Singly Linked List Problems

Palindrome Linked List

Last Updated : 11 Jan, 2025

Try it on GfG Practice

Given a singly linked list. The task is to check if the given linked list is palindrome or not.

Examples:

Input:

Output: true
Explanation: The given linked list is 1->2->1->1->2->1 , which is a palindrome and Hence, the output is true.
Input:

Output: false
Explanation: The given linked list is 1->2->3->4, which is not a palindrome and Hence, the output is false.

Table of Content

[Naive Approach - 1] Using Stack - O(n) Time and O(n) Space
[Naive Approach - 2] Using Recursion - O(n) Time and O(n) Space
[Expected Approach] Using Iterative Method - O(n) Time and O(1) Space

[Naive Approach - 1] Using Stack - O(n) Time and O(n) Space

The idea is to initialize an empty stack and start traversing from the head node. Push all the nodes into the stack while traversing till end. Again traverse the linked list and compare the popped node's data with the current node data. If both the data are not equal return false, else when stack becomes empty, it means we reach to the end node. return true, as linked list is a palindrome.

Below is the implementation of the above approach :

C++

// C++ program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.

#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;

class Node {
public:
    int data;
    Node* next;
    Node(int d) { 
        data = d; 
        next = nullptr;
    }
};

// Function to check if the linked list 
// is palindrome or not
bool isPalindrome(Node* head) {
    Node* currNode = head;

    // Declare a stack
    stack<int> s;

    // Push all elements of the list to the stack
    while (currNode != nullptr) {
        s.push(currNode->data);
        currNode = currNode->next;
    }

    // Iterate in the list again and check by
  	// popping from the stack
    while (head != nullptr) {
      
        // Get the topmost element
        int c = s.top();
        s.pop();

        // Check if data is not same as popped element
        if (head->data != c) {
            return false;
        }

        // Move ahead
        head = head->next;
    }

    return true;
}

int main() {
  
    // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
    Node* head = new Node(1);
    head->next = new Node(2);
    head->next->next = new Node(3);
    head->next->next->next = new Node(2);
    head->next->next->next->next = new Node(1);

    bool result = isPalindrome(head);

    if (result)
        cout << "true\n";
    else
        cout << "false\n";

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.

import java.util.Stack;
class Node {
    int data;
    Node next;
    Node(int d) {
        data = d;
        next = null;
    }
}

class GfG {
  
    // Function to check if the linked list
  	// is palindrome or not
    static boolean isPalindrome(Node head) {
        Node currNode = head;
        Stack<Integer> s = new Stack<>();

        // Push all elements of the list to the stack
        while (currNode != null) {
            s.push(currNode.data);
            currNode = currNode.next;
        }

        // Iterate in the list again and check
      	// by popping from the stack
        while (head != null) {
          
            // Get the topmost element
            int c = s.pop();

            // Check if data is not same as
          	// popped element
            if (head.data != c) {
                return false;
            }

            // Move ahead
            head = head.next;
        }

        return true;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
      
        // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
        Node head = new Node(1);
        head.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next = new Node(3);
        head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

        boolean result = isPalindrome(head);

        if (result)
            System.out.println("true");
        else
            System.out.println("false");
    }
}

Python

# Python3 program to check if linked
# list is palindrome using stack

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None

# Function to check if the linked list 
# is palindrome or not
def isPalindrome(head):
    curr_node = head
    s = []

    # Push all elements of the list to the stack
    while curr_node is not None:
        s.append(curr_node.data)
        curr_node = curr_node.next

    # Iterate in the list again and check by'
    # popping from the stack
    while head is not None:
      
        # Get the topmost element
        c = s.pop()

        # Check if data is not same as popped element
        if head.data != c:
            return False

        # Move ahead
        head = head.next

    return True

# Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
head = Node(1)
head.next = Node(2)
head.next.next = Node(3)
head.next.next.next = Node(2)
head.next.next.next.next = Node(1)

result = isPalindrome(head)

if result:
    print("true")
else:
    print("false")

C#

// C# program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class Node {
    public int data;
    public Node next;
    public Node(int d) {
        data = d;
        next = null;
    }
}

