A Letter from 400+ World Scientists on Advancing Responsible Research and Development of Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal

Society must advance responsible research, development, and field testing of ocean-based carbon dioxide removal techniques to determine their potential to help restore the climate and the ocean.

Current levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide caused primarily by the production and use of fossil fuels are substantially higher than at any point in the last 800,000 years. These current levels have warmed the planet by about 1.1 degrees Celsius on average, with much higher increases in the polar regions. The planet is now seeing devastating effects across Earth systems—perhaps most significantly in our ocean—highlighting the urgency for increased action on climate change.

The ocean has buffered humanity and the biosphere to date from the worst effects of climate disruption by absorbing more than 90 percent of the excess heat trapped on the planet by greenhouse gases and about 26 percent of all carbon dioxide pollution that otherwise would be in the air. But this has come at a great cost. The ocean is experiencing unprecedented destabilizing changes through massive warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and a host of resulting effects. These changes are further undermining the overall stability of our global climate, which is inextricably linked to ocean processes and functions.

Stopping warming requires that we reduce current and future emissions of greenhouse gases at unprecedented rates. This “decarbonization” of our society is an enormous, multi-faceted undertaking that must continue to be of the highest priority and requires significantly increased resources and attention. 

At the same time that this essential work of emissions reductions continues, we must also pursue additional solutions that can safely reduce the impacts and outcomes of climate change, including “carbon dioxide removal,” or cleaning up the legacy carbon dioxide pollution trapped in the atmosphere. 

The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has made clear that large-scale carbon dioxide removal is needed this century to stay below or return to the 1.5 degrees Celsius warming threshold — the goal set out in the Paris Agreement. Carbon dioxide removal is the only tool that can remove the legacy carbon dioxide pollution that otherwise will stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, continuing its debilitating effects in the ocean and on the planet.

Carbon dioxide removal refers to a variety of natural and engineered methods to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the upper layer of the ocean, and safely store it in geologic reservoirs, in the ocean, or in products. These techniques range from tree planting and soil carbon sequestration practices to industrial processes that filter carbon out of the air and store it underground. 

Less well-known and understood are a range of options that rely on the vast potential of the ocean to absorb and store carbon from the atmosphere. These include nature-based approaches like coastal ecosystem restoration, to nature-inspired approaches such as ocean alkalinity enhancement and direct ocean removal. 

The ocean is the largest exchangeable carbon reservoir on the planet; the ocean’s carbon content is fifty times larger than what is in the atmosphere. Its sheer size also means that ocean-based climate solutions can be scaled to significantly mitigate climate risk.

While ocean-based carbon dioxide removal approaches have enormous potential, there are also risks. Society does not yet have nearly enough information about the effectiveness or impacts of any specific approach and so cannot make informed decisions about their use at scale. There is an urgent need to accelerate responsible research, field testing, and monitoring to determine which may ultimately be safe, equitable, and viable. Achieving this goal requires coordination across many sectors, geographies, and cultures.

Given the urgency of climate action, we collectively call for a collaborative and intensive research portfolio for:

  • accelerated engineering and environmental optimization of each potential ocean-based carbon removal pathway; and  

  • controlled field trials of each pathway in diverse ocean settings to evaluate the efficacy, impacts, and operational requirements in a real-world environment and provide needed information to society.

Testing and trials must be accompanied by:

  • rigorous and transparent monitoring and evaluation frameworks to measure environmental, social, and economic effects;

  • third-party independent review of results;

  • safeguards to mitigate any unintended or adverse consequences;

  • inclusive governance structures that deliver transparency and engagement for all interested parties; and

  • global collaboration and data sharing similar to what emerged during COVID-19.

We must work together as quickly as possible to advance essential science so that we know as soon as possible whether ocean-based carbon dioxide removal approaches are viable mitigation pathways to reduce climate risk for this and future generations.

The ocean supports an incredibly rich diversity of life on the planet. It also provides food, livelihoods, and cultural and spiritual values that sustain humanity. It plays a dominant role in climate and weather regulation.  For the sake of our children, their children, and all the other life forms on this beautiful blue planet, we are called to do everything in our power to arrest and reverse the climate crisis–including looking to the ocean to continue to sustain and restore our world.

Dr. Allan Adams, Aquatic Labs, United States of America

Dr. Kwasi Appeaning Addo, University of Ghana, Ghana

Dr. Avanti Acharya, 1010 Solutions, India

Dr. Ana Aguilar-Islas, University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States of America

Dr. Andrews Agyekumhene, University of Ghana, Ghana

Dr. Clark Alexander, University of Georgia, United States of America

Dr. Joan Alfaro-Lucas, University of Victoria, Canada

Dr. Mike Allen, Seaweed Generation, England

Dr. Evangelos Alevizos, Nantes Université, France

Dr. Thorben Amann, Universität Hamburg, Germany

Dr. Dror Angel, University of Haifa, Israel 

Dr. Brian Kenneth Arbic, University of Michigan, United States of America

Dr. Javier Aristegui, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Dr. Kevin Arrigo, Stanford University, United States of America 

Dr. Eunice Konadu Asamoah, University of Ghana, Ghana

Dr. Jeanine Ash, Capture6, United States of America

Dr. Philipp Assmy, Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway

Dr. Asta Audzijonyte, University of Tasmania, Australia 

Dr. Romina Avila, Surfrider Foundation Europe, Spain

Dr. Peyman Babakhani, University of Leeds, England 

Dr. Lennart Bach, University of Tasmania, Australia

Dr. Andrew Baker, University of Miami, United States of America

Dr. Maria Baker, University of Southampton, England

Dr. Wokil Bam, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Gilbert Barnabé, Université de Montpellier, France

Dr. Phoebe Barnard, University of Washington, United States of America 

Dr. James Barry, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America

Dr. Mark A. Barry, Pro-Oceanus Systems, Canada 

Dr. Daniela Basso, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Dr. Sapna Batish, Cool Blue Ocean, India 

Dr. Kohen Bauer, University of Victoria, Canada 

Dr. Timothy Baumgartner, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, Mexico

Dr. Gaston Bazzino Ferreri, Biological Research Centre of the North-West, Mexico

Dr. Silvia Becagli, University of Florence, Italy

Dr. Amani Becker, National Oceanography Centre, England

Dr. Nina Bednarsek, National Institute of Biology, Slovenia

Dr. Michael Beman, University of California at Merced, United States of America

Dr. Anna Belcher, British Antarctic Survery, England

Dr. Tom Bell, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Thomas Bell, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, England

Dr. Richard Bellerby, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Norway

Dr. Jessica Bellworthy, University of Haifa, Israel

Dr. Heather Benway, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. David Bercovici, Yale University, United States of America

Dr. Rick Berg, NORI, United States of America

Dr. Carla F. Berghoff, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina

Dr. Kim Bernard, Oregon State University, South Africa

Dr. Emanuele Bigagli, Wageningen University, Greece

Dr. Pedram Bigdelou, Carbon America, United States of America

Dr. Jelle Bijma, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany 

Dr. Akhil Biju, 1010 Solutions, India

Dr. David Blakeway, Fathom 5 Marine Research, Australia

Dr. Helen Bostock, University of Queensland, New Zealand

Dr. Benjamin Osei Botwe, University of Ghana, Ghana 

Dr. Philip Boyd, University of Tasmania, Australia

Dr. Annalisa Bracco, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America

Dr. Hal Bradbury, University of British Columbia, Canada 

Dr. Philip Bresnahan, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States of America

Dr. Ellen Briggs, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America

Dr. Damon Britton, University of Tasmania, Australia 

Dr. Deborah Bronk, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Science, United States of America

Dr. Kristen Brown, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America

Dr. Clifton Buck, University of Georgia, United States of America

Dr. Ken Buesseler, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Juan Buceta, Pronoe, France

Dr. Wil Burns, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy at American University, United States of America

