Journal Description
Mining
Mining
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on mining science and engineering published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, GeoRef, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Geology)
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
- Mining is a companion journal of Minerals.
Latest Articles
Modeling and Mitigating Gas Hazards during Potash Mine Closure
Mining 2024, 4(3), 657-671; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030037 - 10 Sep 2024
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The planned closure of potash mines achieved through the injection of highly mineralized brines into the worked-out area is a complex process. A critical concern arises when brines obstruct the aerodynamic connections between the flooded mine’s airspace and the atmosphere, potentially leading to
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The planned closure of potash mines achieved through the injection of highly mineralized brines into the worked-out area is a complex process. A critical concern arises when brines obstruct the aerodynamic connections between the flooded mine’s airspace and the atmosphere, potentially leading to the formation of closed cavities where explosive gases can accumulate. To address this hazard, it is imperative to develop systems capable of extracting the gas–air mixture from the unflooded part of the worked-out area. Two distinct scenarios are examined: the first involves controlled flooding with saturated brines, while the second contemplates flooding resulting from a hypothetical breakthrough of supra-salt strata, leading to the ingress of groundwater into the worked-out area. A novel mathematical model is introduced to predict the evolution of gas–air mixture parameters in the unflooded part of the worked-out area. Utilizing this model, we assess the effectiveness of proposed measures designed to eliminate explosive gases from the worked-out area. Specifically, a pipeline system is proposed for the removal of gases. The findings from this study contribute valuable insights into ensuring the safe and efficient closure of potash mines, shedding light on potential risks and effective mitigation strategies for gas-related hazards during planned flooding.
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Open AccessArticle
Comparison of MLR, MNLR, and ANN Models for Estimation of Young’s Modulus (E50) and Poisson’s Ratio (υ) of Rock Materials Using Non-Destructive Measurement Methods
by
Orcun Tugay Deniz and Vedat Deniz
Mining 2024, 4(3), 642-656; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030036 - 6 Sep 2024
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In this study, the static E50 and υ parameters of rock materials were investigated using P-S wave velocities and Shore hardness (SH), using non-destructive measurement methods. In this study, the multiple linear regression (MLR), multiple non-linear regression (
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In this study, the static E50 and υ parameters of rock materials were investigated using P-S wave velocities and Shore hardness (SH), using non-destructive measurement methods. In this study, the multiple linear regression (MLR), multiple non-linear regression (MNLR), and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to estimate and determine the static E50 and υ parameters. When comparing the models defined by MLR, MNLR, and ANN to the R2 values, it was found that the ANN models, which estimate the E50 and υ parameters of rock materials using non-destructive methods (Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs, ρd, and SH), achieved higher accuracy than the MLR and MNLR models. The originality of this study is rooted in the fact that ores such as galena, chromite, and barite were studied for the first time from a rock mechanics perspective, providing an innovative viewpoint. In addition, the use of all non-destructive measurement methods, Vp, Vs, and Shore hardness tests, also increases the importance of the study findings.
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Open AccessArticle
On the Behavior of Bauxite Tailings under a Wide Range of Stresses
by
Rosanne Rodrigues Santos Maciel Gonçalves, Matheus de Rezende Dutra, Bruna Zakharia Hoch, Hugo Carlos Scheuermann Filho, Fernando Schnaid and Lucas Festugato
Mining 2024, 4(3), 629-641; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030035 - 31 Aug 2024
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Despite its vital importance to the contemporary economy, some drawbacks are mainly associated with waste derived from mining activity. This waste consists of tailings that are hydraulically disposed of in large impoundments, the tailings dams. As the dams are enlarged to accommodate higher
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Despite its vital importance to the contemporary economy, some drawbacks are mainly associated with waste derived from mining activity. This waste consists of tailings that are hydraulically disposed of in large impoundments, the tailings dams. As the dams are enlarged to accommodate higher amounts of materials, the stress states at which the deposited tailings are submitted change. This may be a concern for the stability of such structures once the geotechnical behavior of this material may be complex and challenging to predict, considering the existing approaches. Thus, the present study concerns the mechanical response of bauxite tailings under a wide span of stresses, ranging from 25 kPa to 4000 kPa. One-dimensional compression tests and isotropically drained and undrained triaxial tests were carried out on intact and remolded samples of the bauxite tailings. The after-shearing grain size distribution was characterized via sedimentation analysis. The results have shown a stress-dependency of the critical state friction angle for the intact material, which may be related to fabric alterations derived from structure deterioration and particle breakage. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the response of structured and de-structured bauxite tailings, which are helpful for future constitutive modeling of such material.