// Class to check if the linked list 
// is palindrome or not
class GfG {
  
    // Function to check if the linked list 
  	// is palindrome or not
    static bool isPalindrome(Node head) {
        Node currNode = head;
        Stack<int> s = new Stack<int>();

        // Push all elements of the list to the stack
        while (currNode != null) {
            s.Push(currNode.data);
            currNode = currNode.next;
        }

        // Iterate in the list again and check by
      	// popping from the stack
        while (head != null) {
            // Get the topmost element
            int c = s.Pop();

            // Check if data is not same as 
          	// popped element
            if (head.data != c) {
                return false;
            }

            // Move ahead
            head = head.next;
        }

        return true;
    }

    static void Main(string[] args) {
      
        // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
        Node head = new Node(1);
        head.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next = new Node(3);
        head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

        bool result = isPalindrome(head);

        if (result)
            Console.WriteLine("true");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("false");
    }
}

JavaScript

// JavaScript program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.

class Node {
    constructor(data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.next = null;
    }
}

// Function to check if the linked list is 
// palindrome or not
function isPalindrome(head) {
    let currNode = head;
    let stack = [];

    // Push all elements of the list to the stack
    while (currNode !== null) {
        stack.push(currNode.data);
        currNode = currNode.next;
    }

    // Iterate in the list again and check by 
    // popping from the stack
    while (head !== null) {
    
        // Get the topmost element
        let c = stack.pop();

        // Check if data is not same as popped element
        if (head.data !== c) {
            return false;
        }

        // Move ahead
        head = head.next;
    }

    return true;
}

// Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
let head = new Node(1);
head.next = new Node(2);
head.next.next = new Node(3);
head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

let result = isPalindrome(head);

if (result)
    console.log("true");
else
    console.log("false");

Output

true

[Naive Approach - 2] Using Recursion - O(n) Time and O(n) Space

The idea is to initialize a pointer start, which will initially point to the head of the node. Then, recursively traverse the list. At each node end, first recursively check if the right side of the list is palindrome. If yes, then compare the values of the start and end node. If they are equal, then set start = start.next and return true. Otherwise return false.

C++

// C++ program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Node {
public:
    int data;
    Node* next;
    Node(int d) { 
        data = d; 
        next = nullptr;
    }
};

// Recursive Function to check whether 
// the list is palindrome
bool isPalindromeRecur(Node* end, Node* &start) {
    
    // base case
    if (end == nullptr) return true;
    
    // Recursively check the right side.
    bool right = isPalindromeRecur(end->next, start);
    
    // Compare the start and end nodes.
    bool ans = right && start->data == end->data;
    
    // Update the start node 
    start = start->next;
    
    return ans;
}

// Function to check whether the list is palindrome
bool isPalindrome(Node* head) {
    
    // Set starting node to head
    Node* start = head;
    
    // Recursively check the ll and return
    return isPalindromeRecur(head, start);
}

int main() {
  
    // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
    Node* head = new Node(1);
    head->next = new Node(2);
    head->next->next = new Node(3);
    head->next->next->next = new Node(2);
    head->next->next->next->next = new Node(1);

    bool result = isPalindrome(head);

    if (result)
        cout << "true" << endl;
    else
        cout << "false" << endl;

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.

class Node {
    int data;
    Node next;

    Node(int d) {
        data = d;
        next = null;
    }
}

class GfG {

    // Recursive Function to check whether 
    // the list is palindrome
    static boolean isPalindromeRecur(Node end, Node[] start) {

        // base case
        if (end == null) return true;

        // Recursively check the right side.
        boolean right = isPalindromeRecur(end.next, start);

        // Compare the start and end nodes.
        boolean ans = right && start[0].data == end.data;

        // Update the start node 
        start[0] = start[0].next;

        return ans;
    }

    // Function to check whether the list is palindrome
    static boolean isPalindrome(Node head) {

        // Set starting node to head
        Node[] start = new Node[]{head};

        // Recursively check the ll and return
        return isPalindromeRecur(head, start);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
        Node head = new Node(1);
        head.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next = new Node(3);
        head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

        boolean result = isPalindrome(head);

        if (result)
            System.out.println("true");
        else
            System.out.println("false");
    }
}