Dr. Will Burt, Planetary Technologies, Canada

Dr. Seth Bushinsky, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America

Dr. B. B. Cael, National Oceanography Centre, England 

Dr. Ken Caldeira, Carnegie Institution for Science, United States of America

Dr. Iria Gimenez Calvo, The Hakai Institute, Spain

Dr. David Caress, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America

Dr. Craig Carlson, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America

Dr. Brendan R. Carter, University of Washington, United States of America 

Dr. Patricia Castillo-Briceno, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Ecuador

Dr. Meg Chadsey, Washington Sea Grant, United States of America 

Dr. Fei Chai, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Sifang Chen, Carbon180, United States of America

Dr. Abhiroop Chowdhury, Jindal Global University, India

Dr. Sophie Chu, Captura, United States of America

Dr. Vincent Clementi, Rutgers University, United States of America

Dr. Daniel Codiga, Runningtide, United States of America

Dr. Steeve Comeau, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Sorbonne Université, France

Dr. Liza Comita, Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, United States of America 

Dr. Perran Cook, Monash University, Australia

Dr. Stuart Corney, University of Tasmania, Australia

Dr. Christopher Edward Cornwall, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Dr. Chelsie Counsell, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, United States of America 

Dr. Heidi Cullen, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America

Dr. Leticia Cotrim Da Cunha, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dr. Tyler Cyronak, Georgia Southern University, United States of America

Dr. Nele Dageförde, TransMarTech Schleswig-Holstein GmbH, Germany

Dr. Minhan Dai, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Bryce Van Dam, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Germany

Dr. Seth Danielson, University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States of America

Dr. Daniel Dauhajre, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America

Dr. Neil Davies, UC Berkeley Gump Station, French Polynesia

Dr. Kristen A. Davis, University of California at Irvine, United States of America

Dr. Thomas DeCarlo, Hawaiʻi Pacific University, United States of America

Dr. Sylvain Delerce, Carbon Gap, France

Dr. Walter Dellisanti, University of Copenhagen, Italy

Dr. Aditi Deshpande, Northeastern University, United States of America

Dr. Dan Deviri, CarbonBlue, Israel

Dr. Erica Dodds, Climate Base, United States of America

Dr. Iovino Dorotea, Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy

Dr. Alistair Dove, Georgia Aquarium, United States of America

Dr. Rob Dunbar, Stanford University, United States of America 

Dr. Phillip Dustan, College of Charleston, United States of America

Dr. Matthew Eisaman, Yale University, United States of America 

Dr. Isa Elegbede, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Germany

Dr. Joshua Elliott, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, United States of America 

Dr. Michael Elliott, University of Hull, England

Dr. Franziska Elmer, Seafields, Switzerland

Dr. David Emerson, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, United States

Dr. Steven Emerson, University of Washington, United States of America

Dr. Alan Emery, Kivu Nature Inc., Canada

Dr. Jon Erlandson, University of Oregon, United States of America

Dr. Claudia Jeannette Perez Estrada, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mexico

Dr. Jiasong Fang, Hawaiʻi Pacific University, United States of America

Dr. Guilia Faucher, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany 

Dr. Beatriz Fernandez, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Dr. Mar Fernández-Méndez, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany 

Dr. Peter Fiekowsky, Climate Restoration Safety & Governance Board, United States of America 

Dr. Moacyr Cunha de Araujo Filho, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil 

Dr. José Eduardo Martinelli Filho, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil

Dr. Helen Findlay, Plymouth Marine Laborator, England

Dr. Shaun Fitzgerald, Centre for Climate Repair at University of Cambridge, England 

Dr. Charles "Chip" H. Fletcher III, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America

Dr. Spyros Foteinis, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland 

Dr. Steven Gaines, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America

Dr. Antonius Gagern, Carbon To Sea, United States of America

Dr. Eric Galbraith, McGill University, Canada

Dr. Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spain

Dr. Michael Garrick, University at Buffalo, United States of America

Dr. Dennis Garrity, Global EverGreening Alliance, Kenya

Dr. Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Sorbonne Université, France

