Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Overview

What Is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a federal program that helps low-income individuals and families purchase food. It is often referred to as the “food stamps program.” However, in 1990, paper food stamps were supplemented by electronic benefits transfer (EBT) cards, similar to debit cards, tied to benefits accounts. It took until 2014 for paper stamps to be eliminated entirely (except in the case of emergencies or EBT system failure).

The benefit cards are refilled monthly and can be used to purchase food items at retail stores and farmers' markets. SNAP benefits cannot be used to purchase alcoholic beverages; cigarettes; vitamins, medicines, and supplements; live animals; nonfood grocery items, such as household supplies and pet foods; and hot foods. They can be used to buy fruits and vegetables; meat, poultry, and fish; dairy products; breads and cereals; other foods, such as snack foods and nonalcoholic beverages; and seeds and plants that can be used to produce food.

Understanding the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

An estimated 41 million people whose incomes are below the federal poverty threshold receive SNAP benefits. For a three-person family in fiscal year (FY) 2023, this amounts to earning no more than $2,495 a month ($29,940 a year). For three-person households with an older adult or a member with a disability, the limit is $1,920 a month ($23,040 a year). The maximum monthly allotment for nutritional benefits is $281 for a household of one, $939 for a household of four, and $1,691 for a household of eight.

Beginning Oct. 1, 2021, SNAP benefits increased by an average of $36.24 per person due to a reevaluation of the Thrifty Food Plan, which is used to calculate benefits. The federal government concluded that “the cost of a nutritious, practical, cost-effective diet is 21% higher than the current Thrifty Food Plan,” with the change driven by four factors: “current food prices, what Americans typically eat, dietary guidance, and the nutrients in food items.” For a household of one, benefits increased by $16 per month; for a household of four, the increase is $53; and for a household of eight, it is $96.

How Is SNAP Financed?

In 1939, when the first federal Food Stamp Program was initiated, the country was emerging from the Great Depression. The program aimed to help a large number of people in need of food, and use up the growing farm surpluses caused by consumers not being able to afford to purchase food. The program was ended in 1943 because of a decline in unemployment levels and the use of farm surpluses for the war effort. 

Today’s SNAP was enacted in 1964, making a pilot program from 1961 permanent. It has remained basically the same over the years, although some rules have changed, and budgets have expanded and contracted depending on political and economic changes.

The federal government pays the full cost of SNAP benefits and splits the cost of administering the program with the states. The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers the program through its nationwide network of field offices. Local FNS field offices are responsible for the licensing and monitoring of retail food stores participating in SNAP. State agencies determine eligibility for SNAP benefits and issue monthly allotments of benefits.

The Disaster SNAP (D-SNAP) program responds to sudden food emergencies stemming from natural disasters, such as hurricanes, volcanoes, and fires. It provides temporary food allotments and eases access to benefits for people who have suffered significant loss.

COVID-19 Increased the Need for Food Assistance

The COVID-19 pandemic increased the need for food assistance. More than 20 million Americans lost their jobs in April 2020. By the end of 2020, the poverty rate rose sharply, with 11.8% of the population at the poverty level. This was an increase of 2.4%, or 8.1 million people, from 2019 levels. Among Black Americans, the poverty rate jumped by an estimated 5.4%. That accounts for about 2.5 million Black Americans, Newsweek reported.

Along with unemployment, low pay for the employed is another contributor to poverty. Significantly, more than three-quarters of families on SNAP had at least one person working. About half of households included two or more workers.

SNAP benefits were increased temporarily with the passage of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act on March 18, 2020. The Consolidated Appropriations Act (CAA), signed into law on Dec. 27, 2020, increased benefits by 15% through June 2021. The American Rescue Plan, signed into law on March 11, 2021, extended the increase through Sept. 2021. The relief laws also eased the rules of eligibility and the application process for SNAP.

The American Rescue Plan further provided $1.135 billion in administrative resources over three years to support the states as they face an increasing demand for benefits. The law provided food dollars to families to make up for meals missed when schools are closed, as well as a billion dollars in block grants for nutrition assistance to Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa.  

The SNAP Application Process

Check Your Eligibility

To be eligible for SNAP benefits, a household must have a gross monthly income at or below 130% of the federal poverty line. Households with an elderly or disabled member have lower limits. Check with your state SNAP office for the latest on eligibility, as relief measures related to COVID-19 have eased some requirements.

Apply in Your State of Residence

To find FNS offices in a particular state, click on a state on the map provided by the USDA on its FNS website. It shows FNS office addresses, phone numbers, and website links. The state websites have lists of local offices, online applications, and information on employment training programs and other services.

The Effectiveness of Food Assistance

A recent study using U.S. Census Bureau pulse surveys concluded that passage of the Dec. 2020 and March 2021 relief laws had a speedy and significant positive effect on food insufficiency and poverty rates. For example, from Dec. 2020 to April 2021, food insufficiency fell by roughly 41% for households with children, a category that has experienced the highest rates of food insufficiency throughout the pandemic. Declines in material hardship were greatest among low-income households but also evident at higher income levels.

The Bottom Line

Individuals and families below the poverty line often don't have enough money to feed themselves or their families, leading to hunger across the nation. The federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) assists those below the poverty line in having enough to eat through benefits cards, which provide a specific amount of money that can be spent on food.