This year's Arctic sea ice peak is the lowest in the 47-year satellite record, the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) said, as the planet continues to swelter under the mounting effects of human-driven climate change.
The start of this year saw the warmest January on record, followed by the third-warmest February, with the polar regions heating several times faster than the global average.
The 2025 maximum sea ice extent was likely reached on 22 March, measuring 14.33 million square kms - below the previous low of 14.41 million square kms set in 2017.
"This new record low is yet another indicator of how Arctic sea ice has fundamentally changed from earlier decades," said NSIDC senior research scientist Walt Meier in a statement.
"But even more importantly than the record low is that this year adds yet another data point to the continuing long-term loss of Arctic sea ice in all seasons."
The record-low Arctic maximum extent follows a near-record-low minimum extent of sea ice in the Antarctic, where it is now summer.
The 2025 Antarctic sea ice minimum, achieved on 1 March, was 1.98 million square kms tying for the second-lowest annual minimum in the satellite record, alongside 2022 and 2024.
Combined Arctic and Antarctic sea ice cover - frozen ocean water that floats on the surface - plunged to a record low in February, according to both the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Europe's Copernicus Climate Change Service.
A vicious cycle
While floating sea ice does not directly raise sea levels, its disappearance sets off a cascade of climate consequences, altering weather patterns, disrupting ocean currents, and threatening ecosystems and human communities.
When reflective ice gives way to the dark ocean, the sun's energy, instead of bouncing back into space, is absorbed by the water, warming it and fueling further melting of ice and global warming.
Shrinking Arctic ice is also reshaping geopolitics, opening new shipping lanes and drawing geopolitical interest.
Read more: Why does Donald Trump want Greenland so much?
Melting ice leads to new cold war in the Arctic Circle
Since taking office this year, US President Donald Trump has said his country must control Greenland, a Danish autonomous territory rich in mineral resources.
The loss of polar ice spells disaster for numerous species, robbing polar bears, seals, and penguins of crucial habitat used for shelter, hunting, and breeding.
Last year was the hottest on record, and the latest NOAA prediction issued on 13 March predicts that La Nina weather conditions, which have a cooling effect on global average temperatures, were likely to give way to neutral conditions over the next month that would persist over the Northern Hemisphere summer.
Since mid-2023, only July 2024 fell below 1.5C of warming, raising concerns that the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting long-term warming to 1.5C may be out of reach.
