Spring - Required Annotation

Consider a scenario where a developer wants to make some of the fields as mandatory fields. using the Spring framework, a developer can use the @Required annotation to those fields by pushing the responsibility for such checking onto the container. So container must check whether those fields are being set or not.

• The Spring Framework supports a number of custom Java 5+ annotations.
• From Spring 2.0, instead of using XML to describe a bean wiring, the developer can do configuration into the component class itself by using annotations on the relevant class, method, or field declaration.
• It introduced the possibility of enforcing required properties with the @Required annotation and can be registered as individual bean definitions.

@Required Annotation

1. The @Required annotation is available in the org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation package since 2.0.

org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation

Annotation Type Required

Deprecated as of 5.1, in favor of using constructor injection for required settings.

2. It applies to bean property setter methods.

3. It provides a method-level annotation that is applied to the bean property setter methods for making the setter-injection mandatory. This means it can be used to mark a property as 'required-to-be-set'.

4. So that container will check the annotated (setter) method of a class if it is configured to be dependency injected with a value or not. If not, an Exception will be thrown by the container at runtime.

5. This annotation indicates that the affected bean property must be populated at configuration time: either through an explicit property value in a bean definition or through autowiring.

@Deprecated
@Retention(value=RUNTIME)
@Target(value=METHOD)
public @interface Required

Simply annotating the 'setter' properties of the classes is not enough to get the required behavior, a developer needs to enable or activate the @Required annotation so that it can process appropriately. We can enable @Required annotation in two ways in Spring XML configuration:

• Either by registering RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor in the bean definition.
• Or can be implicitly registered by including the <context:annotation-config/> tag in an XML-based Spring configuration.

Method 1: RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor

1. Spring provides BeanPostProcessor interface and its implementation classes that enforce required JavaBean properties to have been configured.

2. If a developer wants to implement some custom logic after the Spring container finishes instantiating, configuring, and initializing a bean, can use one or more BeanPostProcessor implementations.

3. This interface defines callback methods that developers can implement to provide their own instantiation logic, dependency-resolution logic, etc.

An example is Spring’s RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor - a special BeanPostProcessor implementation that is @Required-aware which ensures that JavaBean properties are marked with an @Required annotation must be dependency-injected with a value.

java.lang.Object
org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
Class RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor

Illustration:

@Deprecated
public class RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
extends Object
implements SmartInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor, MergedBeanDefinitionPostProcessor, PriorityOrdered, BeanFactoryAware

• Once the RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor is defined in the Spring XML configuration file, after completing the instantiating, configuring, and initializing a bean, the container will check if the affected bean property has been populated or not, if not it will throw an exception.
• This allows for eager and explicit failure and avoiding any Exceptions later on.

We can use RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor in the Spring XML configuration file as shown below.

Example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/"
    xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans//spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context//spring-context.xsd">

    <bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" />

</beans>

Method 2: context:annotation-config

1. <context:annotation-config/> looks for the annotations on beans in the same application context it is defined in.

2. This is mainly used to activate the dependency injection annotations such as @Required, @Autowired, @PostConstruct, @PreDestroy, etc.

We can use <context:annotation-config/> in Spring XML file as shown below.

Example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/"
    xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans//spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context//spring-context.xsd">

    <context:annotation-config/>

</beans>

Note: A default RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor will already be registered if you are using the "context:annotation-config" XML tag. You can remove or turn off the default annotation configuration if the intention is to specify a custom RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor bean definition.

Implementation: We will create a basic Java application using Spring to display a title, subject name, and ID. The steps are as follows:

1. Create a Java application and add necessary Spring library files to it.
2. Create a bean class to define the properties, getter, and setter methods.
3. Create Spring XML configuration file.
4. Create a test class to run the application.

Step 1: Create Java application and add necessary Spring library files to it

• In this example, we are using Eclipse IDE. Create a Java application in Eclipse.
• Download the necessary Spring jar files from Maven Repository and add those to the Java project.
• Below will be the project structure after creating all the necessary classes.