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Open AccessArticle
Examining Sustainable Transition and Post-Mining Management in the Ruhr Region and the Prospective Evaluation of Knowledge Transfer to Kosovo’s Mining Sector
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Kemajl Zeqiri, Tansel Dogan, Stefan Möllerherm and Sara Kasmaeeyazdi
Mining 2024, 4(3), 613-628; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030034 - 27 Aug 2024
Abstract
Despite the long tradition of mining activities in Kosovo, there is still the a lack of policies for post-mining. Specifically, focusing on coal mining, this research analyzes the sustainable transition and post-mining management in the Ruhr Region, exploring the potential for knowledge transfer
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Despite the long tradition of mining activities in Kosovo, there is still the a lack of policies for post-mining. Specifically, focusing on coal mining, this research analyzes the sustainable transition and post-mining management in the Ruhr Region, exploring the potential for knowledge transfer to enhance mining practices in Kosovo. The research aims to identify transferable strategies for sustainable mining transitions by examining environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Through comparative analysis, the study assesses the applicability of Ruhr’s experiences in fostering environmentally responsible mining practices in Kosovo and beyond. Similarities and possible challenges are discussed based on the environmental and socio-economic points of view. The findings contribute insights into effective post-mining strategies, facilitating knowledge transfer to regions undergoing similar transitions and thereby fostering sustainable mining practices globally.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Mining Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Multi-Level Characterization of Lignite Mine Waste by the Integration of Wide Wavelength Range Infrared Spectroscopy
by
Oscar Kamps, Feven Desta, Fardad Maghsoudi Moud and Mike Buxton
Mining 2024, 4(3), 588-612; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030033 - 26 Aug 2024
Abstract
Both the mineralogy and geochemistry of coal mine waste presents environmental and social challenges while simultaneously offering the potential source for recovery of metals, including critical raw materials (CRMs). Assessing these challenges and opportunities requires effective waste management strategies and comprehensive material characterization.
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Both the mineralogy and geochemistry of coal mine waste presents environmental and social challenges while simultaneously offering the potential source for recovery of metals, including critical raw materials (CRMs). Assessing these challenges and opportunities requires effective waste management strategies and comprehensive material characterization. This study deals with the integration of analytical data obtained from various portable sensor technologies. Infrared reflection spectroscopy (covering a wide wavelength range of 0.4 to 15 µm), and geochemical x-ray fluorescence (XRF) were utilized to differentiate between samples belonging to various geological lithologies and quantify elements of interest. Therefore, we developed a methodological framework that encompasses data integration and machine learning techniques. The model developed using the infrared data predicts the Sr concentration with a model accuracy of R2 = 0.77 for the testing dataset; however, the model performances decreased for predicting other elements such as Pb, Zn, Y, and Th. Despite these limitations, the approach demonstrates better performance in discriminating materials based on both mineralogical and geochemical compositions. Overall, the developed methodology, enables rapid and in-situ determination of coal mine waste composition, providing insights into waste composition that are directly linked to potential environmental impact, and the possible recovery of economically valuable metals.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Mining Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Investigation into Deploying a Wi-Fi6 Mesh System for Underground Gold and Platinum Mine Stopes