Python

# Python program to check if 
# linked list is palindrome.

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None

# Recursive Function to check whether 
# the list is palindrome
def isPalindromeRecur(end, start):
    
    # base case
    if end is None:
        return True

    # Recursively check the right side.
    right = isPalindromeRecur(end.next, start)

    # Compare the start and end nodes.
    ans = right and start[0].data == end.data

    # Update the start node
    start[0] = start[0].next

    return ans

# Function to check whether the list is palindrome
def isPalindrome(head):
  
    # Set starting node to head
    start = [head]

    # Recursively check the ll and return
    return isPalindromeRecur(head, start)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    
    # Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
    head = Node(1)
    head.next = Node(2)
    head.next.next = Node(3)
    head.next.next.next = Node(2)
    head.next.next.next.next = Node(1)

    result = isPalindrome(head)

    if result:
        print("true")
    else:
        print("false")

C#

// C# program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.

class Node {
    public int data;
    public Node next;

    public Node(int d) {
        data = d;
        next = null;
    }
}

class GfG {

    // Recursive Function to check whether 
    // the list is palindrome
    static bool isPalindromeRecur(Node end, ref Node start) {

        // base case
        if (end == null) return true;

        // Recursively check the right side.
        bool right = isPalindromeRecur(end.next, ref start);

        // Compare the start and end nodes.
        bool ans = right && start.data == end.data;

        // Update the start node 
        start = start.next;

        return ans;
    }

    // Function to check whether the list is palindrome
    static bool isPalindrome(Node head) {

        // Set starting node to head
        Node start = head;

        // Recursively check the ll and return
        return isPalindromeRecur(head, ref start);
    }

    static void Main(string[] args) {

        // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
        Node head = new Node(1);
        head.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next = new Node(3);
        head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

        bool result = isPalindrome(head);

        if (result)
            System.Console.WriteLine("true");
        else
            System.Console.WriteLine("false");
    }
}

JavaScript

// JavaScript program to check if 
// linked list is palindrome.

class Node {
    constructor(data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.next = null;
    }
}

// Recursive Function to check whether 
// the list is palindrome
function isPalindromeRecur(end, start) {
    
    // base case
    if (end === null) return true;

    // Recursively check the right side.
    let right = isPalindromeRecur(end.next, start);

    // Compare the start and end nodes.
    let ans = right && start[0].data === end.data;

    // Update the start node 
    start[0] = start[0].next;

    return ans;
}

// Function to check whether the list is palindrome
function isPalindrome(head) {

    // Set starting node to head
    let start = [head];

    // Recursively check the ll and return
    return isPalindromeRecur(head, start);
}

// Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
let head = new Node(1);
head.next = new Node(2);
head.next.next = new Node(3);
head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

let result = isPalindrome(head);

if (result)
    console.log("true");
else
    console.log("false");

Output

true

[Expected Approach] Using Iterative Method - O(n) Time and O(1) Space

The approach involves reversing the second half of the linked list starting from the middle. After reversing, traverse from the head of the list and the head of the reversed second half simultaneously, comparing the node values. If all corresponding nodes have equal values, the list is a palindrome.

Follow the steps below to solve the problem:

Use two pointers say, fast and slow to find the middle of the list. fast will move two steps ahead and slow will move one step ahead at a time.
- if list is odd, when fast->next is NULL , slow will point to the middle node.
- if list is even, when fast->next->next is NULL slow will point to the middle node.
Reverse the second half of the list starting from the middle.
Check if the first half and the reversed second half are identical by comparing the node values.
Restore the original list by reversing the second half again and attaching it back to the first half.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ program to check if a linked list is palindrome
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Node {
public:
    int data;
    Node* next;
    Node(int d) { 
        data = d; 
        next = nullptr;
    }
};

// Function to reverse a linked list
Node* reverse(Node* head) {
    Node* prev = nullptr;
    Node* curr = head;
    Node* next;

    while (curr) {
        next = curr->next;
        curr->next = prev;
        prev = curr;
        curr = next;
    }
    return prev;
}

// Function to check if two lists are identical
bool isIdentical(Node* n1, Node* n2) {
    for (; n1 && n2; n1 = n1->next, n2 = n2->next)
        if (n1->data != n2->data)
            return 0;

    // returning 1 if data at all nodes are equal.
    return 1;
}

// Function to check whether the list is palindrome
bool isPalindrome(Node* head) {
    if (!head || !head->next)
        return true;