Dr. Matthijs van der Geest, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands 

Dr. Sonja Geilert, Utrecht University, Netherlands 

Dr. Kimberly Gilbert, Carbon To Sea, United States of America

Dr. Sophie Gill, Isometric, England

Dr. Jayashree Ghosh, University of East Anglia, England

Dr. Thomas Goreau, Global Coral Reef Alliance, United States of America

Dr. Patricia Grasse, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany

Dr. Gretchen Grebe, University of Chicago Marine Biological Laboratory, United States of America

Dr. Charles Greene, University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, United States of America

Dr. Alyssa Griffin, University of California at Davis, United States of America

Dr. Michal Grossowicz, GIGA, Israel

Dr. Ove Hough Guldberg, University of Queensland, Australia  

Dr. Tamar Guy-Haim, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Israel

Dr. Sebastian Haas, University of Washington, United States of America

Dr. Mathilde Hagens, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands

Dr. Michelle Hale, University of Portsmouth, England

Dr. Svenja Halfter, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand

Dr. Paul Halloran, University of Exeter, England

Dr. Isa Adekunle Hamid-Mosaku, University of Lagos, Nigeria

Dr. Douglas Hamilton, North Carolina State University, United States of America

Dr. Xiqiu Han, Second Institute of Oceanography, China

Dr. Dennis Arthur Hansell, University of Miami, United States of America

Dr. James Hansen, Columbia University, United States of America

Dr. T. Alan Hatton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America

Dr. Jens Hartmann, Universität Hamburg, Germany

Dr. Michael Harte, Oregon State University, United States of America

Dr. Mohammed Hashim, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Zeke Hausfather, Stripe, United States of America

Dr. Helena Hauss, Norce Research, Norway

Dr. Jing He, Isometric, United States of America

Dr. Carl Helrich, Goshen College, United States of America

Dr. Lenaïg Hemery, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, France

Dr. Jim Hench, Duke University, United States of America

Dr. Albert Hermann, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, United States of America

Dr. Harry Hilser, University of Exeter, England

Dr. David Ho, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America

Dr. Michael F. Hochella, Jr., Virginia Tech, United States of America

Dr. Linn Hoffmann, University of Otago, United States of America

Dr. Achim Hoffmann, Woxon, England

Dr. Max Holloway, Brilliant Planet, Scotland

Dr. Gi Hoon Hong, East China Normal University, China 

Dr. François Houllier, French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, France 

Dr. Julie Huber, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Christopher W Hunt, University of New Hampshire, United States of America

Dr. Catriona L. Hurd, University of Tasmania, Australia 

Dr. Aileen Tan Shai Hwai, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Robert Izett, Planetary Technologies, Canada

Dr. Catherine Jadot, Blue Ocean Future, Belgium

Dr. Li-Qing Jiang, University of Maryland, United States of America

Dr. Zong-Pei Jiang, Zhejiang University, China

Dr. Nianzhi Jiao, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Tim Jennerjahn, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Germany

Dr. Seth John, University of Southern California, United States of America

Dr. Kenneth S. Johnson, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Dr. Samantha B. Joye, University of Georgia, United States of America

Dr. Amanda Kahn, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, United States of America

Dr. James Kairo, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kenya

Dr. Krista Kamer, California State University at Monterey Bay, United States of America

Dr. Alicia Karspeck, [C]Worthy, United States of America

Dr. Joachim Katchinoff, Yale University, United States of America

Dr. Kelly Kearney, University of Washington, United States of America

Dr. David P. Keller, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany 

Dr. Marc von Keitz, Grantham Foundation, United States of America

Dr. Thomas Kelly, University of Alaska Fairbanks, United States of America

Dr. Waseem Razzaq Khan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Rainer Kiko, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany

Dr. Heather Kim, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Sir David King, Climate Crisis Advisory Group, England 

Dr. Vassilis Kitidis, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, England