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Brenton Lloyd Chetty, Tom Mmbasu Walingo, Carel Phillip Kruger and Sherrin John Isaac
Mining 2024, 4(3), 567-587; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030032 - 17 Aug 2024
Abstract
Stopes suffer from unreliable wireless communication due to their harsh environment. There is a lack of confidence within industry regarding the effectiveness of existing solutions in providing reliable high-bandwidth performance in hard rock stopes. This work proposes that Wi-Fi6 is a good candidate
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Stopes suffer from unreliable wireless communication due to their harsh environment. There is a lack of confidence within industry regarding the effectiveness of existing solutions in providing reliable high-bandwidth performance in hard rock stopes. This work proposes that Wi-Fi6 is a good candidate for reliable high-bandwidth communications in underground hard rock stopes. Experiments in a tunnel and mine stope were conducted to evaluate the performance of Wi-Fi6 in terms of latency, jitter, and throughput. Different criteria, such as multi-hop systems, varying multipath, mesh routing protocols, and frequencies at different bandwidths, were used to evaluate performance. The results show that Wi-Fi6 performance is greater in stopes compared to tunnels. Signal quality evaluations were conducted using the Asus RT-AX53U running OpenWrt, and an additional experiment was conducted on the nrf7002dk running Zephyr OS to evaluate the power consumption of Wi-Fi6 against the industry standard for low-powered wireless communications, IEEE 802.15.4. Wi-Fi6 was found to be more power-efficient than IEEE 802.15.4 for Mbps communications. These experiments highlight the signal robustness of Wi-Fi6 in stope environments and also highlights its low-powered nature. This work also highlights the performance of the two most widely used open-source mesh routing protocols for Wi-Fi.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Mining Innovation)
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Open AccessArticle
A Systems Engineering Approach to Incorporate ESG Risks and Opportunities in Early-Stage Mine Design and Planning
by
Micah Nehring and Peter Knights
Mining 2024, 4(3), 546-566; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030031 - 12 Aug 2024
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This study examines how ESG risks and opportunities can be systematically identified, assessed, and incorporated into the early-stage design and planning of natural resources projects. The focus for this study will be on the mining activities required to source the resources for the
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This study examines how ESG risks and opportunities can be systematically identified, assessed, and incorporated into the early-stage design and planning of natural resources projects. The focus for this study will be on the mining activities required to source the resources for the global decarbonization effort. The need for a framework to incorporate ESG risks and opportunities into the strategic mine planning process was first identified in the de Beers Sustainability Valuation Approach. The Social Value Capital Decision Model advanced by BHP represents an advance on the de Beers model. This is the first example of a structured methodology for systematically considering stakeholder values and incorporating these into the capital decision framework. To test the applicability of a new approach to mine design by using Quality Function Deployment (QFD), a case study involving a copper mine located in South America was developed. This case study demonstrates how QFD can provide clear line-of-sight to connect design decisions with priority stakeholder concerns. The framework provides a communications tool for aligning the ESG design process across functional silos within complex organizations. The development of appropriate software tools could assist in managing the inherent complexity associated with integrating stakeholder value concerns into early stage design decisions.
