Variable Shadowing in JavaScript

Last Updated : 01 Feb, 2025

Variable Shadowing in JavaScript occurs when the inner variable hides or overrides the outer variable within the local scope. In this situation, the outer variable cannot be accessed within the inner scope, only the inner variable is used in that scope.

Variable Shadowing occurs when we declare the same name for the variable in the inner and outer scope.
The inner variable will hide or override the outer variable.
The outer variable will become inaccessible until the code exists in the inner scope.

JavaScript

let n = 5;  // Outer variable
function a() {
    let n = 10;  // Inner variable that shadows the outer one
    console.log(n);  // 10 (inner n is used here)
}
a(); 
console.log(n);  // 5 (outer n is still used here)

Output

10
5

In this example

Inside the function, the inner value of the x shadows the outer value of the x.
Outside the function, the value of the x remains unaffected.

How Variable Shadowing Works in JavaScript?

1. Shadowing with var

When we declare the variable with var, it only exists within the function in which it is declared even if it is inside an if or for loop. If we have a variable with the same name outside the function, the variable inside the function will hide the outer one.

JavaScript

var n = 10;  // Outside the function

function t() {
    var n = 20;  // Inside the function, 'n' is different
    console.log(n);  // Prints 20
}

t();
console.log(n);  // Prints 10 (the one outside the function)

Output

20
10

2. Shadowing with let and const

When we declare the variable with the let or const, the variable only exists inside the block (like an if statement or a loop). If we use the same name for a variable inside the block, it will hide the one outside the block. This is different from var, which is only limited to the function.

JavaScript

let n = 10;

if (true) {
    let n = 20;  // Shadows the outer 'a'
    console.log(n);  // 20
}

console.log(n);  // 10

Output

20
10

Due to the block scoping let the a inside the if block is different from the a in the outer scope.

Why Does Variable Shadowing Happen?

Variable Shadowing in JavaScript mainly happens when we declare the variable inside the local scope with the same name in the outer scope. Below are the mentioned reasons why variable shadowing happens

Reusing Variable Names: Sometimes when we accidentally declare the same variable name in a different part of the code, especially in large functions which can cause variable shadowing.
Unintended Overwrites: When we work with the block or the function scope we might accidentally change the value of the variable in the outer part of the code.
Control Flow: Developers can intentionally use shadowing inside the conditions or loops to limit the use of the variable in certain parts of the code.

How to Avoid Issues with Variable Shadowing?

Use Descriptive Variable Names: Choose meaningful names to reduce the chances of accidental shadowing.
Minimize Variable Scope: Declare variables in the smallest scope possible to limit their visibility.
Enable Strict Mode: Use 'use strict'; to catch common mistakes, including some shadowing issues.
Use Linters: Tools like ESLint can warn you about potential shadowing problems.
Refactor Nested Code: If you find shadowing happening frequently, consider refactoring your code to reduce nesting.