge of their responsibilities.
The training comprised of: Importance of Safety at Plant Use of Personal Protective Equipment Use of Fire Extinguishers
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ANALYSIS LAB
Following tests are performed in the lab to ensure the quality standards of the company. Phosphate Rock Test ROP Test ROP Test after curing SSP Product Test Sulphur Test Water hardness Test Water pH Test SO2 gas Test SO3 gas Test Sulphuric Acid Test
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