Apache Maven

Apache Maven is a powerful project management tool that is based on POM (project object model). It is used for project builds, dependency management, and documentation. It simplifies the build process like ANT. But it is much more advanced than ANT. In short terms, Maven is a tool that can be used for building and managing any Java-based project. Maven makes the day-to-day work of Java developers easier and generally helps with the overall comprehension of any Java-based project.

What is Maven?

Maven is mostly used for Java projects to build web application packages. It provides different features that make it easy to build web application packages we manage complex projects easily.

1. POM Files: Project Object Model(POM) Files are XML file that contains information related to the project and configuration information such as dependencies, source directory, plugins, goals, etc, used by Maven to build the project. When you execute a Maven command, you give Maven a POM file to execute the commands. Maven reads the pom.xml file to accomplish its configuration and operations.
2. Dependencies and Repositories: Dependencies are external Java libraries required for a Project and repositories are directories of packaged JAR files. The local repository is just a directory on your machine’s hard drive. If the dependencies are not found in the local Maven repository, Maven downloads them from a central Maven repository and puts them in your local repository.
3. Build Life Cycles, Phases, and Goals: A build lifecycle consists of a sequence of build phases, and each build phase includes a sequence of goals. A Maven command typically refers to a build lifecycle, phase, or goal. If a lifecycle is executed using a Maven command, all build phases in that lifecycle are also executed. If a build phase is executed, all preceding phases in the defined sequence are executed as well.
4. Build Profiles: Build profiles a set of configuration values that allows you to build your project using different configurations. For example, you may want to build your project for local development, testing, or production. To enable these builds, you can define different build profiles in your pom.xml using its profiles element, which can be triggered in various ways.
5. Build Plugins: Build plugins are used to perform specific goals. You can add plugins to the pom.xml file. Maven offers standard plugins, and you can also implement custom plugins in Java.

What is Maven Lifecycle?

Maven is a powerful tool to build the artifacts of the Java projects by usin the pom.xml file. A build lifecycle in Apache Maven is a predefined set of goals and phases that are carried out in a particular order to construct and manage a project. The lifecycles are:

1. Clean Lifecycle: This lifecycle cleans the dependencies that are previously stored in the local repository and used by other projects.

2. Default Lifecycle: This lifecycle has several phases:

1. validate: Validates the project configuration.
2. compile: Compiles the source code into bytecode.
3. test: Runs the tests for the project.
4. package: Packages the compiled code and resources into an artifact (e.g., JAR, WAR).
5. install: Installs the artifact in the local repository.
6. deploy: Copies the artifact to a remote repository.

These lifecycle phases can be executed using Maven commands like mvn clean, mvn compile, or a full lifecycle with mvn clean install.

What is Maven in Java?

If you want to use maven for your Java project then first you need to install the Maven Java compiler. After completion of installation you can create your first maven project for that you can use the following command.

mvn archetype:generate -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart

What is Maven Repository?

Maven repositories are directories of packaged JAR files along with their metadata. The metadata are POM files related to the projects each packaged JAR file belongs to, including what external dependencies each packaged JAR has. This metadata enables Maven to download dependencies of your dependencies recursively until all dependencies are download and put into your local machine. Maven has three types of repository: Maven searches for dependencies in this repositories. First maven searches in Local repository then Central repository then Remote repository if Remote repository specified in the POM.

1. Local repository: A local repository is a directory on the machine of developer. This repository contains all the dependencies Maven downloads. Maven only needs to download the dependencies once, even if multiple projects depends on them (e.g. ODBC). By default, maven local repository is user_home/m2 directory. example – C:\Users\asingh\.m2
2. Central repository: The central Maven repository is created Maven community. Maven looks in this central repository for any dependencies needed but not found in your local repository. Maven then downloads these dependencies into your local repository.
3. Remote repository: Remote repository is a repository on a web server from which Maven can download dependencies.it often used for hosting projects internal to the organization. Maven then downloads these dependencies into your local repository.
   1. Maven can add all the dependencies required for the project automatically by reading pom file.
   2. One can easily build their project to jar, war etc. as per their requirements using Maven.
   3. Maven makes easy to start project in different environments and one doesn’t needs to handle the dependencies injection, builds, processing, etc.
   4. Adding a new dependency is very easy. One has to just write the dependency code in pom file.
   5. Maven needs the maven installation in the system for working and maven plugin for the ide.
   6. If the maven code for an existing dependency is not available, then one cannot add that dependency using maven.
   7. When there are a lot of dependencies for the project. Then it is easy to handle those dependencies using maven.
   8. When dependency version update frequently. Then one has to only update version ID in pom file to update dependencies.
   9. Continuous builds, integration, and testing can be easily handled by using maven.
   10. When one needs an easy way to Generating documentation from the source code, Compiling source code, Packaging compiled code into JAR files or ZIP files.

