Negative Effects of Diurnal Changes in Acidification and Hypoxia on Early-Life Stage Estuarine Fishes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Seven Treatment Experiments
2.3. Four Treatment Experiments
2.4. Physical and Chemical Water Properties
2.5. Experimental Organisms
2.6. Data & Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Seven Treatment Diurnal Acidification and Hypoxia Experiments
3.1.1. Menidia menidia
3.1.2. Cyprinodon variegatus
3.1.3. Menidia beryllina
3.2. Four Treatment Diurnal Acidification and Hypoxia Experiments
Menidia beryllina
3.3. Diurnal Duration Experiments with Menidia beryllina
3.4. Diurnal Duration Experiment with Menidia menidia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | Species | Significant Effects | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hatch Time (days) | Hatch Success (%) | Survival (%) | Size (mm) | ||
Seven treatments: control chronic low DO diurnal low DO chronic low pH diurnal low pH chronic low pH/DO diurnal low pH/DO | M.menidia | diurnal low pH ↓ diurnal low DO ↓ | diurnal and chronic low DO ↓ diurnal and chronic low pH/DO ↓ | chronic low pH/DO ↓ | |
C. variegatus | chronic low pH ↑ diurnal and chronic low DO ↑ diurnal and chronic low pH/DO ↑ | ||||
M. beryllina | chronic low pH ↓ chronic low pH/DO ↓ | chronic low DO ↓ diurnal and chronic low pH/DO ↓ | chronic low DO ↓ chronic low pH/DO ↓ | ||
Four treatments: control chronic low pH/DO diurnal (12 h) low pH/DO chronic reduced pH/DO | M. beryllina | diurnal low pH/DO ↓ chronic low pH/DO ↓ | chronic low pH/DO ↓ | ||
Four treatment diurnal durations: control 4 h low pH/DO 8 h low pH/DO 12 h low pH/DO | M. beryllina | 12 h ↓ | 12 h ↓ | 8 h ↓ 12 h ↓ | |
M. beryllina | 12 h ↓ | ||||
M. menidia | 4 h ↓ 8 h ↓ 12 h ↓ | 4 h ↑ |
Parameter | Continuous | Diurnal pH | Diurnal DO | Diurnal pH/DO | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Low pH | Low DO | Low pH/DO | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | |
pHT daily chem | 7.85 ± 0.05 | 7.20 ± 0.08 | 7.84 ± 0.06 | 7.25 ± 0.07 | 7.64 ± 0.09 | 7.28 ± 0.12 | 7.50 ± 0.21 | 7.84 ± 0.07 | 7.87 ± 0.04 | 7.85 ± 0.06 | 7.68 ± 0.10 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 7.55 ± 0.19 |
pCO2 (µatm) | 407 ± 73 | 2255 ± 420 | 406 ± 30 | 1935 ± 124 | 714 ± 390 | 2110 ± 394 | 1412 ± 830 | 416 ± 20 | 468 ± 41 | 442 ± 41 | 443 ± 87 | 1433 ± 622 | 938 ± 670 |
Ω calcite | 1.66 ± 0.34 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 1.82 ± 0.26 | 0.49 ± 0.13 | 1.30 ± 0.57 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.63 | 1.70 ± 0.09 | 1.66 ± 0.26 | 1.68 ± 0.18 | 1.72 ± 0.34 | 0.62 ± 0.22 | 1.17 ± 0.64 |
Ω aragonite | 1.1 ± 0.26 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 1.2 ± 0.22 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.9 ± 0.41 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.6 ± 0.44 | 1.1 ± 0.10 | 1.1 ± 0.21 | 1.1 ± 0.15 | 1.2 ± 0.27 | 0.4 ± 0.13 | 0.8 ± 0.44 |