    // Initialize slow and fast pointers
    Node* slow = head;
    Node* fast = head;

    // Move slow to the middle of the list
    while (fast->next && fast->next->next) {
        slow = slow->next;
        fast = fast->next->next;
    }

    // Split the list and reverse the second half
    Node* head2 = reverse(slow->next);
    slow->next = nullptr; // End the first half

    // Check if the two halves are identical
    bool ret = isIdentical(head, head2);

    // Restore the original list
    head2 = reverse(head2);
    slow->next = head2;

    return ret;
}

int main() {
  
    // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
    Node head(1);
    head.next = new Node(2);
    head.next->next = new Node(3);
    head.next->next->next = new Node(2);
    head.next->next->next->next = new Node(1);
  
    bool result = isPalindrome(&head);

    if (result)
        cout << "true\n";
    else
        cout << "false\n";

    return 0;
}

C

// C Program to check if a linked list is palindrome 
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Node {
    int data;
    struct Node* next;
};

// Function to reverse a linked list
struct Node* reverse(struct Node* head) {
    struct Node* prev = NULL;
    struct Node* curr = head;
    struct Node* next;

    while (curr) {
        next = curr->next;
        curr->next = prev;
        prev = curr;
        curr = next;
    }
    return prev;
}

// Function to check if two lists are identical
int isIdentical(struct Node* n1, struct Node* n2) {
    for (; n1 && n2; n1 = n1->next, n2 = n2->next)
        if (n1->data != n2->data)
            return 0;

    // returning 1 if data at all nodes are equal.
    return 1;
}

// Function to check whether the list is palindrome
int isPalindrome(struct Node* head) {
    if (!head || !head->next)
        return 1;

    struct Node *slow = head, *fast = head;
    while (fast->next && fast->next->next) {
        slow = slow->next;
        fast = fast->next->next;
    }

    struct Node* head2 = reverse(slow->next);
    slow->next = NULL;

    int ret = isIdentical(head, head2);

    head2 = reverse(head2);
    slow->next = head2;

    return ret;
}

struct Node* createNode(int data) {
    struct Node* newNode = 
      (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
    newNode->data = data;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
}

int main() {
  	
  	// Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
    struct Node* head = createNode(1);
    head->next = createNode(2);
    head->next->next = createNode(3);
    head->next->next->next = createNode(2);
    head->next->next->next->next = createNode(1);

    int result = isPalindrome(head);

    if (result)
        printf("true\n");
    else
        printf("false\n");

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to check if linked list is palindrome
class Node {
    int data;
    Node next;
    Node(int d) {
        data = d;
        next = null;
    }
}

// Class to check if the linked list is palindrome or not
class GfG {

    // Function to reverse a linked list
    static Node reverseList(Node head) {
        Node prev = null;
        Node curr = head;
        Node next;

        while (curr != null) {
            next = curr.next;
            curr.next = prev;
            prev = curr;
            curr = next;
        }
        return prev;
    }

    // Function to check if two lists are identical
    static boolean isIdentical(Node n1, Node n2) {
        while (n1 != null && n2 != null) {
            if (n1.data != n2.data)
                return false;
            n1 = n1.next;
            n2 = n2.next;
        }
        return true;
    }

    // Function to check whether the list is palindrome
    static boolean isPalindrome(Node head) {
        if (head == null || head.next == null)
            return true;

        Node slow = head, fast = head;

        while (fast.next != null 
               && fast.next.next != null) {
            slow = slow.next;
            fast = fast.next.next;
        }

        Node head2 = reverseList(slow.next);
        slow.next = null;

        boolean ret = isIdentical(head, head2);

        head2 = reverseList(head2);
        slow.next = head2;

        return ret;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
      	
      // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
        Node head = new Node(1);
        head.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next = new Node(3);
        head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
        head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

        boolean result = isPalindrome(head);

        if (result)
            System.out.println("true");
        else
            System.out.println("false");
    }
}

Python

# Python3 program to check if
# linked list is palindrome
class Node:
    def __init__(self, d):
        self.data = d
        self.next = None

# Function to reverse a linked list
def reverse(head):
    prev = None
    curr = head
    while curr:
        next_node = curr.next
        curr.next = prev
        prev = curr
        curr = next_node
    return prev