Step 2: Create a bean class to define the properties, getter, and setter methods. Create a Java bean class to define all the required properties and their getter/setter methods. (SubjectBean.java)

Example:

package com.beans;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Required;

public class SubjectBean {

    private Integer subId;
    private String subName;

    @Required
    public void setSubName(String subName) {
        this.subName = subName;
    }

    public String getSubName() {
        return subName;
    }

    public Integer getSubId() {
        return subId;
    }

    public void setSubId(Integer subId) {
        this.subId = subId;
    }

}

• Created a JavaBean named "SubjectBean" with two properties subName and subId.
• Mark the setter method of subName as @Required, so that property must be set with a value - a mandatory field.

Step 3: Create a Spring XML configuration file. To configure the bean values, define those in the XML configuration file.

File: applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/"
    xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans//spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context//spring-context.xsd">
    
    <!-- use any one of the below bean definition to activate/enable the @Required annotation -->
    
    <!-- Method 1: -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" />
    
    <!-- or -->
    
    <!-- Method 2: 
    <context:annotation-config/> -->
    
    <bean id="subjectBean" class="com.beans.SubjectBean">
        <property name="subName" value="Java Spring - Annotations" />
        <property name="subId" value="1002" />
    </bean>

</beans>

• As explained before, we can use any one of the RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor or context:annotation-config to enable the annotation.
• Create a bean object for SubjectBean class and set the parameter values using the property tag as shown.

Step 4: Create a test class to run the application.

Create SubjectBeanTest.java to get the bean and print the property values.

File: SubjectBeanTest.java

package com.test;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

import com.beans.SubjectBean;

public class SubjectBeanTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        ApplicationContext con = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("com/resource/applicationContext.xml");
        SubjectBean subject = (SubjectBean) con.getBean("subjectBean");
        
        System.out.println("Welcome to GeeksforGeeks");
        System.out.println("Subject Name: "+ subject.getSubName());
        System.out.println("Subject ID: "+ subject.getSubId());
    }

}

• Create the ApplicationContext object and get the bean object.
• Print the property values to the console.

Execution/Output:

• After creating the required classes and the XML file, run the project as Java application.
• The output should be as below,

• Now to check the @Required annotation, remove/comment the property value of subName in XML file like below,

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/"
    xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans//spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context//spring-context.xsd">
    
    <!-- use any one of the below bean definition to activate/enable the @Required annotation -->
    
    <!-- Method 1: -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" />
    
    <!-- or -->
    
    <!-- Method 2: 
    <context:annotation-config/> -->
    
    <bean id="subjectBean" class="com.beans.SubjectBean">
        <!-- <property name="subName" value="Java Spring - Annotations" /> -->
        <property name="subId" value="1002" />
    </bean>

</beans>

• Here, we are only setting the value of subId.
• Now, again run the project as a Java application. We will get the below error.

WARNING: Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'subjectBean' defined in class path resource [com/resource/applicationContext.xml]: Initialization of bean failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanInitializationException: Property 'subName' is required for bean 'subjectBean'

Exception in thread "main" org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'subjectBean' defined in class path resource [com/resource/applicationContext.xml]: Initialization of bean failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanInitializationException: Property 'subName' is required for bean 'subjectBean'

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:587)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:501)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:317)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:228)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:315)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:199)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:760)

at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:869)

at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:550)

at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:144)

at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:85)

at com.test.SubjectBeanTest.main(SubjectBeanTest.java:12)

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanInitializationException: Property 'subName' is required for bean 'subjectBean'

at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:156)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1344)

at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:578)

... 11 more

The container will check if the property subName is initialized or not. Here we are not setting the value. So, the container is throwing the Exception saying "Property 'subName' is required for bean 'subjectBean'".

Conclusion: This way we can use the @Required annotation to the setter methods in the spring beans so that by giving the responsibility to the spring container of checking whether the required property values are being set.