TDIC (µmol L−1) | 1177 ± 110 | 1329 ± 33 | 1244 ± 82 | 1379 ± 129 | 1253 ± 35 | 1243 ± 39 | 1248 ± 34 | 1217 ± 41 | 1267 ± 87 | 1242 ± 68 | 1244 ± 55 | 1270 ± 135 | 1257 ± 97 |
CO32− (µmol L−1) | 67.5 ± 14.8 | 15.6 ± 1.8 | 74.2 ± 11.8 | 19.8 ± 4.8 | 53.1 ± 24.1 | 14.8 ± 3.4 | 33.9 ± 25.9 | 69.2 ± 4.8 | 67.6 ± 11.6 | 68.4 ± 8.3 | 69.8 ± 15.0 | 25.0 ± 8.5 | 47.4 ± 26.5 |
TA (µmol L−1) | 1283 ± 124 | 1287 ± 22 | 1358 ± 95 | 1354 ± 138 | 1322 ± 37 | 1206 ± 54 | 1264 ± 75 | 1324 ± 45 | 1368 ± 100 | 1346 ± 75 | 1350 ± 73 | 1271 ± 110 | 1310 ± 96 |
Salinity | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 | 28.46 ± 0.0 |
Dissolved Oxygen (µM) | 6.83 ± 0.28 | 6.77 ± 0.28 | 2.82 ± 0.45 | 2.42 ± 0.64 | 6.69 ± 0.15 | 6.76 ± 0.27 | 6.72 ± 0.21 | 6.63 ± 0.20 | 3.17 ± 1.91 | 5.19 ± 2.11 | 6.63 ± 0.64 | 3.22 ± 1.96 | 5.18 ± 2.18 |
Temperature (°C) | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 | 23.2 ± 0.4 |
Parameter | Continuous | Diurnal pH | Diurnal DO | Diurnal pH/DO | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Low pH | Low DO | Low pH/DO | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | |
pHT daily chem | 7.67 ± 0.15 | 7.08 ± 0.12 | 7.74 ± 0.07 | 7.17 ± 0.07 | 7.57 ± 0.19 | 7.27 ± 0.19 | 7.37 ± 0.23 | 7.74 ± 0.05 | 7.71 ± 0.12 | 7.72 ± 0.11 | 7.65 ± 0.13 | 7.37 ± 0.18 | 7.46 ± 0.21 |
pCO2 (µatm) | 528 ± 96 | 2152 ± 1001 | 519 ± 113 | 1652 ± 658 | 1453 ± 1112 | 1911 ± 899 | 1682 ± 968 | 707 ± 320 | 1046 ± 1040 | 876 ± 735 | 1752 ± 993 | 1413 ± 1762 | 1582 ± 1336 |
Ω calcite | 1.51 ± 0.24 | 0.68 ± 0.60 | 1.65 ± 0.20 | 0.79 ± 0.44 | 0.85 ± 0.44 | 0.73 ± 0.74 | 0.79 ± 0.56 | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.26 ± 0.57 | 1.29 ± 0.44 | 0.62 ± 0.22 | 1.25 ± 0.68 | 0.93 ± 0.58 |
Ω aragonite | 1.0 ± 0.16 | 0.4 ± 0.39 | 1.1 ± 0.13 | 0.5 ± 0.28 | 0.5 ± 0.28 | 0.5 ± 0.48 | 0.5 ± 0.37 | 0.9 ± 0.23 | 0.8 ± 0.37 | 0.8 ± 0.29 | 0.4 ± 0.14 | 0.8 ± 0.44 | 0.6 ± 0.38 |
TDIC (µmol L−1) | 1266 ± 196 | 1424 ± 81 | 1301 ± 146 | 1472 ± 65 | 1348 ± 109 | 1338 ± 148 | 1343 ± 120 | 1290 ± 119 | 1317 ± 145 | 1303 ± 124 | 1352 ± 219 | 1355 ± 174 | 1354 ± 183 |
CO32− (µmol L−1) | 60.7 ± 9.9 | 27.1 ± 24.0 | 66.2 ± 8.0 | 31.7 ± 17.7 | 34.0 ± 17.6 | 29.3 ± 29.6 | 31.7 ± 22.7 | 53.3 ± 13.9 | 50.4 ± 22.9 | 51.9 ± 17.6 | 24.7 ± 8.8 | 50.2 ± 27.5 | 37.5 ± 23.3 |
TA (µmol L−1) | 1357 ± 201 | 1405 ± 129 | 1400 ± 145 | 1475 ± 51 | 1364 ± 79 | 1331 ± 201 | 1348 ± 143 | 1363 ± 83 | 1374 ± 109 | 1368 ± 90 | 1343 ± 177 | 1400 ± 139 | 1372 ± 150 |
Salinity | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 |
Dissolved Oxygen (µM) | 6.78 ± 0.54 | 6.64 ± 0.61 | 2.74 ± 0.44 | 2.29 ± 0.49 | 6.79 ± 0.68 | 6.51 ± 0.57 | 6.60 ± 0.61 | 6.85 ± 0.60 | 4.35 ± 1.75 | 5.13 ± 1.89 | 7.17 ± 0.40 | 5.04 ± 1.90 | 5.71 ± 1.90 |
Temperature (°C) | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.0 |
Parameter | Continuous | Diurnal pH | Diurnal DO | Diurnal pH/DO | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Low pH | Low DO | Low pH/DO | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | |
pHT daily chem | 7.78 ± 0.06 | 7.19 ± 0.16 | 7.83 ± 0.05 | 7.27 ± 0.13 | 7.65 ± 0.11 | 7.23 ± 0.02 | 7.62 ± 0.16 | 7.80 ± 0.04 | 7.81 ± 0.02 | 7.80 ± 0.04 | 7.68 ± 0.07 | 7.49 ± 0.03 | 7.66 ± 0.09 |
pCO2 (µatm) | 313 ± 111 | 2885 ± 462 | 317 ± 130 | 2376 ± 886 | 442 ± 81 | 892 ± 87 | 742 ± 245 | 383 ± 144 | 451 ± 154 | 428 ± 140 | 435 ± 102 | 636 ± 190 | 569 ± 186 |
Ω calcite | 2.02 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 2.08 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 2.09 ± 0.37 | 1.17 ± 0.16 | 1.48 ± 0.52 | 2.14 ± 0.51 | 1.84 ± 0.30 | 1.94 ± 0.36 | 1.88 ± 0.14 | 1.27 ± 0.30 | 1.47 ± 0.39 |
Ω aragonite | 1.3 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 1.4 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 1.4 ± 0.24 | 0.8 ± 0.10 | 1.0 ± 0.34 | 1.4 ± 0.33 | 1.2 ± 0.20 | 1.3 ± 0.24 | 1.2 ± 0.09 | 0.8 ± 0.19 | 1.0 ± 0.25 |
TDIC (µmol L−1) | 1140 ± 198 | 1464 ± 38 | 1158 ± 212 | 1255 ± 311 | 1353 ± 19 | 1413 ± 40 | 1393 ± 45 | 1260 ± 93 | 1260 ± 132 | 1260 ± 111 | 1287 ± 94 | 1249 ± 132 | 1262 ± 112 |
CO32- (µmol L−1) | 82.2 ± 2.1 | 15.4 ± 2.5 | 84.7 ± 4.0 | 13.3 ± 1.5 | 84.9 ± 15.0 | 47.6 ± 6.5 | 60.0 ± 21.0 | 86.7 ± 20.7 | 74.7 ± 12.5 | 78.7 ± 14.7 | 76.3 ± 6.1 | 51.8 ± 12.0 | 59.9 ± 15.9 |
TA (µmol L−1) | 1284 ± 183 | 1405 ± 25 | 1305 ± 191 | 1208 ± 284 | 1486 ± 9 | 1469 ± 47 | 1474 ± 38 | 1403 ± 49 | 1380 ± 106 | 1388 ± 85 | 1409 ± 76 | 1323 ± 133 | 1352 ± 117 |
Salinity | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.3 |
Dissolved Oxygen (µM) | 6.91 ± 0.14 | 6.78 ± 0.25 | 2.11 ± 0.33 | 2.44 ± 0.56 | 6.33 ± 1.43 | 6.76 ± 0.02 | 6.37 ± 1.36 | 6.75 ± 0.27 | 2.23 ± 0.53 | 6.34 ± 1.35 | 6.78 ± 0.26 | 2.82 ± 0.64 | 6.40 ± 1.20 |
Temperature (°C) | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 0.5 |
Parameter | Continuous | Diurnal pH/DO | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Reduced pH/DO | Low pH/DO | Ambient | Low | Mean | |
pHT daily chem | 7.89 ± 0.07 | 7.43 ± 0.08 | 7.16 ± 0.07 | 7.82 ± 0.05 | 7.32 ± 0.06 | 7.56 ± 0.25 |
pCO2 (µatm) | 357 ± 57 | 1271 ± 371 | 2368 ± 407 | 422 ± 71 | 818 ± 151 | 620 ± 238 |
Ω calcite | 2.22 ± 0.54 | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 2.18 ± 0.87 | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 1.61 ± 0.84 |
Ω aragonite | 1.5 ± 0.31 | 0.6 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 1.5 ± 0.54 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 1.1 ± 0.54 |
TDIC (µmol L−1) | 1286 ± 59 | 1480 ± 159 | 1399 ± 130 | 1357 ± 161 | 1303 ± 112 | 1330 ± 132 |
CO32− (µmol L−1) | 93.9 ± 17.6 | 37.5 ± 4.0 | 17.2 ± 0.5 | 91.8 ± 32.0 | 44.1 ± 2.4 | 68.0 ± 33.0 |
TA (µmol L−1) | 1437 ± 83 | 1505 ± 143 | 1358 ± 117 | 1498 ± 210 | 1357 ± 106 | 1427 ± 172 |
Salinity | 31.8 ± 0.6 | 31.8 ± 0.6 | 31.8 ± 0.6 | 31.8 ± 0.6 | 31.8 ± 0.6 | 31.8 ± 0.6 |
Dissolved Oxygen (µM) | 6.83 ± 0.26 | 4.81 ± 0.22 | 2.47 ± 0.33 | 6.87 ± 0.34 | 2.17 ± 0.52 | 4.44 ± 2.39 |
Temperature (°C) | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 0.6 | 23.2 ± 0.6 |
Parameter | 4 h Diurnal pH/DO | 8 h Diurnal DO/pH | 12 h Diurnal pH/DO | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | |
pHT daily chem | 7.94 ± 0.03 | 7.94 ± 0.01 | 7.22 ± 0.09 | 7.95 ± 0.01 | 7.23 ± 0.08 | 7.94 ± 0.00 | 7.23 ± 0.05 | |||
pCO2 (µatm) | 466 ± 3 | 509 ± 7 | 2782 ± 19 | 1483 ± 1215 | 517 ± 56 | 2901 ± 168 | 1709 ± 1279 | 541 ± 55 | 2895 ± 88 | 1718 ± 1260 |
Ω calcite | 3.16 ± 0.09 | 2.98 ± 0.18 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 2.00 ± 1.23 | 2.98 ± 0.10 | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 1.83 ± 1.24 | 2.87 ± 0.10 | 0.67 ± 0.04 | 1.77 ± 1.18 |
Ω aragonite | 2.04 ± 0.07 | 1.93 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 1.29 ± 0.79 | 1.92 ± 0.06 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 1.18 ± 0.80 | 1.85 ± 0.06 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 1.14 ± 0.76 |
TDIC (µmol L−1) | 1789 ± 38 | 1811 ± 58 | 2002 ± 27 | 1893 ± 111 | 1821 ± 71 | 2008 ± 36 | 1915 ± 113 | 1825 ± 66 | 2009 ± 32 | 1917 ± 109 |
CO32- (µmol L−1) | 127.2 ± 5.5 | 119.9 ± 8.6 | 28.0 ± 1.2 | 80.5 ± 49.5 | 119.6 ± 2.6 | 27.0 ± 2.8 | 73.3 ± 49.5 | 115.3 ± 2.8 | 27.0 ± 2.0 | 71.2 ± 47.2 |
TA (µmol L−1) | 1968 ± 48 | 1976 ± 71 | 1959 ± 29 | 1969 ± 54 | 1986 ± 66 | 1960 ± 44 | 1973 ± 54 | 1983 ± 61 | 1961 ± 37 | 1972 ± 48 |
Salinity | 29.6 ± 1.6 | 29.6 ± 1.6 | 29.6 ± 1.6 | 29.6 ± 1.6 | 29.6 ± 1.6 | 29.6 ± 1.6 | 29.6 ± 1.6 | |||
Dissolved Oxygen (µM) | 7.04 ± 0.58 | 6.90 ± 0.02 | 2.20 ± 0.45 | 6.92 ± 0.02 | 2.04 ± 0.40 | 6.97 ± 0.04 | 2.12 ± 0.60 | |||
Temperature (°C) | 22.5 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.4 | 22.5 ± 0.4 |
Parameter | 4 h Diurnal pH/DO | 8 h Diurnal DO/pH | 12 h Diurnal pH/DO | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | |
pHT daily chem | 7.90 ± 0.03 | 7.86 ± 0.01 | 7.21 ± 0.07 | 7.86 ± 0.02 | 7.20 ± 0.07 | 7.86 ± 0.00 | 7.23 ± 0.08 | |||
pCO2 (µatm) | 506 ± 48 | 538 ± 30 | 2881 ± 79 | 1543 ± 1253 | 521 ± 60 | 2960 ± 98 | 1741 ± 1306 | 543 ± 58 | 2922 ± 125 | 1733 ± 1274 |
Ω calcite | 2.76 ± 0.37 | 2.60 ± 0.27 | 0.60 ± 0.06 | 1.74 ± 1.09 | 2.71 ± 0.41 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 1.65 ± 1.16 | 2.62 ± 0.39 | 0.61 ± 0.04 | 1.61 ± 1.10 |
Ω aragonite | 1.78 ± 0.24 | 1.67 ± 0.18 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 1.12 ± 0.70 | 1.74 ± 0.27 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 1.06 ± 0.75 | 1.68 ± 0.25 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 1.04 ± 0.71 |
TDIC (µmol L−1) | 1728 ± 33 | 1728 ± 38 | 1910 ± 54 | 1806 ± 105 | 1731 ± 33 | 1931 ± 54 | 1831 ± 115 | 1736 ± 37 | 1929 ± 61 | 1833 ± 113 |
CO32− (µmol L−1) | 109.8 ± 14.7 | 103.3 ± 10.6 | 23.9 ± 2.4 | 69.3 ± 43.1 | 107.6 ± 16.3 | 23.8 ± 1.2 | 65.7 ± 46.0 | 104.0 ± 15.4 | 24.1 ± 1.7 | 64.1 ± 43.9 |
TA (µmol L−1) | 1880 ± 55 | 1869 ± 53 | 1856 ± 60 | 1864 ± 52 | 1879 ± 58 | 1875 ± 54 | 1877 ± 52 | 1877 ± 61 | 1875 ± 62 | 1876 ± 57 |
Salinity | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 | 28.03 ± 0.9 |
Dissolved Oxygen (µM) | 7.07 ± 0.75 | 7.38 ± 0.01 | 2.64 ± 1.01 | 7.32 ± 0.31 | 2.32 ± 0.83 | 7.56 ± 0.27 | 2.25 ± 0.77 | |||
Temperature (°C) | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.6 |
Parameter | 4 h Diurnal pH/DO | 8 h Diurnal DO/pH | 12 h Diurnal pH/DO | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | Ambient | Low | Mean | |
pHT daily chem | 7.93 ± 0.02 | 7.94 ± 0.01 | 7.27 ± 0.05 | 7.91 ± 0.01 | 7.21 ± 0.04 | 7.91 ± 0.02 | 7.32 ± 0.09 | |||
pCO2 (µatm) | 526 ± 39 | 523 ± 12 | 3052 ± 164 | 1787 ± 1356 | 528 ± 12 | 2998 ± 31 | 1763 ± 1320 | 544 ± 42 | 3015 ± 129 | 1780 ± 1324 |
Ω calcite | 2.62 ± 0.21 | 2.64 ± 0.11 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 1.61 ± 1.11 | 2.61 ± 0.11 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 1.59 ± 1.09 | 2.57 ± 0.21 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 1.57 ± 1.08 |
Ω aragonite | 1.69 ± 0.13 | 1.70 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 1.03 ± 0.71 | 1.68 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 1.03 ± 0.70 | 1.66 ± 0.13 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 1.01 ± 0.69 |
TDIC (µmol L−1) | 1720 ± 15 | 1726 ± 26 | 1923 ± 13 | 1824 ± 107 | 1725 ± 26 | 1910 ± 26 | 1818 ± 102 | 1730 ± 21 | 1917 ± 23 | 1823 ± 102 |
CO32− (µmol L−1) | 104.4 ± 7.7 | 105.4 ± 3.9 | 22.9 ± 1.4 | 64.1 ± 44.2 | 104.3 ± 4.0 | 23.0 ± 0.3 | 63.6 ± 43.6 | 102.6 ± 8.0 | 23.0 ± 1.1 | 62.8 ± 42.9 |
TA (µmol L−1) | 1864 ± 26 | 1871 ± 30 | 1863 ± 18 | 1867 ± 24 | 1869 ± 31 | 1852 ± 25 | 1861 ± 27 | 1871 ± 31 | 1858 ± 24 | 1864 ± 27 |
Salinity | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 | 29.6 ± 0.8 |
Dissolved Oxygen (µM) | 7.00 ± 0.10 | 7.09 ± 0.03 | 1.95 ± 0.38 | 7.91 ± 0.01 | 2.08 ± 0.40 | 7.25 ± 0.07 | 1.81 ± 0.29 | |||
Temperature (°C) | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 |
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Morrell, B.K.; Gobler, C.J. Negative Effects of Diurnal Changes in Acidification and Hypoxia on Early-Life Stage Estuarine Fishes. Diversity 2020, 12, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010025
Morrell BK, Gobler CJ. Negative Effects of Diurnal Changes in Acidification and Hypoxia on Early-Life Stage Estuarine Fishes. Diversity. 2020; 12(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010025
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorrell, Brooke K., and Christopher J. Gobler. 2020. "Negative Effects of Diurnal Changes in Acidification and Hypoxia on Early-Life Stage Estuarine Fishes" Diversity 12, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010025