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Open AccessArticle
A Preliminary Assessment of Underground Space Resources for Hydrogen Storage in Salt Caverns in Lambton County, Southern Ontario, Canada
by
Ling Li, Shunde Yin and Zhizhang Wang
Mining 2024, 4(3), 530-545; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030030 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is considered to solve the intermittency problem of renewable energy. A geological assessment indicated that the B unit of the Salina Group in Southern Ontario, Canada, is the most promising for UHS because it is the thickest and most
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Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is considered to solve the intermittency problem of renewable energy. A geological assessment indicated that the B unit of the Salina Group in Southern Ontario, Canada, is the most promising for UHS because it is the thickest and most regionally extensive salt rock deposit. However, the comprehensive geological knowledge of potential sites and overall salt volume for UHS remains undiscovered. This paper collected 1112 wells’ logging data to assess the geologic potential for UHS in Lambton County. The geological characteristic analysis of the B unit was conducted using high-frequency stratigraphic sequences and logging interpretation. The internal lithologies and thicknesses of the B unit were interpreted from 426 available wells. The storage capacity of the salt caverns was calculated from simplified cylinder models. The results indicate that the B unit can be subdivided into three high-frequency sequences, denoted as the SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3 subunits. SQ1 corresponds to salt–limestone, SQ2 corresponds to bedded salt rocks, and SQ3 corresponds to massive salt rocks. Well sections and thickness maps indicate that the study area can be divided into two sub-areas along the Wilikesport, Oil Spring, and Watford line. To the northwest, unit B was thicker and deeper in terms of paleo-water depth, and to the southeast, less of the B unit was deposited on the paleo-highs. The main thicknesses in SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3 range from 20 to 30 m, 25 to 35 m, and 30 to 40 m, respectively. In conclusion, the best subunit for UHS is SQ3, with a secondary target being SQ2. The main factor impacting cavern storage capacity for the SQ2 subunit is high mud content, while for SQ3, it is the meters-thick anhydrite developed towards the base of the unit. The available underground storage volume of the salt caverns in the B unit is 9.10 × 106 m3. At the standard state, the working gas volume is 557.80 × 106 m3. The favorable area for UHS is the western part surrounded by Wallaceburg, Oil Spring, and Watford. The thickness distribution of the B unit is the combined result of paleo-topography, sea-level changes, and tectonic movement in Lambton. The geological storage capacity of the salt caverns exhibits significant potential.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupled Thermal, Hydraulic, Mechanical and Chemical Phenomena as Related to Underground Safety and Green Mines)
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Open AccessArticle
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Total Suspended Solids in Water Bodies and Mapping Mining Areas in Suriname and French Guiana
by
Breno Mello Pereira and Felipe de Lucia Lobo
Mining 2024, 4(3), 510-529; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030029 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has made several environmental impacts, resulting in the significant siltation of water bodies due to the deposition of sediments on riverbanks. Based on this perspective, this study aims to investigate the water bodies and regions most impacted
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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has made several environmental impacts, resulting in the significant siltation of water bodies due to the deposition of sediments on riverbanks. Based on this perspective, this study aims to investigate the water bodies and regions most impacted by mining activities, especially in relation to the increase in the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) caused by ASGM, focusing on the territories of Suriname and French Guiana, over the period from 2017 to 2023, through the creation of an algorithm in Google Earth Engine. This research also aims to map and describe active mining in this region using the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method, which achieved an overall accuracy of 82% and a kappa index of 0.77. The results reveal that from 2017 to 2024, there was an increase of 148.09 km2 in mining, with an average increase in TSS of up to 167 mg/L in water bodies most affected by mining activities. Finally, the continued importance of using remote sensing technologies, such as GEE, together with innovative methodological approaches, to monitor and manage natural resources in a sustainable manner is highlighted.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Exploring the Mine Environment, Safety Risk and Occupational Health)
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Open AccessArticle
CoalHeritage: Visualising and Promoting Europe’s Coal Mining Heritage
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Pavlos Krassakis, Andreas Karavias, Evangelia Zygouri, Nikolaos Koukouzas, Kamil Szewerda, Dariusz Michalak, Tadeja Jegrišnik, Matjaž Kamenik, Nicolas Charles, Laurent Beccaletto, Gaël Bellenfant, Robert Hildebrandt, Sylwia Jarosławska-Sobór, Hernan Flores, Tansel Dogan, Julia Haske, Theodoros Zarogiannis, Ioanna Badouna, Eleonora Manoukian, Eleftheria Karampetsou, Dimitrios Karapanos, Georgios-Orion Marias, George S. Maraslidis, Rania Karametou and Efstratios Giouvanidisadd
