Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection

Samuel W Kazer; Bruce D Walker; Alex K Shalek

doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015

Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection

Immunity. 2020 Nov 17;53(5):908-924. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015.

Authors

Samuel W Kazer¹, Bruce D Walker², Alex K Shalek³

Affiliations

¹ Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
² Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
³ Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].

Abstract

Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.

Keywords: HIV; SIV; acute infection; host-pathogen.

Publication types

Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

MeSH terms

Acute Disease
Adaptive Immunity
Animals
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Biological Evolution*
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / metabolism
Cytokines / metabolism
Disease Management
HIV / immunology*
HIV Infections / immunology*
HIV Infections / therapy
HIV Infections / virology
Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology*
Humans
Immunity*
Immunity, Innate
Inflammation Mediators / metabolism
Lymphoid Tissue / immunology
Lymphoid Tissue / metabolism
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / immunology
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / virology
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / immunology
Time-to-Treatment
Treatment Outcome
Viral Load

Substances

Cytokines
Inflammation Mediators

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding