Undefined Vs Null in JavaScript

In JavaScript, both undefined and null represent the absence of a meaningful value, but they have different purposes and are used in distinct contexts. Knowing when and how to use each can help you write clearer, more predictable code. Let's see the differences between undefined and null in JavaScript.

What is undefined?

undefined is a primitive value automatically assigned to variables in certain situations:

• Uninitialized Variables: A variable that is declared but not initialized will have the value undefined.
• Missing Function Return: If a function does not explicitly return a value, it returns undefined by default.
• Non-Existent Object Properties or Array Elements: Accessing an object property or an array element that does not exist results in undefined.

Example: In the example, we have shown undefined.

let x; // variable declared but not initialized
console.log(x); // Output: undefined

function doSomething() {
  // no return statement, so the function returns undefined
}
console.log(doSomething()); // Output: undefined

let obj = {};
console.log(obj.property); // Output: undefined

undefined
undefined
undefined

What is Null?

null is a special value in JavaScript that represents the deliberate absence of any object value. It is often used to:

• Indicate "No Value": null explicitly shows that a variable or object property should have no value.
• Reset or Clear Variables: Use null to reset a variable or remove its reference to an object.

Example: In the example, we have shown null .

let y = null; // variable intentionally set to null
console.log(y); // Output: null

let obj = { property: null }; // property intentionally set to null
console.log(obj.property); // Output: null

null
null

You can see refer to “==” vs “===” article.

 null == undefined // true
 null === undefined // false

It means null is equal to undefined but not identical.

When we define a variable to undefined then we are trying to convey that the variable does not exist . When we define a variable to null then we are trying to convey that the variable is empty.

Difference Between undefined and null

Conclusion

undefined indicates a variable hasn’t been initialized, while null is intentionally assigned to indicate no value. Understanding the distinction helps write cleaner, more predictable code in JavaScript, especially when handling default values or checking for missing data.