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Mining 2024, 4(3), 489-509; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030028 - 16 Jul 2024
Abstract
Heritage and culture tourism involve features that commemorate a valued past. Mining heritage tourism allows visitors to experience the past, guided by former mining landscapes and engaging interactively with material artifacts. This paper introduces the CoalHeritage European project, focusing on the promotion of
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Heritage and culture tourism involve features that commemorate a valued past. Mining heritage tourism allows visitors to experience the past, guided by former mining landscapes and engaging interactively with material artifacts. This paper introduces the CoalHeritage European project, focusing on the promotion of coal mining heritage through the production and design of the European Visual Map Journal (EVMJ). The EVMJ is a user-friendly, web-based, interactive storytelling platform that supports the transfer of industrial and geoheritage from former coal mining areas. It aims to collect and disseminate heritage assets from post-mining coal areas, informing stakeholders and promoting these sites as tourist destinations. To further enhance public awareness, several ESRI StoryMaps web apps are being created to highlight specific features of each case study across Europe. The aim of this work is to introduce coal mining heritage as a new term, present the coal heritage platform and its importance for disseminating coal heritage aspects to the public, describe the methodology used for its design, and provide a brief overview of its evolving content.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Mining Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Kinetic Model Evaluation of Arsenic and Selenium Sources in Waste Rock of the Powder River Basin, USA
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Jeff B. Langman
Mining 2024, 4(3), 469-488; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4030027 - 12 Jul 2024
Abstract
Groundwater quality can be impacted by the backfilling of coal pits with waste rock containing new mineral surfaces and nanomaterials. This study was implemented to identify newly available arsenic and selenium sources in waste rock from the Cordero Rojo Mine in the Powder
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Groundwater quality can be impacted by the backfilling of coal pits with waste rock containing new mineral surfaces and nanomaterials. This study was implemented to identify newly available arsenic and selenium sources in waste rock from the Cordero Rojo Mine in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, to highlight the alteration of contaminant sources with the transition from an overburden geologic state to the mined waste rock. Basic kinetic models were constructed to replicate the possible weathering modeling scenario derived from published sources of arsenic and selenium in the Powder River Basin overburden—pyrite and gypsum, respectively. These basic prediction models were unable to capture the arsenic and selenium trends recorded for a saturated column loaded with waste rock from the Cordero Rojo Mine. Enhanced kinetic models were tested through trial and error to capture newly available sources created by the mining of the waste rock. The incorporation of new source contributions produced modeled arsenic and selenium trends similar to the observed trends in water extracted from the column. The identification of newly available contaminant sources in backfill waste rock is necessary to evaluate the potential release of contaminants and the exceedance of water quality criteria for overburden formations that have not previously shown the potential for water quality contamination.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Sustainable Mining Engineering 2024)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
The Application of Geosynthetics in Tailings Storage Facilities: A General Review
by
Ronald Kerry Rowe and Jiying Fan
Mining 2024, 4(2), 447-468; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020026 - 15 Jun 2024
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This paper is a summary of many of the key findings on the application of geosynthetics in tailings storage facilities. Topics include the compressibility and permeability of tailings, the equations predicting leakage through circular and non-circular geomembrane holes, the effect of the subgrade
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This paper is a summary of many of the key findings on the application of geosynthetics in tailings storage facilities. Topics include the compressibility and permeability of tailings, the equations predicting leakage through circular and non-circular geomembrane holes, the effect of the subgrade permeability, and the effect of a lateral drainage system within tailings on leakage predictions. Two commonly encountered engineering problems relating to the piping through circular geomembrane holes and the opening width of non-circular defective geomembrane seams are given to demonstrate the potential application of leakage prediction equations. Meanwhile, issues related to the subgrade imperfection and the long-term performance of both high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and bituminous geomembranes in tailings storage applications are addressed. The research highlights that an appropriate HDPE geomembrane liner can be expected to perform very well for an extremely long time, limiting leakage and contaminant migration from the facility into the surrounding environment if the liner is well constructed on a suitable subgrade.