Dr. Christine Klass, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany 

Dr. Melanie Kolb, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

Dr. John W. Koster, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America

Dr. David Koweek, Ocean Visions, United States of America

Dr. Frauke Kracke, Stripe, United States of America

Dr. Kristy Kroeker, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America 

Dr. Jitender Kumar, Physical Research Laboratory, India

Dr. Karin Kvale, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, New Zealand

Dr. Zouhair Lachkar, NYU Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Dr. Angela Manekuor Lamptey, University of Ghana, Ghana

Dr. Christopher Langdon, University of Miami, United States of America

Dr. John Largier, University of California at Davis, United States of America

Dr. Steve Larter, University of Calgary, Canada

Dr. Lieve Laurens, National Renewable Energy Lab, United States of America

Dr. Samantha Lavender, Pixalytics Ltd, England

Dr. Louis Legendre, Sorbonne University, France

Dr. Nadine Lehmann, University of Tasmania, Australia

Dr. Margaret Leinen, Scripps Oceanography, United States of America

Dr. Li Li, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Jianghui Li, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Shenghui Li, Guangdong Ocean University, China

Dr. Chin Yik Lin, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

Dr. Yajuan Lin, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, United States of America

Dr. Jihua Liu, Shandong University, China

Dr. Matt Long, [C]Worthy, United States of America

Dr. Celeste López-Abbate, Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Argentina

Dr. Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Brown University, United States of America

Dr. Susan Lozier, Georgia Tech, United States of America

Dr. Phil De Luna, Deep Sky, Canada

Dr. Parker MacCready, University of Washington, United States of America

Dr. Cara Maesano, Rocky Mountain Institute, United States of America

Dr. Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, India

Dr. Edem Mahu, University of Ghana, Ghana 

Dr. Thulani Makhalanyane, University of Pretoria, South Africa

Dr. Thomas Kiran Marella, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Dr. Arun Majumdar, Stanford University, United States of America 

Dr. Ahmed Makaoui, Institut National De Recherche Halieutique, Morocco

Dr. Robert Marsh, University of Southampton, England

Dr. Tanya Marshall, University of Cape Town, South Africa 

Dr. Ali Mashayek, University of Cambridge, England 

Dr. Baker Matovu, UNESCO, Uganda

Dr. Dennis McGillicuddy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Jacqueline McGlade, University College London, England

Dr. Galen McKinley, Columbia University, United States of America

Dr. Cameron McLeod, University of Sheffield, England

Dr. Rebecca McLeod, University of Otago, New Zealand

Dr. Erika McPhee-Shaw, Western Washington University, United States of America

Dr. James C. McWilliams, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America

Dr. Melissa Melendez, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America

Dr. Marcelo Mena, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile 

Dr. Pedro de Jesus Mendes, Sinkco Labs, Portugal

Dr. Rafael Méndez-Tejeda, Universidad de Puerto Rico en Carolina, Puerto Rico

Dr. Peter de Menocal, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Fiorenza Micheli, Stanford University, United States of America

Dr. Jack Middelburg, Utrecht University, Netherlands 

Dr. Matthew Mills, Stanford University, United States of America

Dr. Klas Ove Möller, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Germany

Dr. Stephen Monismith, Stanford University, United States of America

Dr. David Moore, formerly The University of Manchester, England

Dr. Stephen Monismith, Stanford University, United States of America

Dr. Erika Montague, Schmidt Marine Technology Partners, United States of America

Dr. Kate Moran, Ocean Networks Canada, Canada

Dr. Ramaiah Nagappa, formerly National Institute of Oceanography, India

Dr. Sara Nawaz, American University, United States of America

Dr. David Nicholson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Kerry J. Nickols, Ocean Visions, United States of America

Dr. Jun Nishioka, Hokkaido University, Japan

Dr. Jochen Nuester, California State University at Chico, United States of America

