Python | Raising an Exception to Another Exception

Let's consider a situation where we want to raise an exception in response to catching a different exception but want to include information about both exceptions in the traceback. To chain exceptions, use the raise from statement instead of a simple raise statement. This will give you information about both errors. Code #1 : Python3 1==

def example():
    try:
        int('N/A')
    except ValueError as e:
        raise RuntimeError('A parsing error occurred') from e...

example()

Output :

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 3, in example
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'N/A'

This exception is the direct cause of the following exception -

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "", line 1, in 
  File "", line 5, in example
RuntimeError: A parsing error occurred

Both exceptions are captured in the traceback. A normal except statement is used to catch such an exception. However, __cause__ attribute of the exception object can be looked to follow the exception chain as explained in the code given below. Code #2 : Python3 1==

try:
    example()
except RuntimeError as e:
    print("It didn't work:", e)
    if e.__cause__:
        print('Cause:', e.__cause__)

An implicit form of chained exceptions occurs when another exception gets raised inside an except block. Code #3 : Python3 1==

def example2():
    try:
        int('N/A')
    except ValueError as e:
        print("Couldn't parse:", err)

example2()

Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "", line 3, in example2
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'N / A'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "", line 1, in 
    File "", line 5, in example2
NameError: global name 'err' is not defined

In the code below, the NameError exception is raised as the result of a programming error, not in direct response to the parsing error. For this case, the __cause__ attribute of an exception is not set. Instead, a __context__ attribute is set to the prior exception. Code #4 : To suppress chaining, use raise from None Python3 1==

def example3():
    try:
        int('N / A')
    except ValueError:
        raise RuntimeError('A parsing error occurred') from None...

example3()

Output :

Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "", line 1, in 
    File "", line 5, in example3
RuntimeError: A parsing error occurred