What is Maven Architecture?

Maven repository is a place where the maven artifacts or dependencies of the JAR file is going to store which are written in the file called the POM.XML. POM.XML contains the Java classes, resources, and other dependencies. There are the two types of repositories like local repository and remote repository.

Maven reads the pom.xml file. Maven downloads the dependencies defined in the pom.xml file into the local repository from the central or remote repository. Maven executes the life cycles, phases, goals, and plugins defined in the pom.xml file.

What is Maven Used For?

Maven can be used for the following:

1. We can easily build a project using maven.
2. We can add jars and other dependencies of the project easily using the help of maven.
3. Maven provides project information (log document, dependency list, unit test reports, etc.)
4. Maven is very helpful for a project while updating the central repository of JARs and other dependencies.
5. With the help of Maven, we can build any number of projects into output types like the JAR, WAR, etc without doing any scripting.
6. Using maven we can easily integrate our project with a source control systems (such as Subversion or Git).
7. Maven also helps in managing the project’s build lifecycle, including tasks like compiling, testing, packaging, and deploying the code.
8. Maven provides a standard project structure, making it easy for developers to understand the layout of the project and locate specific files.
9. Maven supports multi-module projects, allowing developers to work on multiple related projects simultaneously and manage their dependencies efficiently.
10. Maven plugins can be used to add additional functionality to the build process, such as code coverage analysis, static code analysis, and more.
11. Maven is highly customizable, allowing developers to configure the build process to meet their specific needs and requirements.
12. Maven simplifies the process of managing project dependencies, ensuring that the correct versions of libraries and frameworks are used throughout the project.

How to Install Maven?

The installation of Maven includes the following Steps:

1. Verify that your system has java installed or not. if not then install java (Link for Java Installation )
2. Check java Environmental variable is set or not. if not then set java environmental variable(link to install java and setting environmental variable)
3. Download maven from the official website.
4. Unpack your maven zip at any place in your system.
5. Add the bin directory of the created directory apache-maven-3.5.3(it depends upon your installation version) to the PATH environment variable and system variable.
6. Open cmd and run mvn -v command. If Maven prints its version and Java info, installation is successful.

To know more about installation of maven refer to the How to Install Apache Maven.

What is Maven pom.xml File

Project Object Model(POM) is key to operate Maven. Maven reads pom.xml file to accomplish its configuration and operations. It is an XML file that contains information related to the project and configuration information such as dependencies, source directory, plugin, goals etc. used by Maven to build the project. The sample of pom.xml file is below:

 <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" 
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
     xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
         
          <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
          <groupId> com.project.loggerapi </groupId>
          <artifactId>LoggerApi</artifactId>
          <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
          
        <!-- Add typical dependencies for a web application -->
        <dependencies>
                <dependency>
                        <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>log4j-api</artifactId>
                        <version>2.11.0</version>
                  </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    
    </project>

Elements used for Creating pom.xml file

1. project: It is the root element of the pom.xml file.
2. modelVersion: modelversion means what version of the POM model you are using. Use version 4.0.0 for maven 2 and maven 3.
3. groupId: groupId means the id for the project group. It is unique and Most often you will use a group ID which is similar to the root Java package name of the project like we used the groupId com.project.loggerapi.
4. artifactId: artifactId used to give name of the project you are building.in our example name of our project is LoggerApi.
5. version: version element contains the version number of the project. If your project has been released in different versions then it is useful to give version of your project.

Pom.xml file Key Components

1. dependencies: dependencies is used to defines a list of dependency of project.
2. dependency: Defines each dependency with its groupId, artifactId, and version.
3. name: this element is used to give name to our maven project.
4. scope: this element used to define scope for this maven project that can be compile, runtime, test, provided system etc.
5. packaging: packaging is used to packaging our project to output types like JAR, WAR etc.