Dr. Chioma Nwakanma, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria

Dr. Jón Ólafsson, University of Iceland, Iceland

Dr. Mark Osborne, University of Sussex, England

Dr. Andreas Oschlies, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany

Dr. Hazel Oxenford, University of the West Indies at Cave Hill, Barbados

Dr. Jaime B. Palter, University of Rhode Island, United States of America

Dr. Juan Patino-Martinez, Maio Biodiversity Foundation, Cape Verde 

Dr. Christopher Pearce, National Oceanography Centre, England 

Dr. Gretta Pecl, University of Tasmania, Australia 

Dr. Miriam Philippi, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany 

Dr. Darren Pilcher, University of Washington, United States of America

Dr. Alex Poulton, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland

Dr. Di Qi, Jimei University, China

Dr. Zachary Quinlan, University of California at San Diego, United States of America

Dr. Steve Rackley, Planetary Technologies, Canada

Dr. Kilaparti Ramakrishna, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Guido Raos, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Dr. Greg H. Rau, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America 

Dr. Morgan Raven, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America

Dr. Pete Raymond, Yale University, United States of America

Dr. Ralph Rayner, London School of Economics, England

Dr. Gregor Rehder, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemmünde, Germany

Dr. Gert-Jan Reichart, Dutch the Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee, Netherlands

Dr. Christopher Reinhard, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America

Dr. Phil Renforth, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland 

Dr. Marisol Garcia-Reyes, Farallon Institute, Mexico

Dr. Aurora M Ricart, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Spain 

Dr. Philippa Rickard, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland

Dr. Ulf Riebesell, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany

Dr. Justin Baker Ries, Northeastern University, United States of America 

Dr. Mallory Ringham, Stony Brook University, United States of America 

Dr. Elliott G. Roberts, University of Delaware, United States of America

Dr. Andrew P. Roberts, Australian National University, Australia

Dr. Bruce Robison, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America

Dr. Carol Robinson, University of East Anglia, England 

Dr. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America

Dr. Regina R. Rodrigues, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Dr. Paul Rouse, Imperial College London, England 

Dr. Mohammad Rozaimi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Ranjeet Sabale, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering Management & Research, India

Dr. Christopher Sabine, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America

Dr. Saroj Kumar Sahu, Utkal University, India

Dr. Gaurav N. Sant, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America

Dr. Niloufar Sarvian, Marble, France

Dr. Aprameya Satish, Georgia Tech Research Institute, United States of America

Dr. Anna Savage, Runningtide, United States of America

Dr. Marie-Lise Schlaeppy, The University of Western Australia, Australia

Dr. Adam Schlenger, Nexus Global, United States of America

Dr. Martin Scherwath, University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada

Dr. Sarah Schlunegger, Princeton University, United States of America

Dr. Raymond W. Schmitt, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Chris Scholin, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America

Dr. Max Schubert, Grantham Foundation, United States of America

Dr. Kai Schulz, Southern Cross University, United States of America

Dr. Michael R. Schuppenhauer, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States of America

Dr. Pablo Serret, University of Vigo, Spain

Dr. Norma Patricia Munoz Sevilla, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México

Dr. Nicolas Garcia Seyda, La Plataforma Oceánica de Canarias, Spain

Dr. Mukul Sharma, Dartmouth College, United States of America

Dr. Yuan Shen, Xiamen University, China 

Dr. Dalin Shi, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Yunne Shin, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France

Dr. Gyami Shrestha, Lynker, United States of America

Dr. Nyssa J Silbiger, California State University at Northridge, United States of America 

Dr. Vishal Singh, Indian Institute of Technology at Banaras Hindu University, India

Dr. David Siegel, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America 

Dr. Jim Silliman, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, United States of America

Dr. Arvind Singh, Physical Research Laboratory, India

Dr. Sambit Singh, Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, India

Dr. Gregory Sinnett, Walter Munk Foundation for the Oceans, United States of America

Dr. Wayne Slade, Sequoia Scientific, Inc., United States of America 

Dr. Duncan Smallman, Seaweed Generation, Scotland

Dr. Ingrid Smet, Fieldcode, University States of America 

Dr. Immaculate Sware Semesi, Tanzania Marine Parks and Reserves Unit, Tanzania 

Dr. Alexandra Skrivanek, Schmidt Futures, United States of America

Dr. Victor Smetacek, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany 

Dr. Sarah R. Smith, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, United States of America