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Open AccessArticle
Minimum Cost Pathfinding Algorithm for the Determination of Optimal Paths under Airflow Constraints
by
Kate Brown Requist and Moe Momayez
Mining 2024, 4(2), 429-446; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020025 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
Pathfinding algorithms allow for the numerical determination of optimal paths of travel across many applications. These algorithms remain poorly defined for additional consideration of outside parameters, such as fluid flow, while considering contaminant transport problems. We have developed a pathfinding algorithm based on
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Pathfinding algorithms allow for the numerical determination of optimal paths of travel across many applications. These algorithms remain poorly defined for additional consideration of outside parameters, such as fluid flow, while considering contaminant transport problems. We have developed a pathfinding algorithm based on the A* search algorithm which considers the effect of fluid flow behaviors in two dimensions. This search algorithm returns the optimal path between two points in a setting containing impermeable boundaries, allowing for a computational approach to the determination of the most likely path of travel for contaminants or hazards of concern due to fluid flow. This modified A* search algorithm has applications in the statistical modeling of airborne contamination distributions, providing a relative estimate of the statistical relationship between two points in an underground mine’s ventilation system. This method provides a significant improvement to the spatial resolution of minimum-cost path methods currently in use in mine ventilation network software.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Underground Mine Planning, Scheduling, and Optimization: Theory and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
A Methodology to Determine Undercutting Height in Block/Panel Caving
by
Danko Morales, Raúl Castro and René Gómez
Mining 2024, 4(2), 417-428; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020024 - 13 Jun 2024
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The undercutting process is a technique employed to initiate the caving of the ore mass in block caving, achieved by creating a basal cut on the block scheduled to be submerged. The effective execution of the undercutting process involves numerous variables, such as
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The undercutting process is a technique employed to initiate the caving of the ore mass in block caving, achieved by creating a basal cut on the block scheduled to be submerged. The effective execution of the undercutting process involves numerous variables, such as the undercut height and the vertical section’s undercut geometry, whose influence has often been overlooked. This research presents a methodology for determining the undercut height in a post-undercutting scenario, including variables such as the undercut level design, the extraction level design, and the air gap. Integral to this methodology is a parameterization that estimates the undercut height, from which design abacuses can be created to aid the assessment of present and future operations for any block/panel caving operation that employs the post-undercutting variant. Additionally, two examples demonstrate the application of this methodology, revealing how alterations in the dimensions of the crown pillar and drawbells significantly influence the undercut height. The calculation methodology outlined in this document delivers an undercutting height, providing an evaluation methodology for ongoing operations. Consequently, any height exceeding this suggests a conservative approach, potentially offering an opportunity for design improvement and alignment with the described parameters.
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Open AccessReview
Enhanced Measurement and Verification Practices in Deep-Level Mines: The Current State
by
Frans J. L. Matthee, Johan H. Marais and Jean H. van Laar
Mining 2024, 4(2), 401-416; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020023 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
This article explores operational challenges in mining, with a focus on energy management amid depleting ore grades and rising costs. The urgent need for innovative energy management systems and strategies is highlighted by analyzing the unexplored landscape of mine energy budgeting and forecasting
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This article explores operational challenges in mining, with a focus on energy management amid depleting ore grades and rising costs. The urgent need for innovative energy management systems and strategies is highlighted by analyzing the unexplored landscape of mine energy budgeting and forecasting and identifying gaps in current practices. Drawing from the literature, this paper offers new insights into energy budgeting and the evaluation of energy efficiency initiatives by integrating traditional and advanced measurement and verification (M&V) techniques. M&V practices are crucial for energy management, particularly in deep-level mines, with a focus on practical knowledge and advanced methodologies. Key findings from this study show that integrating advanced M&V techniques with unplanned events is crucial to improve the financial management of mines. By leveraging these key findings, this article proposes a roadmap of the next seven milestones needed in advanced M&V research to aid effective energy management in a mining environment. If executed successfully, a practical method for applying advanced M&V processes to deep-level mining operations can be constructed. Such a generic method will enhance mining companies’ energy efficiency initiatives and improve financial management practices on a global scale.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Sustainable Mining Engineering 2024)
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Open AccessArticle