# Function to check if two lists are identical
def isIdentical(n1, n2):
    while n1 and n2:
        if n1.data != n2.data:
            return False
        n1 = n1.next
        n2 = n2.next
    return True

# Function to check whether the list is palindrome
def isPalindrome(head):
    if head is None or head.next is None:
        return True

    slow, fast = head, head

    # Find the middle of the list
    while fast.next and fast.next.next:
        slow = slow.next
        fast = fast.next.next

    # Split the list and reverse the second half
    head2 = reverse(slow.next)
    slow.next = None

    # Check if the two halves are identical
    ret = isIdentical(head, head2)

    # Restore the original list
    head2 = reverse(head2)
    slow.next = head2

    return ret

if __name__ == "__main__":
  
    # Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
    head = Node(1)
    head.next = Node(2)
    head.next.next = Node(3)
    head.next.next.next = Node(2)
    head.next.next.next.next = Node(1)

    result = isPalindrome(head)

    if result:
        print("true")
    else:
        print("false")

C#

// C# program to check if linked list is palindrome 
using System;

class Node {
    public int Data;
    public Node Next;

    public Node(int d) {
        Data = d;
        Next = null;
    }
}

class GfG {
  
    // Function to reverse a linked list
    static Node ReverseList(Node head) {
        Node prev = null;
        Node curr = head;
        while (curr != null) {
            Node next = curr.Next;
            curr.Next = prev;
            prev = curr;
            curr = next;
        }
        return prev;
    }

    // Function to check if two lists are identical
    static bool IsIdentical(Node n1, Node n2) {
       while (n1 != null && n2 != null) {
            if (n1.Data != n2.Data)
                return false;
            n1 = n1.Next;
            n2 = n2.Next;
        }
        return true;
    }

    // Function to check whether the list is palindrome
    static bool IsPalindrome(Node head) {
        if (head == null || head.Next == null) return true;

        Node slow = head, fast = head;

        // Find the middle of the list
        while (fast.Next != null
               && fast.Next.Next != null) {
            slow = slow.Next;
            fast = fast.Next.Next;
        }

        // Split the list and reverse the second half
        Node head2 = ReverseList(slow.Next);
        slow.Next = null;

        // Check if the two halves are identical
        bool ret = IsIdentical(head, head2);

        // Restore the original list
        head2 = ReverseList(head2);
        slow.Next = head2;

        return ret;
    }

    static void Main() {
      
        // Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
        Node head = new Node(1);
        head.Next = new Node(2);
        head.Next.Next = new Node(3);
        head.Next.Next.Next = new Node(2);
        head.Next.Next.Next.Next = new Node(1);

        bool result = IsPalindrome(head);

        Console.WriteLine(result ? "true" : "false");
    }
}

JavaScript

// Javascript program to check if linked 
// list is palindrome
class Node {
    constructor(d) {
        this.data = d;
        this.next = null;
    }
}

// Function to reverse a linked list
function reverseList(head) {
    let prev = null;
    let curr = head;
    while (curr) {
        let next = curr.next;
        curr.next = prev;
        prev = curr;
        curr = next;
    }
    return prev;
}

// Function to check if two lists are identical
function isIdentical(n1, n2) {
    while (n1 && n2) {
        if (n1.data !== n2.data) {
            return false;
        }
        n1 = n1.next;
        n2 = n2.next;
    }
    return true;
}

// Function to check whether the list is palindrome
function isPalindrome(head) {
    if (head === null || head.next === null) {
        return true; 
    }

    // Initialize slow and fast pointers
    let slow = head;
    let fast = head;

    // Find the middle of the linked list
    while (fast !== null && fast.next !== null) {
        slow = slow.next;
        fast = fast.next.next;
    }

    // Reverse the second half of the list
    let head2 = reverseList(slow);

    // Check if the two halves are identical
    let ret = isIdentical(head, head2);

    // Restore the original list
    reverseList(head2); 

    return ret;
}

// Linked list : 1->2->3->2->1
let head = new Node(1);
head.next = new Node(2);
head.next.next = new Node(3);
head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);

let result = isPalindrome(head);

if (result) {
	console.log("true");
} else {
	console.log("false");
}

Output

true

Singly Linked List Problems

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