Dr. Jennifer Smith, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, United States of America

Dr. Geoff Smith, Specto Natura, England

Dr. Pablo Sobron, Impossible Sensing, Spain

Dr. Salman Masoudi Soltani, Brunel University, England

Dr. Mariana Rocha de Souza, Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology

Dr. Arun Kumar Sridharan, Nualgi Nanobiotech, India

Dr. Lars Stemman, Sorbonne University, France

Dr. Josh Steinberg, CarbonBlue, Israel

Dr. Jeffrey Stoike, Blue Action Lab, United States of America

Dr. Elizabeth Strain, University of Tasmania, Australia 

Dr. Tanja Stratmann, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Netherlands

Dr. Malte Stuecker, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America

Dr. Adam V. Subhas, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Ichiko Sugiyama, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Appalanaidu Sura, National Center for Coastal Research, India

Dr. Curtis Suttle, University of British Columbia, Canada

Dr. Mariam Swaleh, Technical University of Mombasa, Kenya

Dr. Steffen Swoboda, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany 

Dr. Fernando González Taboada, AZTI, Spain

Dr. Veronica Tamsitt, Submarine, United States of America

Dr. Edwina Tanner, Ocean Nourishment Corporation, Australia

Dr. Jan Taucher, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany 

Dr. John Taylor, University of Cambridge, England 

Dr. Caroline Thaler, Marble, France

Dr. Pavel Tishchenko, Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Russia

Dr. Janice Trotte-Duha, Brazilian Naval School, Brazil

Dr. Alison Tune, Runningtide, United States of America 

Dr. Brendan Turley, University of Miami, United States of America

Dr. Kendra Turk-Kubo, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America 

Dr. Benjamin S. Twining, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, United States of America

Dr. Koenraad Vanhoutte, Navicula Group, Belgium

Dr. Carlos A. Vargas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia 

Dr. Jose Adán Caballero Vázquez, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mexico

Dr. Devi Veytia, Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity, France

Dr. Ligia Collado Vides, Florida International University, United States of America

Dr. Maria-Elena Vorrath, Universität Hamburg, Germany 

Dr. Bastienne Vriesendorp, Leiden University, Netherlands

Dr. Anya Waite, Dalhousie University, Canada

Dr. Ian Walsh, Ocean Based Climate Solutions, Inc., United States of America

Dr. Nathan Walworth, Vesta, United States of America

Dr. Zhaohui Aleck Wang, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Qing Wang, Jinan University, China

Dr. Wei-Lei Wang, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Yuntao Wang, Second Institute of Oceanography, China

Dr. Michael Wara, Stanford University, United States of America 

Dr. Brian Ward, University of Galway, Ireland 

Dr. Melissa Ward, Windward Sciences, United States of America

Dr. Christine Ward-Paige, eOceans, Canada

Dr. Jay Werber, University of Toronto, Canada

Dr. Francis Wiese, Santec, United States of America

Dr. Susan E Wijffels, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America

Dr. Yingxu Wu, Jimei University, China

Dr. Eleuterio Yanez, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile

Dr. Yufeng Yang, Jinan University, China

Dr. Andrew Yool, National Oceanography Centre, England

Dr. Joo-Eun Yoon, Centre for Climate Repair at University of Cambridge, England 

Dr. Wei Xie, Sun Yat-sen University, China

Dr. Peng Xiu, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Yuanyuan Xu, Planetary Technologies, Canada

Dr. Jihong Zhang, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China

Dr. Yongyu Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Dr. Yongyu Zhang, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, China

Dr. Kuanbo Zhou, Xiamen University, China

Dr. Linbin Zhou, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Dr. Martin Zimmer, Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung, Germany

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The science letter is supported by Ocean Visions, a non-profit organization that advances solutions for ocean-climate restoration.