Soil and Urine Mercury Levels in Secocha: A Case Study of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Peru
by
Rolando Quispe Aquino, Fredy Fortunato García Zúñiga and Aaron Malone
Mining 2024, 4(2), 389-400; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020022 - 23 May 2024
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In recent decades, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has spurred population and economic growth in the small rural communities in which it is located, along with causing contamination of the soil, air, and water with grave effects on human health due to
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In recent decades, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has spurred population and economic growth in the small rural communities in which it is located, along with causing contamination of the soil, air, and water with grave effects on human health due to the uncontrolled use of mercury for gold processing activities. This study analyzes the levels of mercury in Secocha, an ASGM community in Arequipa, Peru. A total of 44 soil samples were taken from two ASGM commercial-extractive zones (n = 18) and non-processing urban zones (n = 26). Soil mercury analysis with atomic absorption spectrometry revealed average mercury levels of 86.11 mg/kg in commercial-extractive zone I, where ore processing has occurred for about 17 years, and mercury levels of 43.81 mg/kg in commercial-extractive zone II, where processing has occurred for about 7 years. In the urban zone, the average mercury level was 9.53 mg/kg. The average mercury concentrations for each zone exceed the relevant environmental quality standards established by the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment. In addition, urine samples were obtained from 15 miners and 15 people from the general urban population (non-miners). The average mercury level in the urine of miners was 7.04 µg/L, and in the urine of non-miners it was 0.49 µg/L. In both cases, the mercury urine level did not exceed the limits established by WHO and the Peruvian Ministry of Health, though miners’ elevated levels do raise concerns.
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Open AccessArticle
Multi-Sensor Satellite Remote-Sensing Data for Exploring Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Mineralization: Akhlamad Area, Razavi Khorasan, North East Iran
by
Saeedeh Hosseini, Maryam Gholamzadeh, Amin Beiranvand Pour, Reyhaneh Ahmadirouhani, Milad Sekandari and Milad Bagheri
Mining 2024, 4(2), 367-388; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020021 - 11 May 2024
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The exploration of Pb-Zn mineralization in carbonate complexes during field campaign is a challenging process that consumes high expenses and time to discover high prospective zones for a detailed exploration stage. In this study, multi-sensor remote-sensing imagery from Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and ASTER were
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The exploration of Pb-Zn mineralization in carbonate complexes during field campaign is a challenging process that consumes high expenses and time to discover high prospective zones for a detailed exploration stage. In this study, multi-sensor remote-sensing imagery from Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and ASTER were utilized for Pb-Zn mineralization prospectivity mapping in the Akhlamad carbonate complex area, Razavi Khorasan, NE Iran. Due to the presence of carbonate formations and various evidence of Pb-Zn mineralization, this area was selected. Band composition, band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA), and SAM techniques for mapping alteration minerals as well as lineament analysis were implemented. Subsequently, a fuzzy logic model for identifying the prospective zones of Pb-Zn mineralization using multi-sensor remote-sensing satellite images was designed. The weight of each exploratory layer was determined using the fuzzy hierarchical method and the integration process of the information layers was performed using fuzzy operators. Finally, the existing mineral indications were used to evaluate and validate the obtained mineral potential map. The outcome of this investigation suggested several high-potential zones for Pb-Zn exploration in the study area.
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Open AccessArticle
Perspectives for Photochemical Leaching Processes of Chalcopyrite: A Solar Radical-Leaching Process
by
Orlando Yepsen, Lorena Cornejo-Ponce and Rodrigo Yepsen
Mining 2024, 4(2), 352-366; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020020 - 11 May 2024
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This paper review presents a comparison between conventional leaching and advanced photochemical leaching processes and their potential for use in chalcopyrite leaching. Likewise, it presents an analysis of the differences between the advanced leaching processes, photoleaching and radical-leaching, indicating that the photochemical mechanisms
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This paper review presents a comparison between conventional leaching and advanced photochemical leaching processes and their potential for use in chalcopyrite leaching. Likewise, it presents an analysis of the differences between the advanced leaching processes, photoleaching and radical-leaching, indicating that the photochemical mechanisms (photooxidation/photoreduction and generation of radical oxygen species (ROS) and radical sulfur species (RSS)) would improve the oxidative dissolution of chalcopyrite, taking advantage of the high oxidizing power of free radicals. Initial experimental results of solar-assisted radical-leaching on chalcopyrite are presented, demonstrating that sulfate radicals (SO4−) allow copper to be leached at a rate 4.7 times higher than in the absence of radicals and sunlight. With these results, a radical-leaching process is presented for the first time, with a perspective toward the future development of a new hydrometallurgical route: solar-assisted radical-leaching.
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Development and Usability Evaluation of VulcanH, a CMMS Prototype for Preventive and Predictive Maintenance of Mobile Mining Equipment
by
Simon Robatto Simard, Michel Gamache and Philippe Doyon-Poulin
Mining 2024, 4(2), 326-351; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020019 - 9 May 2024
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This paper details the design, development, and evaluation of VulcanH, a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) specialized in preventive maintenance (PM) and predictive maintenance (PdM) management for underground mobile mining equipment. Further, it aims to expand knowledge on trust in automation (TiA) for
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This paper details the design, development, and evaluation of VulcanH, a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) specialized in preventive maintenance (PM) and predictive maintenance (PdM) management for underground mobile mining equipment. Further, it aims to expand knowledge on trust in automation (TiA) for PdM as well as contribute to the literature on explainability requirements of a PdM-capable artificial intelligence (AI). This study adopted an empirical approach through the execution of user tests with nine maintenance experts from five East-Canadian mines and implemented the User Experience Questionnaire Plus (UEQ+) and the Reliance Intentions Scale (RIS) to evaluate usability and TiA, respectively. It was found that the usability and efficiency of VulcanH were satisfactory for expert users and encouraged the gradual transition from PM to PdM practices. Quantitative and qualitative results documented participants’ willingness to rely on PdM predictions as long as suitable explanations are provided. Graphical explanations covering the full spectrum of the derived data were preferred. Due to the prototypical nature of VulcanH, certain relevant aspects of maintenance planning were not considered. Researchers are encouraged to include these notions in the evaluation of future CMMS proposals. This paper suggests a harmonious integration of both preventive and predictive maintenance practices in the mining industry. It may also guide future research in PdM to select an analytical algorithm capable of supplying adequate and causal justifications for informed decision making. This study fulfills an identified need to adopt a user-centered approach in the development of CMMSs in the mining industry. Hence, both researchers and industry stakeholders may benefit from the findings.
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Open AccessArticle
Integrated Remote Sensing for Geological and Mineralogical Mapping of Pb-Zn Deposits: A Case Study of Jbel Bou Dahar Region Using Multi-Sensor Imagery
by
Marouane Chniouar, Amina Wafik, Youssef Daafi and Daniela Guglietta
Mining 2024, 4(2), 302-325; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020018 - 27 Apr 2024
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This research applies remote sensing methodologies for the first time to comprehensively explore the geological and mineralogical characteristics of the Jbel Bou Dahar region. An integrated approach with multi-sensor satellite images, including ASTER, Landsat-8, and Sentinel-2 was applied with the aim to discriminate
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This research applies remote sensing methodologies for the first time to comprehensively explore the geological and mineralogical characteristics of the Jbel Bou Dahar region. An integrated approach with multi-sensor satellite images, including ASTER, Landsat-8, and Sentinel-2 was applied with the aim to discriminate the different lithological units in the study area. We implemented a suite of well-established image processing techniques, including Band Ratios, Principal Component Analysis, and Spectral Angle Mapper, to successfully identify, classify, and map the spatial distribution of carbonate minerals, OH-bearing minerals, and iron oxide minerals. Due to its high spectral resolution in the short-wave infrared region (SWIR), the ASTER sensor provided the most accurate results for mapping carbonate and OH-bearing minerals compared to the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 sensors. Conversely, Sentinel-2 offers high spectral and spatial resolution in visible and near-infrared (VNIR) corresponding to the regions where iron oxide minerals exhibit their characteristic absorption peaks. The results confirm the advantages of remote sensing technologies in the geological and mineralogical exploration of the study area and the importance of selecting the appropriate sensors for specific mapping objectives.
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